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Západo česká univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Bakalá řská práce Katolická církev v podmínkách sv ětových válek Magda Heringová Plze ň 2012 Západo česká univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Katedra filozofie Studijní program Humanitní studia Studijní obor Humanistika Bakalá řská práce Katolická církev v podmínkách sv ětových válek Magda Heringová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. et Bc. Dagmar Demjan čuková, CSc. Katedra filozofie Fakulta filozofická Západo české univerzity v Plzni Plze ň 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem práci zpracovala samostatn ě a použila jen uvedených pramen ů a literatury. Plze ň, duben 2012 ……………………… Pod ěkování: Ráda bych na tomto míst ě pod ěkovala vedoucí práce, Mgr. et Bc. Dagmar Demjan čukové, CSc. P ři tvorb ě práce jsem velmi ocenila její podn ětné rady, připomínky, ochotu a čas, který mi v ěnovala. I OBSAH 1. ÚVOD.............................................................................................................. 1 2. Historické souvislosti ...................................................................................... 3 3. První sv ětová válka ......................................................................................... 5 3.1. Sedm bod ů mírového plánu ................................................................... 5 3.2. Benedikt XV. po první sv ětové válce .................................................... 7 4. Mezivále čné období ........................................................................................ 9 4.1. Nástup nacionálního socialismu k moci ............................................ 9 4.2. Papežské encykliky .......................................................................... 11 4.2.1 Ardenti cura ............................................................................. 11 4.2.2 Humani Generis Unitas ............................................................ 13 4.2.3 Ingravescentibus malis ............................................................. 14 4.3. Pius XI. a fašistická Itálie ................................................................ 16 4.4. Politika konkordát ů v letech 1914-1945 .......................................... 17 5. Druhá Sv ětová válka ..................................................................................... 23 5.1 Pius XII. a holocaust ............................................................................ 26 5.2. Št ědrove černí rozhlasový projev .......................................................... 30 6. Povále čné ohlasy na vále čné události ........................................................... 33 6.1 Benedikt XVI. – Joseph Ratzinger, sou časný papež ........................... 33 6.2 Jan Pavel II. .......................................................................................... 34 II 6.3 Richard Wiliamson .............................................................................. 35 7. Záv ěr .............................................................................................................. 37 8. Seznam literatury ........................................................................................... 40 8.1. Knižní zdroje ........................................................................................ 40 8.2. Internetové zdroje ................................................................................. 41 9. Resumé .......................................................................................................... 43 10. Seznam p říloh ................................................................................................ 45 11. Přílohy ........................................................................................................... 46 1 1. ÚVOD Křes ťanství od svého vzniku v prvním století našeho letopo čtu prošlo do dnešní doby dlouhou řadou událostí, které jej více či mén ě ovlivnily. Nejv ětší z nich je Velké schizma, kdy skon čila jednotná éra k řes ťanství a toto monoteistické náboženství se rozd ělilo na východní a západní církev. Do západní větve pat ří katolictví a protestanství, do východní v ětve pravoslaví. Rozd ělení se událo roku 1054 a ob ě v ětve se navzájem exkomunikovaly. Katolická církev se považuje za pokra čovatelku církve založené Kristem. Tato bakalá řská práce se bude zabývat západní v ětví, katolictvím v podmínkách sv ětových válek. Tak významné události, kterými ob ě sv ětové války bezesporu byly, nez ůstaly bez vatikánského komentá ře a naopak jejich ú častníci církev nep řehlíželi a nepodce ňovali její vliv. V první kapitole uvedu historické okolnosti obou světových válek a uvedu, kte ří papežové drželi pontifikát. Druhá kapitola se zabývá první sv ětovou válkou. P řiblížím zde Benedikta XV., který