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Religion and Development in South Africa: an Investigation of the Relationship Between Soteriology and Capital Development in an African Initiated Church (Aic)

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Religion and Development in South Africa: an Investigation of the Relationship Between Soteriology and Capital Development in an African Initiated Church (Aic) RELIGION AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOTERIOLOGY AND CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN AN AFRICAN INITIATED CHURCH (AIC) by LUBEME MAFUTA submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject THEOLOGICAL ETHICS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF R T H DOLAMO JANUARY 2010 ABSTRACT The upsurge of religious movements and independent churches in the Global South is bringing a new twist to world economic development not anticipated by many theologians and social scientists. With a syncretic soteriology geared toward the liberation of the whole person, religious movements and independent churches of the south are preaching to their adherents, mostly the poor and the marginalized, a message of faith in an omnipotent and compassionate God who is concerned for their weal and woes and who offers them an assured and holistic salvation. By placing their faith in God, the poor and marginalized people are discovering their true selves and are saved/liberated. This assured salvation (certitudo salutis), which is a total liberation of the physical and spiritual world, becomes, in turn, the motivational energy for capital development. The Zion Christian Church (ZCC) soteriological predicament stands at this juncture. Through processes of syncretization and purification, ZCC has managed to deconstruct the European/North American and African Traditional Religions soteriologies to construct a ―pure‖ soteriology that is relevant to the socio context of its adherents. ZCC deconstructs these soteriologies by broadening, for example, the classic Christian soteriogical theory of Christus Victor in her notion of sin, death and the devil and the African traditional soteriological notion of uBuntu and spirit-power. The ―purity‖, or holistic salvation, generated out of these processes serves as grounds for identity and economic empowerment of its adherents. With a holistic salvation that centers on healing, personal integrity and spiritual power, ZCC members have been able to achieve considerable success in the labour i market by becoming an army of potential employees. They have also distinguished themselves in their work ethic, where they are seen as hardworking, disciplined, obedient and sober. Empowering its adherents economically through a religious soteriology, the ZCC has become an example of a trend that is shaping the Global South and is reviving the interest of social scientists and theologians to further investigate the impact of religious and theological formulations on the economic conduct of individuals. ii In the African context, and in the Bible Salvation as theological concept Cannot be complete without liberation As a social/political concept J. Ndwiga Mugambi iii DEDICATION I dedicate this study to the memories of my late Father Danny Nkuey Mafuta and my brothers Bonard Kabama Mafuta, Johnson Lubuele Mafuta and Filston Doko Mafuta Each one of you in your own right has taught me the virtues of Perseverance, Discipline and Dedication. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The culmination of this thesis is the fruit of a collective effort of many people, family and friends, who have supported and encouraged me to think and rationalize on pressing issues of our time and bring my scientific contribution as little as it is to the cause of religion, underdevelopment and capital production in sub-Sahara Africa. To all of you, I will always be indebted. I am particularly indebted to my wife, friend and sparring partner, Elise Ritter Mafuta. Honey, if it was not for your persistent encouragement, your financial sacrifices, your critical insights and your technical skills, I would have not stood a single chance to bring this work to fruition. I will forever be indebted to you and I will never cease thanking God for bringing you into my life. You are so precious. I am also indebted to my supervisor Professor RTH Dolamo who patiently walked me through the analytical process of writing and critique. Prof Dolamo never stopped encouraging me to think empirically and advance my knowledge when it comes to issues pertaining to theology and ethics. I thank him deeply. Without him this work would have not been possible. May my friend Rev Lawrence Mogoera, his wife Junia and his daughter Lerato, and his son Zeph and the Rock of Ages Baptist Church of Atteridgeville, find in here the fruit of their collective effort. Rev Mogoera provided me with accommodations during my field research and allowed his church administrator Thabo to take time away from work and be my guide and interpreter as I navigated my way in Pretoria. Thabo, ―the boss‖, to you, I lack words to sufficiently express my appreciation. You drove around Atteridgeville and Pretoria and took me to interview people who otherwise I would have not met. I cannot forget the support I received from my brother Freddy Mafuta who took me to locations around Johannesburg to take photographs of ZCC adherents. My appreciation goes as well to my friend who is a brother to me, Dr Mulemfo Mukanda v Mabonso. Dr.Mulemfo has been instrumental in challenging my claims through my graduate years and at times has helped me deal with administrative matters that required my presence in South Africa. To all of you who in one way or another have made a difference in my life, I share this thesis with you. vi Student number: 900-197-2 I declare that RELIGION AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOTERIOLOGY AND CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN AN AFRICAN INITIATED CHURCH (AIC) is my own work and that all sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledge by means of complete references. __________________ ___________________ SIGNATURE DATE (Mr. L. Mafuta) vii KEY WORDS Sub-Sahara Africa, economic conditions, social life and customs, politics and governance, religion, John Hick, Salvation, globalization, African traditional religions, African Initiated Churches, Soteriology, Zion Christian Church(ZCC), God in Africa, Development Theories viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Hypotheses on the Role of Zionist-Apostolic AICs in Economic Development .............................................................................................................23 Table 2 List of Questions for Interviews during Field Research .......................................27 Table 3 Human Development Index – Countries with Rank of Low ................................33 Table 4 The Origins of the African Initiated Churches and Their Features ......................82 Table 5 African Initiated Churches in 1996 and 2001 .......................................................88 Table 6 Analysis of Reasons People Remain Members of the ZCC ...............................155 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Bishop Barnabas Lekganyane ...............................................................................7 Figure 2 Current ZCC Members wearing the badge with the five-pointed star ..................9 Figure 3 Entrance to Atteridgeville ....................................................................................25 Figure 4 Map of Area of Pretoria with Atteridgeville to the East .....................................26 Figure 5 Detailed Map of Atteridgeville ............................................................................26 Figure 6 1810 Exhibition Poster for Hottentot Venus .......................................................75 Figure 7 The Hottentot Venus............................................................................................76 Figure 8 Illustration of Shipwrecked Anchor ....................................................................79 Figure 9 Zulu Cosmological Hierarchy ...........................................................................112 Figure 10 Star of Lekganyane as displayed on a ZCC uniform .......................................152 Figure 11 Brother Moses, ZCC Businessman..................................................................166 Figure 12 ZCC Women in Blue Uniform ........................................................................171 Figure 13 ZCC Activities for Year of 2007 .....................................................................173 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFM Apostolic Faith Mission AIC African Initiated Church ANC African National Congress ATR African Traditional Religion DRC Dutch Reformed Church DRC Democratic Republic of Congo NERMIC New Religious Movements and Independent Churches NP National Party ZAC Zion Apostolic Faith ZAFM Zion Apostolic Faith Mission ZCC Zion Christian Church xi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ IX LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... XI CHAPTER I INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION AND CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT .................................................................1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1 Motivation of the Research ...............................................................................2 Personal Motivations .................................................................................2 Academic Motivations ...............................................................................3
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