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OliveOverview Production of Olive Productionin Texas Monte Nesbitt in Texas & California Olives • Olea europaea— • Family: Oleaceae • Fruit: drupe • Origin/Native area: (Mediterranean & Middle East) Turkey, Syria • Introduced to California by Spanish settlers – Mission San Diego (1769) • >2,000 varieties Olive Fruit Use (major uses) Oil Olives Table Olives • Varieties that have • Varieties whose high oil yield and shape, volume, flesh-to-stone ratio, produce fragrant oils firmness and ease of of stable quality and detachment make good taste. them suited for • Extra virgin-implies processing and mechanically pressed, eating. rather than chemically • Treated to remove extracted. bitterness and preserved by natural fermentation, heat treatment, canning, etc. World Production Annual per Total Olive Oil Production Oil Oil capita Country Production (tons) Production % Consumption consumption (tons) (2009) (2010)[48] (2010) (2005)[49] (kg)[50] World 19,735,617 3,269,248 100% 100% 0.43 Spain 7,923,000 1,487,000 45.5% 20% 13.6 14.8 liters Italy 3,286,600 548,500 16.8% 30% 12.4 Greece 2,285,000 352,800 10.8% 7% 23.7 Syria 885,942 177,400 5.4% 3% 7.0 Morocco 850,000 169,900 5.2% 2% 11.1 Turkey 1,290,654 161,600 4.9% 2% 1.2 Tunisia 750,000 160,100 4.9% 2% 5.0 Portugal 362,600 66,600 2.0% 2% 1.8 Algeria 475,182 33,600 1.0% 2% 7.1 Others 1,126,639 111,749 3.5% 28% 1.2 U.S.=9%, 1 liter Source: Wikipedia- http://faostat.fao.org/site/636/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=636#ancor Perspective on world olive oil production Pro- Pro- Consum Consum Exports Exports Imports Imports duction duction ption ption 2011/12 2012/13 2011/12 2012/13 2011/12 2012/13 2011/12 2012/13 World 3,321 2,425 3,085.5 3,041 803 765 769 832.5 Europea 2,395 1,459 1,790 1,690 555.5 467.5 96.5 155.5 n Union (Spain, Italy, etc) USA 4 10 300 293 4.5 6.0 300 288 Tunisa 182 220 35 40 129.5 175.0 0 0 Brazil 0 0 68 73 0 0 68 73 Values=1,000 Metric Tons Source: http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/estaticos/view/131-world-olive-oil-figures Spain’s Industry California’s Industry 5.6 Million Acres 49,737 Acres on 1937 produced by half million Farms or producers or 25.6 Acres per farm 11 Acres per farm (2012) 90% used for oil 55% used for oil 10% used for canning 45% used for canning Formerly 10% oil; 90% Canning California Olives • 2 Canneries, supplied by 28,000 acres – Lafayette, CA (Contra Costa Co.)Tracy, CA (San Joaquin Co.) • 95% of Total U.S. Production • Hand Harvested • Fruit Size, variety important • 400 Members • 90% of Total California Oil Production • 35,000 Acres—Anticipated expansion of 3,500 Ac/year through 2020 • Machine Harvested • Oil quality important; 75 varieties grown • 2012 harvest=2.4 Million Gallons • 2013 harvest=3.5 Million Gallons California’s Olive Industry 40,694 Ac in Tehama 6 counties 8,647 Ac Butte 2,502 Ac 9,043 Glenn Additional 12,249 Ac Acres in 41 Counties Tulare 13,165 Acres San Joaquin 3,104 Acres San Luis Obispo 1,027 Ac Many of California olives are grown in zones 9B with annual winter low temps of 25-30 F, and protection from severe winter freezes by Rocky Mtns. February 11-13, 1899— Coldest Freeze Event on Record -11 F -1 F +6 F 0F +7.5 F +11 F +12 F December 23, 1989 +1 F +4 F +9 F +6 F +14 F +15 F +18 F Source: Natl. Climate Data Center Potential Outcome Wortham, TX 15 F (2011) 1989: -1 F (Corsicana) Williamson County, 2014, Low of 18 F Olives on Texas A&M Campus Spring Temperature Effects on Flowering of Olives • Denney and McEachern (TAMU) previously reported a need for late winter chilling (which they labeled ‘vernalization’). • Nasir Malik (USDA-ARS-Weslaco) refuted the need for chilling with controlled studies, BUT did identify a “high temperature interruption of flowering induction”. – 6 day period of ~77 oF. Both point to excessively warm winter/spring as deleterious to fruiting. Olives are a Mediterranean climate crop. • Appear as panicles having varying Olives--flowering numbers of flowers. • Male flowers and Perfect flowers on each tree • Predominantly on one-year old growth • Alternate Bearing • Self Incompatibility & Cross Incompatibility within and among varieties varies and affected by climate • Induction & differentiation of flowers requires late winter chilling (vernalization) • High temperature stress depresses flowering/increases incompatibility • Flowers frost sensitive (near 32 F) David and Beverly Anderson Anderson Ranch, Dilley, Est. 1997 Slide/Photos: Karen Henry, Texas Olive Oil Council Saundra Winokur Sandy Oaks Olive Orchard, Elmendorf, Est. 1998 Slide/Photos: Karen Henry, Texas Olive Oil Council Jim Henry Texas Olive Ranch, Carrizo Springs, Est 2005 Slide/Photos: Karen Henry, Texas Olive Oil Council Madisonville What is scope and growth of the Texas olive industry today??? USDA Census Year Acreage # Farms 