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The W12 Framework Supporting Collaboration Among Cities for Water Security

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The W12 Framework Supporting Collaboration Among Cities for Water Security MAY 2020 The W12 Framework Supporting Collaboration Among Cities for Water Security Authors: Jesse Knapp (Lead Author) Anna Hixson Philip Clayton Ellie Leaning Jeremy Fackenthal Azra Tanovic http://w12-congress.com Table of Contents Acknowledgments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ v Abbreviations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi Introduction Core Assumptions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Core Values ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Dimensions of the Water Challenge ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 Four Core Questions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Aspects of Solutions-Oriented Thinking --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 The W12 Congress and the W12 ProtocolPreamble to The W12 Protocol ----------------------------------------------5 Preamble to the W12 Water Protocol ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 The W12 Protocol: Description and Preliminary Research Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 Core Issue Tags by Category ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 Solution Tags by Category ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 Case Studies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 Amman, Jordan: Transitioning to Continuous Supply ----------------------------------------------------------------12 Cape Town, South Africa: From Crisis Management to Long-term Planning --------------------------------------20 Chennai, India: Future Water Supply Solutions -----------------------------------------------------------------------36 Istanbul, Turkey: Adapting Infrastructure to Serve a Growing Population -----------------------------------------40 Kigali, Rwanda: Progressing Toward Integrated Water Resources Management ----------------------------------47 Los Angeles, USA: Gathering Data on Water and Energy Consumption -------------------------------------------52 Mexico City, Mexico: Urban Sprawl and Water Insecurity -----------------------------------------------------------56 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Water Governance in a Post-Conflict Scenario --------------------------------75 Pune, India: Water Quality Initiatives ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------79 Quang Tri Town, Vietnam: Reducing Non-Revenue Water with Sustainable Cost Recovery ---------------------84 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Desalination and Reuse ------------------------------------------------------------------------95 Sao Paulo, Brazil: Scarcity and Unregulated Land Use --------------------------------------------------------------100 Conclusion and Next Steps “Cities Facing Escalating Water Shortages” Conference Reports -----------------------------------------------------------124 Politics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------125 Economics ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------148 Technical Sciences ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------170 Natural Sciences --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------198 Social Sciences and the Humanities ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------210 Civil Society -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------230 Appendices Appendix I - Definitions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------243 Appendix II - Helpful Links -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------249 Appendix III - References --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------251 iv Acknowledgements We acknowledge the generous contribution In January 2020, with the support of the City of time, knowledge, and insights from people of Cape Town, 150 specialists from 15 coun- around the world. It is not possible to cite here tries assembled at the University of the Western all the authors of the water studies on which this Cape in South Africa as part of an international water protocol is based. But the individuals listed collaboration to find and share water solutions for below have offered expert advice in ways that have cities. Participants included scientists, scholars, contributed significantly to this project, and we government officials, industry leaders from the gratefully acknowledge their role. water and finance sectors, and heads of nonprofit organizations. Excerpts from the conference re- The W12 project was born from the inspiration ports are included in this framework document, of the City of Cape Town, South Africa, where, covering the diverse fields of politics, economics, faced with a “Day Zero” water scenario, the technical sciences, natural sciences, social scienc- citizens and city leadership launched an unprec- es and humanities, and civil society. Full refereed edented program of water conservation. Through versions of the position papers will appear in a their combined efforts, water usage was reduced special issue of a major journal. Although only almost by half. Cape Town’s success led to the W12 the names of the lead authors appear on the con- vision: that leaders from water-stressed cities ference reports below, we gratefully acknowledge might gather, share solutions and innovations, all the experts whose work contributed to what and together find ways to meet the water needs of we hope will be the first in a series of South Af- their residents. rican and international conferences on this topic. Thomas Boynton Shannon McCarthy Kelly Bridges Tanvi Nagpal Gregg Brill Abishek Narayan Charon Büchner-Marais Bongani Ncube Kirsty Carden Josh Newton Khanyisile Chaba John Oldfield Ernst Conradie Stephanie Pincetl Liz Crosson Michael Rouse Jenny Day Chris Serjak Mark Dent Andy Shrader Joanna Fatch Darlington Sibanda Jessica Fell Seth Siegel Burtram Fielding Larry Swatuk Pablo Garcia Adrian Sym Mafaniso Hara Nick Tandi Greg Holliday Neal Turner David Johnstone Stefan Uhlenbrook Richard Kaufman Jonas Villadsen Emil Svaneborg Mathiasen Michael Webster v Abbreviations General Abbreviations CWS Continuous Water Supply DMA District Metering Area IWS Intermittent Water Supply IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management LPCD Liters per capita per day MLD Million liters a day NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPO Non-Profit Organization NRW Non-Revenue Water PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl POD Point of Distribution PRV Pressure Reducing Valve PPP Public-Private Partnership RWH Rainwater Harvesting WFD Water Framework Directive Abbreviations of Organizations EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization IFC International Finance Corporation UN United Nations WHO World Health Organization Case Study Specific Abbreviations Amman, Jordan DZ District Zone Cape Town, South Africa CoCT City of Cape Town DWS National Department of Water and Sanitation WASH-FIN Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Finance Program, led by USAID WCWSS Western Cape Water Supply System vi The W12 Framework: Supporting Collaboration Among Cities for Water Security Chennai, India CPCL Chennai Petroleum Company Limited CMWSSB Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board IT Information Technology Istanbul, Turkey GAP Southeastern Anatolia Project IIWF Istanbul International Water Forum ISKI Istanbul Water Supply and Sanitation Administration IWC Istanbul Water Consensus SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition WWC World Water Council Kigali, Rwanda REMA Rwanda Environment Management Authority RNRA Rwanda Natural Resources Authority WASAC Water and Sanitation Corporation Los Angeles, California LA Los Angeles LADWP Los Angeles Department of Water and Power MWD Metropolitan Water District UCLA University of California Los Angeles Mexico City, Mexico CDMX Mexico City (“Ciudad de México”) CONAGUA Mexico’s National Water Commission (“Comisión Nacional del Agua”) SEDEMA The Environmental Secretariat of Mexico City (“Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México”) SEMARNAT National Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (“Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales”) NWP National Water Program WSP Water Sustainability Program (in Mexico City) ZMCM Mexico City Metropolitan Area (“Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México”) vii The W12 Framework: Supporting Collaboration Among Cities for Water Security Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina Pune, India JS2 Jalswarajya II, World Bank Project MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Quang Tri Town,
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