držel pontifikát v letech 1914-1918, jeho mírové body, kterými se snažil zabránit boj ům a jeho politiku po první sv ětové válce. Kapitola t řetí mapuje mezivále čné období. V období mezi válkami vládne na Petrov ě stolici Pius XI. Popíši některé n ěmecké potla čovatelské zákony, politiku Vatikánu a N ěmecka v dob ě, kdy události neodvratn ě sm ěř ovaly k ruhé sv ětové válce. Také zde uvedu encykliky, kterými papež vyjad řoval své znepokojení z nastupujících režim ů, zejména nacionálního socialismu v Německu a fašismu v Itálii. Popíšu encykliky Ardenti cura, Humani Generis Unitas a Ingravescentibus malis. Dalším významným bodem bylo v této etap ě uzavírání konkordát ů. Zmíním konkordáty Bavorský, Pruský, Bádenský a Říšský. 2 Ve čtvrté kapitole se dostaneme k nejhr ůzn ějšímu období lidských d ějin, ke druhé sv ětové válce. Seznámím s Piem XII., jež léta druhé světové války zažil jako papež. Uvedu kroky, kterými se snažil neúsp ěšn ě odvrátit vypuknutí boj ů a zmapuji jeho postoje k významným událostem, nap říklad holocaustu. Poslední pátá kapitola nás seznamuje s osobami, které sice za války nedržely ani církevní, ani politickou moc, ale mají k této obrovské kapitole lidských d ějin co říci. Zam ěř íme se na Karola Wojtylu, bývalého papeže Jana Pavla II., Josefa Ratzingera, jež sedí na svatopetrském tr ůně dnes. Tito dva osobn ě dobu vále čnou pocítili. Dnešní papež Benedikt XVI. byl dokonce nasazen do boj ů za druhé sv ětové války. Další osobou zmín ěnou v této kapitole je biskup Richard Williamson, který je z řejm ě nejkontroverzn ější osobou v církevním rouchu, co se tý če názoru na holocaust. Cílem této bakalá řské práce je zmapovat vztahy mezi apoštolským stolcem a t ěmi, kte ří rozpoutali ob ě sv ětové války. Bude se zabývat postoji papež ů, kte ří drželi pontifikát v letech 1914-1945, tedy Benedikta XV., Pia XI. a Pia XII. a posléze i katolických p ředstavitel ů p ůsobící až v dob ě povále čné, nebo ť zejména vzhledem k významu událostí druhé sv ětové války se t ěmto témat ům není možné vyhnout. Tato bakalá řská práce odpoví na otázky, jak silný vliv m ěl na vále čné události Vatikán nebo jestli naopak vál čící zem ě dokázaly hlas Svatého stolce uml čet a podmanit si jej. Při psaní bakalá řské práce využiji metodu analýzy. Budu rozebírat jednotlivé názory a spisy, které se tematicky vztahují k ob ěma sv ětovým válkám. Jako další bych ráda zmínila metodu komparace, s pomocí které jednotlivé názory katolického duchovenstva mohu porovnat a vytvo řit tak obraz rozdílnosti anebo naopak podobnosti názor ů, pop řípad ě čin ů jednotlivých papež ů a ostatních církevních hodnostá řů . 3 Při tvorb ě bakalá řské práce budu čerpat z knih vydaných po roce 1990, které mapují situaci mezi N ěmeckem a Svatým stolcem ve vále čné dob ě. Tyto knihy vyšly po otev ření vatikánských archiv ů. Jde nap říklad o dokument Vatikán a Hitler od autora Petera Godmana. Dále využiji kronik k řes ťanství a životopisných knih. 2. Historické souvislosti Jakkoli se na svém za čátku mohlo 20. století zdát klidným obdobím, nazývaným dokonce „La Belle Époque“ – zlatý v ěk, již v jeho polovin ě se lidstvo ohlíželo za hr ůznostmi dvou sv ětových válek. Do první sv ětové války se v letech 1914 – 1918 zapojilo 32 stát ů. Jelikož nikdy p ředtím sv ětem neot řásl větší konflikt, byla válka nejprve ozna čována jako válka velká, nebo totální. Bohužel byla zastín ěna druhou sv ětovou válkou, proto tento konflikt dnes ozna čujeme názvem První sv ětová válka. Záminkou vyvolání vále čného zbrojení byl atentát na následníka rakouského tr ůnu, arcivévodu Františka Ferdinanda D´Este, spáchaný 28. června 1914 v Sarajevu. Po této události nastolilo Rakousko-Uhersko Srbsku nesplnitelné podmínky a tak rakousko- uherské jednotky napadly srbské území. Nejsiln ější stát té doby, agresivní Německo, které se cítilo málo respektováno a odstrkováno, vytušilo šanci a vyhlásilo válku Francii, kterou m ělo v úmyslu porazit a stát se tak kontinentální velmocí, a taktéž Rusku. Centrální mocnosti, tj. Rakousko-Uhersko a N ěmecko, spolu s Itálií vytvo řily svazek nazývaný Trojspolek. Ve válce stál Trojspolek proti stát ům Francie, tehdy ješt ě carského Ruska a Velké Británie, známým pod jménem Trojdohoda. V důsledku vále čných konflikt ů zahynulo na dev ět milion ů ob ětí, dalších dvanáct milion ů bylo zran ěno. Za hlavního viníka obrovského, dosud nepoznaného konfliktu, bylo ozna čeno N ěmecko. Mír s touto zemí řešila Versailleská smlouva, která byla 4 k Německu tvrdá a nesmlouvavá. N ěmecko p řišlo o zna čnou část území a bylo z velké části demilitarizováno. Všechno ve jménu toho, aby se taková situace už nikdy neopakovala. V roce 1932 ovšem volby v Německu vyhrála Národn ě socialistická německá d ělnická strana v čele s Adolfem Hitlerem, který získal právo sestavit vládu. Byl to první krok do ultrapravicové zhouby jménem nacionální socialismus.
