after Auschwitz in Comparative Perspective Course Code: WSM.IE-S75D Language of Instruction: English Course tutors: Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, PhD, Elisabeth Büttner, MA

Dr hab. Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs is the Director of the Center for Holocaust Studies at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow (JU) and teaches at the UNESCO Chair for Education about at the Institute for European Studies at JU. In 2011/2012, she was an Ina Levine Invitational Scholar at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and earlier a Pew Fellow at the Center for the Study of Human Rights at Columbia University, a visiting fellow at Oxford University, Cambridge University, a DAAD fellow at the Memorial and Educational Site House of the Wannsee Conference. Dr. Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs is the author of Me – Us – Them. Ethnic Prejudices and Alternative Methods of Education: The Case of Poland (2003); Tolerancja. Jak uczyć siebie i innych [Tolerance. How to Teach Ourselves and Others] (2003, 2004); editor of The Holocaust. Voices of Scholars, (ed.) (2009) and co-editor of Pamięć. Świadomość. Odpowiedzialność. Remembrance. Awareness, Responsibility (with K. Oleksy), (2008), Why Should We Teach about the Holocaust? (with L. Hońdo) (2005).

Elisabeth Büttner, holds an MA degree in European Studies earned at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and is currently a PhD candidate at the Institute for European Studies at the Jagiellonian University (dissertation topic: The fate of German prisoners at the Auschwitz concentration camp). She held a double scholarship of the European Holocaust Research Infrastructure in 2013. She has been collaborating with the Center for Holocaust Studies at the Jagiellonian University since 2011. Research interests: anti-Semitism, history of concentration camps, coming to terms with the Nazi past, legal persecution of war crime perpetrators. Description The course surveys the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of Polish-Jewish relations in the 20th century, focusing on the period of the Holocaust and its aftermath. It also looks at the memory of these relations in the post-World War II period. Major topics covered include: theories of prejudices, antisemitism, empirical studies of racism and antisemitism. The course includes discussions about contemporary manifestations of antisemitism and reactions of the EU and individual countries.

Type of course Seminar – 10 hrs Lecture – 20 hrs

Year of Studies: any Number of ECTS points 4.5

Prerequisites (if applicable) None Intended Learning Outcomes EK1: the student possesses extended and organized knowledge about the terminology used in social sciences and the humanities (K2_W03++) EK2: the student possesses organized and broad knowledge about traditional and contemporary trends and systems in the fields of anthropology, sociology, philosophy and social psychology and understands its historic and cultural prerequisites (K2_W16++) EK3: the student is able to research, select and make use of information using an appropriate selection of sources, and knows how to apply a suitable gradation with regards to the used sources (K2_U01+++) EK4: the student possesses the ability to give content-related arguments using the views of different authors and respecting divergent opinions of other participants of the discussion (K2_U6+++) EK5: the student is able to prepare an oral presentation which is either the result of group work or of individual work (K2_U10+++) EK6: the student is aware of the level of his knowledge and abilities, understands the need for constant education with regards to his professional career and personal development and is able to decide on the direction of his personal development (K2_K01+) EK7: the student is able to determine the aims of his activities and to decide on priorities and the order of realization of his tasks (K2_K03++)

Course communication [email protected] [email protected]

Notices and announcements

LITERATURE:

Basic:

Voices on Antisemitism - free podcast series of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum www.ushmm.org. A new perspective on the continuing threat of antisemitism in our world today. Avner Falk, Antisemitism: A History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2008, p. 5-15. 166-178.

Werner Bergmann, Today: the Phenomena, the Conflicts. Proceedings International conference “Antisemitism in Europe Today: the Phenomena, the Conflicts” 8–9 November 2013. Organized by the Jewish Museum Berlin, the Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” and the Center for Research on Antisemitism Berlin http://www.jmberlin.de/antisemitism-today/Bergmann.pdf

