Maria Clotilde Di Francia Regina Di Sardegna (1759-1802)

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Maria Clotilde Di Francia Regina Di Sardegna (1759-1802) UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI CAGLIARI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STORIA MODERNA E CONTEMPORANEA XXIII CICLO MARIA CLOTILDE DI FRANCIA REGINA DI SARDEGNA (1759-1802) COORDINATORE PROF. GIOVANNI MURGIA TUTOR DOTTORANDA PROF. GIANFRANCO TORE DOTT.SSA FEDERICA CONTU ANNO ACCADEMICO 2009-2010 “A te, che sei, semplicemente sei…”♫ (A noi due) 2 Genealogia semplificata dei Borbone-Francia Enrico IV (1553-1610) sposa Maria de’ Medici (1575-1642) Luigi XIII (1601-43) sposa Anna d’Austria (1601-66) Luigi XIV (1638-1723) sposa Maria Teresa di Spagna (1638-83) Luigi di Francia (1661-1711) sposa Anna Maria di Baviera (1660-90) (segue) 3 Duca di Borgogna (1682-1712) sposa Maria Adelaide di Savoia (1685-1712) Luigi XV (1710-74) sposa Maria Leszczynska (1703-68) Luigi, Delfino (1729-65) Adelaide Vittoria Sofia Luisa Sposa (1732-1800) (1733-99) (1734-82) (1737-87) Maria Giuseppina di Sassonia (1731-67) Duca Luigi XVI (1754-93) Luigi XVIII Carlo X di Borgogna sposa (1755-1824) (1757-1836) (1751-61) Maria Antonietta sposa sposa d’Austria (1755-93) M. Giuseppina Maria Teresa di Savoia (1753-1810) di Savoia (1756-1805) Sofia (1786-87) Luigi XVII (1785-95) Luigi, Delfino (1781-89) Maria Clotilde (1759-1802) Elisabeth sposa (1764-94) Carlo Emanuele IV di Savoia (1751-1819) Maria Teresa (1778-1851) sposa Duca d’Angoulême Duca di Berry (1755-1841) (1778-1820) 4 Introduzione “De la femme vient la lumière” (Louis Aragon) Il 10 aprile 1808, a Roma, veniva emanato un particolare Decreto di Venerabilità. La Serva di Dio alla quale si concedeva l’auspicio di Beatificazione infatti, non era una religiosa per vocazione, ma una regina, nata principessa di Francia. Quel giorno, Maria Clotilde di Borbone entrava a far parte delle anime che attendono la gloria degli altari. Ma la sua vita non merita d’essere conosciuta e studiata solo per giustificare la sua futura presenza nel novero dei santi piemontesi; questo lavoro infatti, rifiuta come base di partenza tale assunto e parte da premesse differenti: muove dal desiderio della scoperta, attraversando le tortuose vie della ricerca, ponendosi come obiettivo il raccontare privo di esitazioni e riserve, non tenendo conto di quella tradizione biografica che interpreta Maria Clotilde utilizzando il velo fuorviante della santità, qui considerata, appunto, solo presunta. Lo scopo ultimo, in definitiva, è stato quello di portare alla ribalta Clotilde come personaggio storico, anteponendo la “donna” alla “Serva di Dio”. Una tiepida mattina di fine settembre del 1759 un nuovo vagito si unì alle voci che ogni giorno echeggiavano tra i chiassosi corridoi di Versailles. Maria Clotilde Adelaide Saveria, figlia del Delfino di Francia e della consorte Maria Giuseppina, prendeva il suo posto nel mondo. Privata in tenera età dell’affetto dei propri genitori, 5 crebbe insieme alla sorella minore Élisabeth, sotto l’ala bigotta e protettrice della contessa Marsan. Immediatamente sviluppò un’avversione alla seducente vita di corte, della quale, la sua giovane cognata Maria Antonietta ne era la regina indiscussa; nonostante in cuor suo sperasse di potersi dedicare alla vita conventuale, la ragion di Stato le impose il matrimonio. In virtù dei legami intercorrenti tra il ramo francese dei Borbone e Casa Savoia, il fratello Luigi XVI la destinò in moglie all’erede del regno di Piemonte, Carlo Emanuele. Il 30 settembre 1775 Grosse Madame, così chiamata a cagione della sua pinguedine, entrava a Torino in veste di principessa consorte; i sudditi di Vittorio Amedeo III, inizialmente scontenti del suo aspetto, ben presto dovettero ricredersi. Le notizie sulla devozione che ella rivolgeva all’epilettico marito e la benevolenza mostrata in più occasioni verso i bisognosi, varcarono prepotentemente i cancelli della reggia, e si sparsero per tutto il regno. A completare questo idilliaco quadro della sovrana perfetta, mancava solo un discendente. La coppia reale attese otto anni di poter annunciare la lieta novella; stanchi di attendere e rassegnati al volere di Dio, su proposta di Clotilde, decisero di vivere il resto della loro vita uti frater et soror. Ma la loro quieta esistenza condivisa fraternamente, venne bruscamente interrotta nel 1789; la Rivoluzione rase al suolo le fondamenta dell’antico status quo nobiliare, costringendo la Francia ad avviare una metamorfosi del corpo sociale. Il conte d’Artois fu il primo a fuggire per raggiungere la più sicura Torino, seguito da numerosi aristocratici ed ecclesiastici. La ghigliottina a quel punto cominciò a mietere vittime illustri, tra le quali lo stesso re Luigi XVI, amato fratello della principessa Clotilde; la notizia del suo assassinio rimase solo 6 per breve tempo un fatto isolato. Maria Antonietta ed Élisabeth patirono lo stesso triste destino a sei mesi di distanza l’una dall’altra. La principessa di Piemonte accolse questo fardello di dolore con cristiana rassegnazione, ma dal quell’istante il suo fervore religioso si