2002 NO DATA 2007 Not Reported 38 2012 760 Acres 87 County Acres Bandera 19 Bexar 98 Blanco 16 Colorado 76 Lavaca 30 Live Oak 16 Uvalde 7 Wilson 10 26 other counties have undisclosed acreage Objectives • Report/Update on TOOC educational trip to Butte County, California. • Present preliminary findings of Texas olive production survey. Texas Olive Oil Council Educational Training in California-April, 2014 • Funding by TDA Specialty Crop Block Grant • Purpose-Observe and assimilate production current production strategies in California. • Hosts: Cliff Little, Agromillora; Adam Englehardt, Grower & Consultant Agromillora, California Inc. Young production orchards Traditional SHD Two-wire trellis system with wires at 4 and 6 ft. Tall T-posts Must train tree to central leader to 6 ft ht. (Labor intensive) Rows should be 1,000 to 1,200 feet for harvesting. Prefer N-S row orientation Low Wire Trellis Method Single wire at 24 to 30” Small bamboo stake-3 ft tall Eliminates need for central leader. Trees are shaped through early tipping and topping. 3rd Year after planting: harvest 1.4-1.6 tons/Acre. Thereafter sustain 4.6-5.4 12-13 ft Row Spacing tons/Acre 4-6 ft Tree Spacing =558 Trees/Acre OlivOlio.net Major oil varieties • Arbequina-crops consistently; most cold hardy; lower oil extraction %. • Arbosana-precocious; cold sensitive; 1-2% higher oil extraction than Arbequina • Koroneiki-more tree vigor, intermediate cold hardiness; alternate bearing tendency greater • New varieties considered: – Chicotita-Arbequina x Picqual (Univ. of Cordova) – Oliana-Arbequina x Arbosana—compact tree. New olive plantings are going on land not suitable for other orchard crops (almonds, pistachio, walnuts) Reduced water requirement compared to other orchard crops is helping maintain/increase olive acreage. Features of super high density strategy • Higher tree and training cost incurred to recover higher 2nd and 3rd year yields. • Spacing/Density: 5 x 13 (670 tpa) – Migration to 12’ row spacing • Less vigorous varieties (Arbosana) on weak soils planted 4 to 4.5’ in the row. • Koroneiki on vigorous soils planted 6’ in row. Not every olive orchard in California is in stellar condition Problems in California Olive knot- Psudomonas savastanoi —bacterial wound invader, spread by mechanical hedging/harvesting and spring rains. • Fruit damaging pest Olive fruit fly found in most commercial olive regions, incl. California of the world. Photo: Giancarlo Dessì, Istituto Professionale Statale per l'Agricoltura e l'Ambiente "Cettolini" di Cagliari. Peacock spot • Cool/wet season fungal disease causing defoliation and fruit spotting. http://www.oliveoilsource.com/page/disease-control www.Olivediseases.com Cost/Revenue of SHD (per Adam Englehardt) Land $ 5,000.00 First Production YearAnnual (3) Revenue Inputs DevelopmentFertilizer, herbicides(leveling, irrigation) $ 5,000.00 $350 Revenue 172 Gallons oil/Acre Labor (1 per/200A) $300 Establishment: Year 1 Care $ 900.00 $13/gallon average $ 2,236.00 Fuel/Electricity $250 YearEquip. 2 Care maint & Deprec. $ 1,100.00 $250 Per Acre Cost to get to producing orchardHarvest Inputs 4th Year and older $ 12,000.00 $ $375 1,275.00 $ 1,525.00 Net before debt service $ 961.00 Results of Texas Olive Survey Link to Participate: : https://agrilife.az1.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_3jGm3uAb3kb5g6V Procedures: Email Survey using Qualtrics Online Survey software. Texas Olive Oil Council facilitated email contacts. No orchard identifiers collected. Respondents (38) Acres Total NB NB Trees Acres Total NB NB Trees County planted Acres Planted County planted Acres Planted Austin 28 0.9 250 Lavaca 65 36.3 20,500 Bastrop 2.5 0.1 65 liberty 46 0.9 298 Blanco 6 0.0 0 Live Oak 1 0.0 32 Burnet 3 0.6 190 Madison 15 2.5 500 Chambers 0.14 0.0 0 Medina 6 3.8 284 Montgom DeWitt 2 0.1 60 ery 10 9.0 2,000 Dimmitt 82 9.0 6,000 Nueces 1 0.0 200 Fayette 4.3 1.9 420 Polk 3 0.1 10 Goliad 50 1.4 300 Robertson 5.5 600 Harris/Ref San ugio 21 6.6 3,200 Jacinto 3.5 1.9 900 Hays 8.1 0.4 140 Tarrant 5 0.1 25 Jim Hogg 100 124.0 36,000 Travis 4 3.1 400 Kerr 1 0.3 100 Wilson 39 27.3 4,792 LaSalle 25 0.0 0 Zavala 96 116.4 78,000 Acres: 562.54 Non-Bearing Acres: 206.8 Non-Bearing Trees: 155,266 Do you have olive trees of bearing age/size that have produced a harvestable crop? # Answer Response % 1 Yes 13 33% 2 No 26 67% Total 39 100% Bearing-Age Tree Densities Reported Tree Row Spacing Spacing Trees/Ac 3 8 1815 5 13 670 5 13 670 5 14 622 6 13 558 7 30 207 9 13 372 10 10 436 12 16 227 14 14 222 20 20 109 20 20 109 24 24 76 For all of these bearing trees, please choose the answer below that best describes your method of harvesting olives: Answer Response % Hand harvest---I hand pick olives from each tree 7 58% into picking bags, buckets, totes or crates (or hire laborers to pick the crop).
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