Tokarska-Bakir Joanna (2006), Where Does Anti-Semitism Come from? [In:] Difficult Questions in Polish-Jewish Dialogue, Warsaw, p. 27-30. Gross Jan T. (2001), Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Steinlauf Michael (1997), Bondage to the Dead: Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. Wolak Artur J. (2004), Forced out. The Fate of Polish Jewry in Communist Poland, Tucson: Fenestra Books. Gross Jan T. (2006), Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz, Random House. Gross Jan T. (2011), Golden Harvest, NY: Oxford University Press. Błoński Jan (1987), The Poor Poles look at the Ghetto, retrievable under http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/eehistory/H200Readings/Topic4-R1.html Levy, R. S. (1991), Anti-Semitism in the Modern World. An Anthology of Texts. D.C. Heath and Company, USA, 147-266. Anti-Defamation League (2012), Attitudes Towards in Ten European Countries. March 2012, NY – retrieved online from: http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/adl_antisemitism_presentation_february_2012.pdf Deutscher Bundestag (2012), Bericht des unabhängigen Expertenkreises Antisemitismus. Anti- Semitismus in Deutschland – Erscheinungen, Bedingungen, Präventionsansätze, retrieved online from: http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/17/077/1707700.pdf Krzemiński I., (2011), The resilience of tradition : antisemitism in Poland and the Ukraine [In:] Lars Rensmann, Julius H. Schoeps, Politics and Resentment, Brill, Leiden, Boston, 249-274. Kapralski, Sławomir (2007), The Impact of Post-1989 Changes on Polish-Jewish Relations And Perceptions: Memories And Debates. In Faltin, L. & Wright, M. J. (ed.). The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 89-104. Krajewski, Stanisław (2005). Poland and the Jews. Reflections of a Polish Polish Jew. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Austeria.

Materials from the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (scope to be determined)

Additional:

Zick A., Küpper B., Hövermann A., Intolerance, Prejudice and - A European Report, Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2011 http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/do/07908-20110311.pdf

Hoffman Eva, After Such Knowledge. Memory, History, and the Legacy of the Holocaust, New York, Public Affairs, 2004 (fragments).

Tec Nechama, When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christians Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, 150-193.

Mueller Jan-Werner, ‘On “European Memory”. Some conceptual and normative remarks’. [In:] Małgorzata Pakier and Bo Stråth (eds.), A European Memory? Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance, Berghahn Books, New York, 2010, 25-37. Stokholm Banke Cecilie Felicia,"Remembering Europe’s heart of darkness : legacies of the Holocaust in Postwar European societies". [In:] Małgorzata Pakier and Bo Stråth (eds.), A European Memory? Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance, Berghahn Books, New York, 2010, 163-174. Jarausch Konrad H., "Nightmares or Daydreams? A Postscript on the Europeanisation of Memories. [In:] Małgorzata Pakier and Bo Stråth (eds.), A European Memory? Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance, Berghahn Books, New York, 2010, 309-320.

Films:

THE LONGEST HATRED: A REVEALING HISTORY OF ANTI-SEMITISM (1991) 1. From the Cross to the Swastika 2. Enemies of the Nation

“Birth place”, dir. Pawel Lozinski (1992)

Additional literature:

Bergmann Werner (ed.) (1988), Error Without Trial. Psychological Research on Antisemitism. Current Research on Antisemitism. Ed. By Herbert A. Strauss and Werner Bergmann, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 10-34.

Robert Blobaum (2005), Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland, Ithaca: Cornell University Press (Szymon Rudnicki148-170, Bożena Szaynok 265-283, Janine P. Holc 301-325). Jacobs Steven Leonard and Weitzman Mark (2003), Dismantling the Big Lie. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, , Los Angeles and KTAV, Jersey City. Robert Wistrich (2002), Muslim antisemitism. A Clear and Present Danger. The American Jewish Committe. Robert S. Wistrich (2005), Antisemitism in Western Europe at the Turn of the 21st Century, Jerusalem, Institute of the World Jewish Congress. Robert S. Wistrich (2005), European Anti-Semitism Reinvents Itself, The American Jewish Committee. Education on the Holocaust and on Anti-Semitism. An Overview and Analysis of Educational Approaches (2006), OSCE/ODIHR.

COURSE ORGANISATION Summer Semester Time and Place: Tuesdays, 12.00 – 13.30, Auditorium Maximum Seminar Room (unless otherwise posted on the CES daily course schedule: http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/current/daily-course-schedule) Course type: Lecture/Seminar

Contact hours: 30h

Breakdown of ECTS credits

1 ECTS: 30h of lectures/seminars 1 ECTS: 30h of preparation for classes 1 ECTS: 30h of preparation for the presentation 1.5 ECTS: 45h participation in the project in the public space

Didactic methods used Films, lectures, multimedia presentations, seminar, discussions, explanations, study trip to museum, field studies, participant observation, project in the public space Mode and criteria of assessment of learning outcomes

After the completion of the course, students are expected to: - know basic historical facts about antisemitism - know theories attempting to explain the reasons and origins of negative attitudes towards Jews - know contemporary interpretations of the origins of the Holocaust - know contemporary discourses on antisemitism in Europe

Assessment

Evaluation of multimedia presentations 50% of grade Discussions and presence in class 50% of grade Students are expected to discuss the readings and develop their own position on the issues discussed. Each student will be required to present one reading assigned and raise questions for discussion. The presentation should be approx. 20 minutes long and be supplemented by a one-page fact sheet. Presentations are expected to be creative and based on own in-depth work. Every presentation should be accompanied by a Power Point presentation including the main theses and a biography with academic publications/articles which the student used to prepare. Please mind the quality of your sources! Group presentations are eventually possible upon prior consultation.

