DOCUMENT RESUME ED 371 646 HE 027 487 AUTHOR Fetveit, Anne-Marie, Comp. TITLE Higher Education in Norway. Monographs on Higher Education Series. INSTITUTION United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Bucharest (Romania). European Centre for Higher Education. REPORT NO ISBN-92-9069-118-2 PUB DATE 92 NOTE 96p. AVAILABLE FROMCEPES UNESCO, 39 Stirbei Voda Street, Bucharest, Romania R-70732 ($15). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *College Administration; College Curriculum; College Instruction; *Colleges; College Students; Educational History; Foreign Countries; Government Role; *Higher Education; Research Libraries; Student Unions; *Universities IDENTIFIERS *Norway ABSTRACT This monograph examines the state of higher education in Norway. Fifteen chapters cover: (1) "The Norwegian Background"; (2) "The Educational System";(3) "Institutional Units of Higher Education"; (4) "The Financing of Higher Education";(5) "The Administrative Structure";(6) "The Teaching and Research Staff"; (7) "Structure and Content of Course Programmes";(8) "The Students"; (9) "Foreign Students in Norway"; (10) "Graduates"; (11) "Research Activities"; (12) "Student Social and Financial Benefits"; (13) "International Cooperation within Education"; (14) "Libraries and Reference Services"; and (15) "Annexes," which includes thenames and addresses of government educational offices, universities, colleges, regional boards of higher education, national education councils, research libraries, student unions, and student welfare organizations. (MDM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** - - - - - .14 - - p ,-7 -" z ...,...7.-0:2 -17 . -- . -, ., L., __, ra..... - _ ,,,,,,,,--rntrut,-- - -1, I., -400.1414 LW" , V-Z47 r7;_. -1 - - - , OF EDUCATION U S DEPARTMENT ens improvement Offic* at Educalioriai Researen INFORMATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS C'ENTER (ERIC) MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY [VIM document has beenreproduced as received from the person ororganization originating it F. O Minor changes havebeen made to Improve reproductionquality CUES stated in this Points of view or opinions represent document do not necessarily ' TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES official OERI position orpolicy 1.1 /NFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" ;I OMIT- - 11 -4) cy. - g,c jp-,43,P` ),i 4.41.11# ,kagoll'S 41"flhiriiij A I4!..??, kV*, 11. ,11,1 V't u Agi CEPES is the acronym for CENTRE EUROPEEN POUR L'ENSEIGNE- MENT SUPERIEUR (European Centre for Higher Education). It is an integral part of the UNESCO Secretariat, with headquar- ters in Bucharest. The Centre was created in 1972 to contribute to the development of higher education in the Member States of the Europe Region by promoting international co-operation in this field. CEPES works in three domains: informa-Authors are responsible for the choice and tion, communication and co-operation: the presentation of facts and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily it gathers, processes and disseminatesthose of UNESCO and do not commit the information in different forms,Organization. published and unpublished, by electronic and by traditional meansThe designations employed and the presen- (the quaterly review, Higher Educationtation of the material do not imply the ex- in Europe, the monograph series onpression of any opinion whatsoever on the national systems of higher educa-part of UNESCO concerning the legal status tion, and CEPES papers on higherof any country, territory, city or area or of its education covering specific trendsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation and phenomena in higher educa-of its frontiers or boundaries. ti .n; it oi,;anizes meetings, seminars and symposia and initiates or collaborates in joint studies on contemporary problems of higher education; it co-operates with other organizations and institutions, both national and internatiedal, governmental and non- governmental, in the undertaking of its various activities and the accom- plishment of its goals. ISBN 92-9069-118-2 UNESCO 1992 3 HIGHEREDUCATION IN NORWAY Commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Education,Research and ChurchAffairs Compiled by ANNE-MARIE FETVEIT Monographs on HigherEducation edited by Leland Conley Barrows CEPES BUCHAREST, 1991 4 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables 6 List of Figures 7 Preface 9 1. The NorwegianBackground 11 1.1.Geography and Public Administration 11 1.2.History 16 1.3.Religion 17 2. The Educational System 18 2.1.General Principles 18 2.2.Organization and Structure 19 2.3.Primary and Lower Secondary Education 20 2.4.Upper SecondaryEducation 21 2.4.1.General and