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    Cambridge University Press 0521841011 - Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922-1945 Edited by Joshua D. Zimmerman Index More information INDEX Italicized numbers indicate illustrations. property of Jews, plunder of, 244, 251–252, 253 Abantantuono, Diego, 327 provinces comprising, 244 Abbot, Walter, 276 Rainer, Friedrich, as governor of, 244 academies and learned societies, exclusion of Risiera di San Sabba, camp at, 219, 248, Jews from, 81, 88–89 249–251, 257 Accademia d’Italia, 82–83, 86, 98 Trieste, see Trieste acquiescence of non-Jewish members to, Udine, Gorizia, and Pola, 248, 249, 252 81, 86–88 Africa and African colonies converts, 85 black people as portrayed in La Difesa criticism of antisemitic persecution by della Razza, 117, 119, 129–132, 133, non-Jewish members, 87–88 134, 135, 146 cultural milieu, role of academies in, 81 colonialism and fascist racism, 129, 155 discrimination against Jews prior to racial Ethiopian campaign, 98, 148, 155 laws, 81–83 madamismo (cohabitation arrangements foreign members, 84, 86 with native women in Italian government policy on control of, 81, 82 colonies), 155 introduction of racial laws requiring persecution of Jews in Italian colonies in,75 exclusion, 83–84 Aktion Reinhard, 211, 219, 249 Mussolini’s antisemitism and, 82–83 Alatri, Lionello, 296 number of institutions involved in racial Alfieri, Dino, 115 survey, 85 Alighieri Dante, 118, 151, 333 number of Jews expelled, 85 Almansi, Dante, 229, 240 oath of allegiance to fascist regime, 82, 88 Almirante, Giorgio, 116, 150–151 reactions
  • The Response of the Catholic Church to Nazi Mistreatment of Jews Dabo Li the College of Wooster

    The Response of the Catholic Church to Nazi Mistreatment of Jews Dabo Li the College of Wooster

    Black & Gold Volume 1 Black & Gold Article 4 2015 Capitulation or Resistance? The Response of the Catholic Church to Nazi Mistreatment of Jews Dabo Li The College of Wooster Follow this and additional works at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/blackandgold Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Li, Dabo (2015) "Capitulation or Resistance? The Response of the Catholic Church to Nazi Mistreatment of Jews," Black & Gold: Vol. 1. Available at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/blackandgold/vol1/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Open Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Black & Gold by an authorized administrator of Open Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Li: Capitulation or Resistance? The Response of the Catholic Church t Over the past two decades, controversy has raged over the Vatican edict to canonize Pius XII, the pope whose reign coincided with the Second World War and the Holocaust. Debates over his wartime conduct perdured despite the want of ecclesiastical sources. Until the turn of the century, historians had been slow to research the role of the Vatican in the Holocaust, but now they come with determination.1 Grating on Catholic sensitivities, the topic has become a centerpiece of historical scrutiny. This paper explores and explains the response of the Catholic Church to Nazi racial persecution of Jews.2 For a fair and thorough appraisal, it is essential to chart—and give a sense of chronology to—the history of Vatican diplomacy with the Third Reich.