COURSE STRUCTURE No. Title of the session Format Seminars Introduction to the course. History of Lecture/film/podcasts/discussion 1. antisemitism

Theories of antisemitism Lecture 2. Antisemitism in Europe nowadays Lecture 3.

4. Polish-Jewish relations between 1945 and Seminar 1989

Polish-Jewish relations from 1989 until Seminar 5. nowadays Antisemitism in Poland nowadays Lecture 6. Antisemitic and racist graffiti. Neglected Field study/documentation 7. Jewish cemeteries. Public space project

8. Antisemitic and racist graffiti. Neglected Field study/documentation Jewish cemeteries. Public space project

9. Antisemitic and racist graffiti. Neglected Intervention Jewish cemeteries. Public space project

10. Antisemitic and racist graffiti. Neglected Evaluation of interventions Jewish cemeteries. Public space project

11. Memory of the Holocaust in Poland and Lecture/discussion Europe and secondary antisemitism

12. The European Union and its struggle against Seminar racism and antisemitism 13. NGOs in Poland and elsewhere fighting Seminar against antisemitism 14. Re-emerging Jewish identity in Poland Seminar 15. Public space project. Evaluation of Overall evaluation of the public space outcomes project

DETAILED COURSE STRUCTURE

Voices on Antisemitism - free podcast series of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum www.ushmm.org. A new perspective on the continuing threat of antisemitism in our world today.

Session no. 1 Introduction to the course.

Format Lecture/podcasts/discussion

Aim of the session, main issues discussed The first class will serve as an introduction to the course, its materials and to the topic. Course requirements will be discussed and readings for class presentation will be assigned to students. The course is intended as a discussion between students and the instructor and between students in small groups. These discussions are intended to focus on the specific subjects outlined in the syllabus. All students are required to read the content of the reading list in advance of the class for which it is assigned and be prepared to discuss it. Supplementary reading is strongly recommended. Additional reading based on students’ own initiatives is welcome. Films will be an integral part of the course, followed by film discussions. Individual and/or group research projects will be an integral part of this course.

This class gives an overview of the history of antisemitism and presents various types of antisemitism. Students will learn about two main approaches to the concept of antisemitism, one which see anti-Judaism and antisemitism as one phenomenon of “the longest hatred” and the other which distinguish anti-Judaism from modern forms of antisemitism.

Key readings for the session Voices on Antisemitism - free podcast series of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum www.ushmm.org. A new perspective on the continuing threat of antisemitism in our world today.

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) How to prepare a literature review? How to prepare a summary of reading assignments? Argument, Question, Connection, and Implication (AQCI) – format of article analysis Where does antisemitism come from? What are the main patterns of antisemitism? Additional/further readings Tokarska-Bakir Joanna (2006), Where Does Anti- Semitism Come from? [In:] Difficult Questions in Polish-Jewish Dialogue, Warsaw, p. 27-30.

Session no. 2 Theories of antisemitism

Format Lecture/Q&A

Aim of the session, main issues discussed The aim of this class is to introduce students to the main definitions and concepts regarding the course subjects and an overview of various theories attempting to explain antisemitism.

Students are supposed to get familiar with existing concepts, especially in the context of antisemitism, racism, prejudice, discrimination, genocide and to link them with their own existing knowledge and experiences.

Key readings for the session Bergmann Werner (ed.) (1988), Error Without Trial. Psychological Research on Antisemitism. Current Research on Antisemitism. Ed. By Herbert A. Strauss and Werner Bergmann, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 10-34.

Werner Bergmann, Antisemitism in Europe Today: the Phenomena, the Conflicts. Proceedings International conference “Antisemitism in Europe Today: the Phenomena, the Conflicts” 8–9 November 2013. Organized by the Jewish Museum Berlin, the Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” and the Center for Research on Antisemitism Berlin http://www.jmberlin.de/antisemitism- today/Bergmann.pdf

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) What are the main terms relating to antisemitism? Which terms prevail in social science literature? What is the nature of antisemitism, racism, stereotypes, and prejudices? What is student’s personal experience with discrimination and antisemitism? Additional/further readings Avner Falk, Antisemitism: A History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2008, p. 5-15. 166-178.