Vocational Education 21 2.4.2. Apprenticeship Training 22 2.5.Higher Education 22 2.5.1.Recent Reform Plans 24 2.5.2.Other Forms of Higher Education 27 2.6.Adult Education 27 3. Institutional Units ofHigher Education 29 3.1.The Universities 29 3.2.The University-Level Specialized Colleges 32 3.3.Non-University Public Institutions 32 3.4.Private Institutions 35 4. The Financing of HigherEducation 36 4.1.Sources, Volume, and Allocation 36 4.2.The CompetenceCentres 38 4 39 4.3.Private Institutions 40 5. The Administrative Structure 40 5.1.A Centralized System 41 5.2.The 1990 Act on HigherEducation 43 5.3.The Adult Education Act 45 6. The Teaching and ResearchStaff 45 6.1.Numbers and Categories of Staff 47 6.2.Teaching Load and Research Time 48 6.3.Recruitment of Women 49 7. Structure and Content of CourseProgrammes 49 7.1.Course Programmes: Universities 50 7.2.Course Programmes: theNon-University Sector 52 8. The Students 52 8.1.Admissions 53 8.2.Student Numbers 57 8.3.Norwegian Students Abroad 57 8.4.Distribution by Sex 58 8.5.Age Distribution 59 8.6.Social Background 59 8.7.Transfers among Institutions 65 9. Foreign Students in Norway 65 9.1. Numbers of Foreign Students 66 9.2.Admission Requirements for ForeignStudents 67 9.3.Evaluation of Foreign Degrees 68 9.4.Controlled Occupations 69 10.Graduates 10.1. Lower and Advanced Degrees 69 10.2. Numbers and Varieties ofGraduates 70 10.3. Employment of Graduates 73 6 11.Research Activities 76 11.1. Research and Development: Resources 76 11.2. New Policy Documents 78 11.3. Priority Areas 79 11.4. Recent Structural Development 79 11.5. Norway's Research Councils Under Scrutiny 80 11.6. Research Ethics 81 11.7. International Co-operation 81 12.Student Social and Financial Benefits 83 12.1. Grants and Loans 83 12.2. Other Benefits 84 13.International Co-operation within Education 86 14.Libraries and Reference Services 88 15.Annexes 91 15.1. Administrative Offices 91 15.2. Institutions of Higher Education 91 15.2.1. The Universities 91 15.2.2. The University-Level Specialized Colleges 91 15.2.3. Non-University Higher Education Institutions 91 15.2.3.1. Specialized Professional Schools 91 15.2.3.2. Regional Colleges 92 15.2.3.3. Other Colleges 92 15.3. Regional Boards of Higher Education... 92 15.4. National Educational Councils 93 15.5. Research Libraries 93 15.6. Research Councils 93 15.7. Student Unions 94 15.8. Student Welfare Organizations 94 7 6 LIST OF TABLES 1. Gross Domestic Product by Industry inMillions of Kroner 14 2. Distribution of Full- and Part-Time Studentsin Various Fields in Higher Education Institutions in1989 28 3. Higher Education InstitutionsAccording to Proprietorship in 1990 41 4. Full- and Part-Time Teaching Staff According toPost and Institution in 1990 46 S. Part-Time as Compared to Total StudentEnrollments in Higher Education, 1965-1989 53 6. Full- and Part-Time Student Enrollmentsin Higher Education in 1975, 1981, 1984, 1987, and1989: Universities and Non-University HigherEducation Institutions 55 7. Numbers of Students According toField of Study in Universities and in Non-University HigherEducation Institutions in 1975, 1981, 1984, and 1989 56 8. Totals of R&D expenditure in Norway,1985-1987, and Estimates for 1989 by Sector of Performance 76 9. Totals of R&D Expenditure in Norwayin 1987 and Estimates for 1989 by Source of Fundingand Sector of Performance 77 7 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Total Population andEmployed Population by Sexand by Age. (16-to-74-years-old)in 1988 15 2. Typical Paths through theNorwegian Education System 3. The Total Number ofFull-Time and Part-TimeStudents in the Universities in 1989:56,600 Students whereof Women 51% 61 4. Regional Distribution ofNorwegian Higher Education Institutions in 1990 62 5. Distribution of Students byRegion and by Institution Enrolled in Norwegian Higher 1990 Education Institutions in 63 6. Regional Recruitment ofYoung People, Aged 20to 24, to Norwegian Higher Education Institutions in 1990 64 7. Foreign Students in Norwegian Universities: 1975-1988 66 8. Breakdown of UniversityGraduates by Sex and by Subject Area, 1988-1989 9. Breakdown of Licenciatesand Doctorates by Sex and Subject Area, 1988-1989 by 72 10.Relative Amounts of R&DExpenditure in Norway, 1977-1987, and Estimatesfor 1989 by Source of Funding 78 9 9 PREFACE This eighteenth volume in the CEPES monographseries on European higher education systems is in facta revision of the third volume which was published in 1983. Far from being a mere updating of theearlier version, it is a completely rewritten texton Norwegian higher education. Higher education as a distinct system, rather thanas a set of isolated institutions located in one country,came into being in Norway after the Second World