acuì. Il dilagare del giacobinismo e la probabilità sempre meno remota di un’invasione francese, angustiavano il nuovo sovrano Carlo Emanuele IV, incapace di sostenere una situazione politicamente tanto gravosa. Nel dicembre del 1798 la corte sabauda è costretta ad abbandonare Torino: il re e la regina non vi avrebbero più fatto ritorno. La loro nave partì da Livorno diretta a Cagliari, città nella quale dimorarono per sei mesi in attesa che l’esercito nemico liberasse i territori sabaudi; convinti che la disfatta francese fosse imminente, nel settembre del 1799 si convinsero a rientrare nel continente. Le speranze si spensero fin dall’arrivo in terraferma: costretti a peregrinare in cerca di un appoggio militare atto a favorire il loro ristabilimento, soggiornarono a Firenze, Roma, Frascati, Caserta e Napoli, indotti di volta in volta a fuggire dal pericolo sempre in agguato rappresentato dall’avanzata francese. È proprio in quest’ultima città che, nel 1802 a causa di una grave malattia, Maria Clotilde si congedò dalla una vita che l’aveva sottoposta a terribili prove. Chiuse per sempre gli occhi in una modesta locanda, circondata dal conforto spirituale nel quale aveva sempre riposto fiducia. Da allora le sue spoglie mortali risposano nella chiesa di Santa Maria a Chiaia. 7 I La nipote di Luigi XV. Gli anni a Versailles I.1 I Borbone di Francia Nella notte tra il 22 e il 23 settembre del 1759 la Delfina di Francia Maria Josepha sentì approssimarsi il momento del parto. Nonostante fosse consapevole di ciò che sarebbe accaduto, perché già madre di sei figli1, (due dei quali, Marie-Zéphyrine e Xavier, deceduti prematuramente vista l’alta mortalità infantile dell’epoca) si alzò, ma in un primo momento non considerò la possibilità di svegliare l’amato consorte; le contrazioni, in effetti, si alleviarono e la principessa poté tornare a letto. Poco più tardi i dolori ripresero: l’arrivo del reale neonato era imminente. Alle cinque e trenta del mattino, come riportato nell’atto di nascita2, senza alcun aiuto, al castello di Versailles, venne al mondo una petite fille, cui furono imposti i nomi Maria 1 È doveroso sottolineare che Maria Clotilde, in alcune biografie, viene erroneamente definita quartogenita; l’inesattezza può ricondursi ad un equivoco: alla sua nascita erano in vita quattro fratelli maggiori, Luigi Saverio, Luigi Augusto, Luigi conte di Provenza e Carlo conte d’Artois. Ma paradossalmente anche in questo caso l’errore persiste, poiché la si sarebbe dovuta indicare allora come quintogenita! Certamente chi mi ha preceduta ha voluto ricordare solo i tre futuri re di Francia, non tenendo conto del fatto che Luigi Saverio morirà nel 1761, due anni dopo la venuta al mondo di Clotilde. Ciò è appurato dalla famosa frase di Barbier “Cela n’est étonnant, pour une fille qui a quatre frères vivants”. BEAUSIRE-SEYSSEL (Vicomtesse de), Madame Clotilde de France Reine de Sardaigne (1759-1802), Paris, Honoré Champion, 1926, p. 4. 2 “L’an mil sept cent cinquante neuf le vinght-trois de septembre, une Princesse, fille de très haut, très puissant et excellent Prince Monseigneur Louis de Bourbon, Dauphin de France, et de très haute, très puissante et excellente Princesse Madame Marie Joséphe de Saxe, son épouse, née aujourd’huy à cinq heures et demie du matin, a été ondoyée par Monseigneur Nicolas de Bouillé, comte de Lyon, éveque d’Autun, premier aumonier du Roy, en présence de Nous soussigné Prêtre de la Mission, faisant les fonctions curiales de cette paroisse”. ARCHIVES DÉPARTEMENTALES DES YVELINES (d’ora in poi A.D.Y.), Etat-civil et registres paroissiaux, Paroisse de Notre-Dame, Versailles, cote: 1112502, acte: B, 1759, p. 81. I documenti sono consultabili su Yvelines.fr/archive/. 8 Clotilde Adelaide Saveria: suo padre Luigi e la première femme de chambre, dato il rapido svolgersi dei fatti, assistettero al travaglio come unici testimoni, nonostante fosse consuetudine che i membri più influenti della corte vi prendessero parte, al fine di appurare senza equivoci il legame genetico del neonato. Il re e la corte giunsero in seguito. Un aneddoto riferisce che il medico ostetrico, ospitato nell’anticamera, ebbe appena il tempo di vestirsi3, vista la fretta con la quale fu condotto presso gli appartamenti reali. La Vicomtesse de Beausire-Seyssel scrive che, qualche mese prima, in occasione del lieto evento, la Gazette aveva annunciato al pubblico lo svolgimento di una “raduno” di nutrici presso gli alloggi della contessa Maria Luisa Rhoan-Guémène di Lorena- Marsan, governante degli Enfants de France4. Nel XVIII secolo l’allattamento materno aveva molteplici detrattori (tra i quali, per frivole motivazioni, lo stesso Luigi XV) e principalmente nel caso delle nobildonne; questo compito infatti non rientrava nei doveri di una femme d’élite, alla quale, una volta portata a termine la gravidanza, la moda e le convenzioni sociali richiedevano di vestire nuovamente i panni di dama d’alto rango. In questo caso la Delfina, più d’ogni altra, aveva il dovere di riprendere il proprio posto a corte; la bambina perciò fu subito affidata alla balia5.
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