Session no. 3 Antisemitism in Europe nowadays

Format Lecture/film/podcasts/discussion

Aim of the session, main issues discussed This class further explores definitions of antisemitism, evaluates contemporary discussions related to antisemitic violence and provides analysis of empirical studies on antisemitism in Europe. The aim of the session is to get an overview of contemporary attitudes towards Jews in Europe.

Key readings for the session Anti-Defamation League (2012), Attitudes Towards Jews in Ten European Countries. March 2012, NY – retrieved online from: http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/adl_antisemitis m_presentation_february_2012.pdf

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) What are new forms of antisemitism? What definitions of antisemitism are the most relevant to describe this phenomenon? Why antisemitism is such persistent phenomenon? What attitudes towards Jews exist in contemporary Europe? To what extent antisemitism is a problem in contemporary Europe? Additional/further readings Zick A., Küpper B., Hövermann A., (2011), Intolerance, Prejudice and Discrimination - A European Report, Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung,

http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/do/07908- 20110311.pdf

Robert Wistrich (2002), Muslim antisemitism. A Clear and Present Danger. The American Jewish Committe.

Robert S. Wistrich (2005), Antisemitism in Western Europe at the Turn of the 21st Century, Jerusalem, Institute of the World Jewish Congress.

Robert S. Wistrich (2005), European Anti-Semitism Reinvents Itself, The American Jewish Committee.

Education on the Holocaust and on Anti-Semitism. An Overview and Analysis of Educational Approaches (2006), OSCE/ODIHR.

Session no. 4 Polish-Jewish relations between 1945 and 1989 Format Lecture with seminar elements Aim of the session, main issues discussed After WWII, Poland was in ruins and the Jewish population was almost completely murdered. In the different context of the rising communist regime, Polish society started to discuss the relations with their Jewish neighbours just in the 1980’s. This class gives an overview of the most significant events in this process. Key readings for the session Gross Jan T. (2001), Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. (fragments) Błoński Jan (1987), The Poor Poles look at the Ghetto, retrievable under http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/eehistory/H200Readings/T opic4-R1.html

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) How was the Holocaust remembered in Poland up to 1989? How did Polish-Jewish relations develop in this period? Additional/further readings Wolak Artur J. (2004), Forced out. The Fate of Polish Jewry in Communist Poland, Tucson: Fenestra Books.

Session no. 5 Polish-Jewish relations in Poland from 1989 until nowadays Format Lecture with seminar elements Aim of the session, main issues discussed This class aims at giving an overview of the changes which the fall of the Berlin Wall brought for Polish- Jewish relations. We will discuss problems (including the film “Birth place”, which we will watch together) and have a first outlook on current initiatives in Poland and issues related both to anti-Semitism (negative aspects) and Polish-Jewish initiatives (positive aspects). Key readings for the session Steinlauf Michael (1997), Bondage to the Dead: Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. (fragments)

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) How did the relations change after the end of communism? How did the Holocaust memory change and what where the factors that influenced this development? How does the actual situation look like? Additional/further readings Gross Jan T. (2006), Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz, Random House. Gross Jan T. (2011), Golden Harvest, NY: Oxford University Press.

Session no. 6 Antisemitism in Poland nowadays

Format Lecture with seminar elements

Aim of the session, main issues discussed The session aims to diagnose the level of antisemitism in Poland in comparative perspective and in historical context of Polish-Jewish relations. Key readings for the session Krzemiński I., (2011), The resilience of tradition: antisemitism in Poland and the Ukraine. [In:] Lars Rensmann, Julius H. Schoeps, Politics and Resentment, Brill, Leiden, Boston, 249-274.

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) What is the level of anti-Semitism in Poland nowadays?

To what is it attributed?

Why is “antisemitism without Jews” so persistent?

Additional/further readings Robert Blobaum (2005), Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland, Ithaca: Cornell University Press (Szymon Rudnicki148-170, Bożena Szaynok 265-283, Janine P. Holc 301-325).

Session no. 7-10 Antisemitic and racist graffiti. Neglected Jewish cemeteries.

Format Public space project

Aim of the session, main issues discussed The aim of the project is to observe public space and make an intervention in reference to antisemitic and racist graffiti.

The aim of the project is to find a neglected Jewish cemetery and initiate public action to clean it.

