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COMMELINA DIFFUSA BURM. F.) and ROCK FIG ( FICUS INGENS MIQUEL) LEAVES Ezea, J 1., Iwuji, T

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COMMELINA DIFFUSA BURM. F.) and ROCK FIG ( FICUS INGENS MIQUEL) LEAVES Ezea, J 1., Iwuji, T Journal of Global Biosciences ISSN 2320-1355 Vol. 3(2), 2014, pp. 619-625 http://mutagens.co.in Date of Online: 28, April- 2014 GROWTH RESPONSES OF PREGNANT RABBITS AND THEIR LITTERS FED SPREADING DAY FLOWER ( COMMELINA DIFFUSA BURM. F.) AND ROCK FIG ( FICUS INGENS MIQUEL) LEAVES 1 2 1 Ezea, J ., Iwuji, T. C . and Oguike, M. A 1Department of Animal Breeding & Physiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. 2 Department of Animal Science & Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria . Abstract The growth responses of pregnant rabbits and their litters, fed Spreading day flower (Commelina diffusa Burm. F .) and Rock fig ( Ficus ingens Miquel ) forages were studied in an experiment that lasted for two months. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design (CRD) at the Rabbitry of National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Four treatments, replicated thrice and made up of a total of 24 rabbit does were involved. The treatments were T 1 (concentrate only), T 2 (concentrate + Spreading day flower leaves), T 3 (concentrate + Rock fig leaves) and T 4 (concentrate + mixed forages of Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens, Tridax procumbens, Panicum maximum and Gomphrena spp .). Weekly weights of pregnant rabbits and their litters were measured following standard procedures; and weight gains calculated accordingly. Weekly weight (kg) of pregnant does were significantly (P>0.05) similar among the treatments, while their weekly weight gains recorded significant (P<0.05) differences among the treatments in week one and week three, respectively. Litter birth weights (kg) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T 4 (0.39 kg) and T 2 (0.33 kg) than in T 1 (0.29 kg) and T 3 (0.29 kg) which were similar (P>0.05). Weekly weight of litters recorded significant (P<0.05) differences among treatments in week one and week four. Significant (P<0.05) differences were also recorded in weekly weight gain of litters in weeks one, three and four, respectively. Litter weight gain (LWG) at three specific ages (1 – 21 days; 21 – 28 days; 1 – 28 days) recorded significant (P<0.05) differences among the treatments, and at all three specific ages measured, T 4 recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher mean values than T 3, but similar (P>0.05) to T 1 and T 2. This study demonstrates that, although Spreading day flower ( Commelina diffusa Burm. F .) and Rock fig ( Ficus ingens Miquel ), when fed as a single forage, improved growth of pregnant rabbits and their litters, it will effect a better growth response when fed in mixed forages than as a single forage. Key words: growth response, Spreading day flower, Rock fig, pregnant rabbit, litters. INTRODUCTION The increased research in finding plants and plant products that will enhance animal production is due in part to adverse side effects of conventional drugs [1], drift towards consuming “natural products” as opposed to synthetics as well as the increasing awareness of the beneficial effects of the natural products [2, 3, 4]. Among plants that are in the vista of research towards improving animal production is spreading day flower ( Commelina diffusa Burm. F .) and Rock fig ( Ficus ingens Miquel ); but are poorly investigated with no studies on their growth effects on pregnant rabbits and their litters. Spreading day flower ( Commelina diffusa Burm. F ) is a herbaceous weed that commonly invades agricultural sites and disturbed areas [5]. It is an annual herb found in the tropical and sub – tropical locations world – wide, though it may be perennial in the tropics [6]. It is associated with forests, stream banks and other open and humid habitats, such as roadsides, moist ditches and waste places [7] . The plant has been variously identified in different languages as well as some local dialects. It is identified in English as dayflower, spreading dayflower, wandering Jew and water grass [8]. In Japan, Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 3(2), 2014 pp. 619-625 ISSN 2320-1355 it is called shima-tsuyu-kusa . In Spanish, it is known as larutillo , chiriyuyo or empanadilla . The Hawaiians call it Honohono or hono hono wai [8]. The Annang of Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria know it as kpa-pka ikpa , while the Nsukka people of Enugu State, Nigeria call it Ọbọ-ọgụ. Other descriptions of the spreading day flower have been documented [9, 10, 11]. Studies by [12] reported a dry matter of 46.20 %, crude protein of 177.10 g/kg dry matter, ash of 205 g/kg of dry matter and rumen degradability of 74.10 % for spreading day flower. They also recommended the use of the plant as a protein source for ruminants on small holder farms. In respect of ethno-medicinal potency, spreading day flower has