Key readings for the session Hejt Stop

http://hejtstop.pl/?gclid=CjwKEAiAgranBRDitfSQk_P 7vnMSJAAhx5G5SdeHDammpvo7NcHf0p2T3j- I54LXg_InInylnup7ghoCnHfw_wcB

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) TBA

Additional/further readings

Session no. 11 Memory of the Holocaust in Poland and Europe and secondary antisemitism

Format Lecture with seminar elements

Aim of the session, main issues discussed

Key readings for the session Hoffman Eva (2004), After Such Knowledge. Memory, History, and the Legacy of the Holocaust (2004), New York, Public Affairs (fragments).

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) Why does antisemitism exist after the Holocaust? How is secondary antisemitism connected with education about the Holocaust? Additional/further readings Tec Nechama (1986), When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christians Rescue of Jews in Nazi- Occupied Poland, New York: Oxford University Press, 150-193.

Jan-Werner Mueller, ‘On “European Memory”. Some conceptual and normative remarks’. [In:] Małgorzata Pakier and Bo Stråth (eds.), A European Memory? Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance, Berghahn Books, New York, 2010, 25-37.

Cecilie Felicia Stokholm Banke,"Remembering Europe’s heart of darkness : legacies of the Holocaust in Postwar European societies". [In:] Małgorzata Pakier and Bo Stråth (eds.), A European Memory? Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance, Berghahn Books, New York, 2010, 163-174.

Konrad H. Jarausch, "Nightmares or Daydreams? A Postscript on the Europeanisation of Memories. [In:] Małgorzata Pakier and Bo Stråth (eds.), A European Memory? Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance, Berghahn Books, New York, 2010, 309-320.

Session no. 12 The European Union and its struggle against racism and antisemitism Format Lecture with seminar elements Aim of the session, main issues discussed This class aims at giving an overview over current activities within the European Union, stirred on a central level in Brussels. We will discuss the work of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, the EU’s aims and also the outcomes of the two most current studies for different EU countries. Key readings for the session EU Agency for Fundamental Rights: Antisemitism – Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2003-2013 - http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra- 2014_antisemitism-update-2003-2013_web.pdf

EU Agency for Fundamental Rights: Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of anti-Semitism - http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013- discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member- states-0_en.pdf (also available in French and German)

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) How does the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights define anti-Semitism? What are actual problems within the European Union and what can be done about them? Additional/further readings German Federal Parliament (2012), Bericht des unabhängigen Expertenkreises Antisemitismus. Anti- Semitismus in Deutschland – Erscheinungen, Bedingungen, Präventionsansätze, retrieved online from: http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/17/077/17077 00.pdf (in German - for interested German speakers)

Session no. 13 NGOs in Poland and elsewhere fighting against anti-Semitism Format Lecture with seminar elements Aim of the session, main issues discussed The aim is to present a selected number of initiatives by Polish NGOs in order to fight antisemitism, racism and discrimination. In class, we will discuss different approaches and opportunities in order to develop an understanding of current trends in this respect. Key readings for the session www.nigdywiecej.org http://www.maximilian-kolbe- werk.de/shared_data/forms_layout/maxkolbe/info_ en.pdf http://www.asf-ev.de/en/start.html

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) Which responses do NGOs propose currently in order to ensure both commemoration of victims of the Holocaust (and not only) and awareness about contemporary dangers? Additional/further readings www.mdsm.pl (PL + DE)

Session no. 14 Re-emerging Jewish identity in Poland Format Lecture with seminar elements Aim of the session, main issues discussed In the last years, Jewish community centres and initiatives with the aim to reunite people with Jewish ancestry have seen a dynamic development. A few interesting case studies of Polish Jews will be discussed who found out about their Jewish traces in the last years and decided to elaborate on their own personal and group identity. Key readings for the session Krajewski, Stanisław (2005). Poland and the Jews. Reflections of a Polish Polish Jew. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Austeria.

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) TBA

Additional/further readings http://warszawa.jewish.org.pl/en http://www.jcckrakow.org/en/program

Session no. 15 Overall evaluation of the public space project

Format Presentations/Workshop

Aim of the session, main issues discussed To evaluate students’ own research, action and use of information.

To evaluate students ability to prepare an oral presentation which is either the result of group work or of individual work. Key readings for the session Handouts/literature prepared by students in advance

Questions prepared by students prior to their presentations

Reports prepared by students

Questions for class discussion (based on readings) TBA

Additional/further readings TBA