been used in China for its febrifugal and diuretic effects [10]. The extracts have also been reported by [13] to exhibit antibacterial and anti- fungal activities against Trichophyton spp., a common dermatophyte. The plant Ficus ingens Miquel is known in English as Rock fig. It is called rooiblaarvy in Afrikaan; motlhatsa in Tswana and umgonswane in Zulu [14]. Among the Hausas of Northern Nigeria, it is identified as shirinya while the Kanuris also of Northern Nigeria know it as kazu . In Igbo language, it is popularly called Ogbu . According to [14], Ficus ingens is an evergreen tree with a brief deciduous period. It grows up to 10 metres and occasionally higher, with rounded or spreading crown and a spread of up to 30 metres wide. All parts have milky latex when broken. The bark is grey, smooth and becomes cracked in older specimens. Leaves are heart-shaped or lanceolate, dull green, hairless and leathery. Stalked fruit or small figs are borne in pairs or singly in the leaf axil or on bare stems below the leaves. Figs are white first, becoming pink, red or purple when mature, soft and fleshy [15]. Ficus ingens Miquel grows in various habitats but usually outside forest and prefers rocky outcrops and cliff faces throughout the bushveld, wooded grassland and coastal regions. The roots spread across rock surfaces and penetrate almost imperceptible cracks, sometimes splitting the rock [14]. It belongs to the relatively large Moraceae or fig and mulberry family, comprising 37 genera and roughly 1,100 species. According to [15], Ficus ingens is a lovely shade tree with fast growth and suitable for large rock gardens. Among the Igbos of South-eastern Nigeria, it is a popular live fence, and is therefore commonly used for demarcating portions of land among various owners. It also features in traditional yam barns. Studies by [16] reported toxic effect and nervous disorders among cattle that fed on the leaves during dry spells. However, the leaves are highly relished by goats and sheep kept under small-holder traditional management system in the South-eastern Nigeria. There is paucity of studies to supply adequate information on the effects of administering or feeding livestock with Spreading day flower ( Commelina diffusa Burm. F ) and Rock fig ( Ficus ingens Miquel). This study therefore is designed to evaluate the growth responses of pregnant rabbits and their litters fed Spreading day flower and Rock fig leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study location: The experiment was conducted at the Rabbitry of the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. NRCRI shares boundary with Michael Opkara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, which is on latitude 05 o 28 1 N and longitude 07 o 031 1 E, and lies on altitude 122 m above sea level. Situated in the rainforest zone, Umudike records and average annual rainfall of 2177 mm. relative humidity ranges from 50 – 90 %, while monthly temperature lies between 17 oC and 36 oC [17]. Experimental animals and management: Twenty four nulliparious 5 month old New Zealand White does of average initial weight 1.72 kg, sourced from the Rabbitry of the Teaching and Research farm, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria, were used for the study. They were allowed a quarantine and stabilization period of two weeks to get them acclimatized with the new environment before the experiment. The animals were housed singly in pens of rabbit hutches, made of wooden frames and covered on the sides and floor with wire mesh. During the stabilization period, feed and fresh drinking water were provided for the animals ad libitum . They were injected with Ivermectin (Kepromec) through the subcutaneous route to protect them from invasion by external and internal parasites. The dosage was 0.02 ml/kg live weight. Also, a http://mutagens.co.in 620 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 3(2), 2014 pp. 619-625 ISSN 2320-1355 mixture of antibiotics (Panteryl – soluble powder) was administered through the drinking water to prevent diarrhea at the dosage of 100 g/200 litres of drinking water. Mating of the does: At the expiration of two weeks, each doe was taken and mated to a buck. The mating ratio was 1:4 (one buck to four does). Does which were not receptive to the bucks were subjected to mating in subsequent days until they were successfully mated. The does were palpated on the abdomen after fourteen days of observed successful mating to confirm pregnancy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: After mating, the twenty four does were randomly divided into four treatment groups of six does. Each treatment was replicated three times with two does per replicate, in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatment one (T 1) consisted of only concentrate (commercial feed). Treatment two (T 2) was made up of concentrate and Spreading day flower leaves as the only forage. Treatment three (T 3) consisted of concentrate and the fresh leaves of Rock fig as the only forage.
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