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The Electronic Media Review Electronic Media Group The Electronic Media Review Electronic Media Group Volume Three 2015 Papers presented at the Electronic Media Group session of the 41st AIC Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana, 2013, and the 42nd AIC Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California, 2014. Jeffery Warda and Briana Feston-Brunet, Managing Editors American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works Washington DC Edited by Helen Bailey, Briana Feston-Brunet, Karen Pavelka, and Jeffrey Warda The Electronic Media Review was published once every two years in print format by the Electronic Media Group (EMG), a specialty group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC), until 2013 and published online only Volume Three Copyright © 2015 thereafter. The Electronic Media Review is distributed as a benefit Electronic Media Group to members of EMG who held membership during the year of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works issue. Additional copies or back issues are available from AIC. All rights reserved by the individual authors All correspondence concerning subscriptions, membership, back issues, and address changes should be addressed to: Layout by Amber Hares (Original design by Jon Rosenthal, JonRosenthalDesign.com) American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works Typeset in Trade Gothic LT and Myriad Pro 727 15th Street NW, Ste. 500 Washington, DC 20005 [email protected] http://www.conservation-us.org The Electronic Media Review is a non-juried publication. Papers presented at the EMG session of the AIC Annual Meeting are selected by committee based on abstracts. After presentation, authors have the opportunity to revise their papers before submitting them for publication in The Electronic Media Review. There is no further selection review of these papers. Independent submissions are published at the discretion of the EMG Publications Committee. Authors are responsible for the content and accuracy of their submissions and for the methods and materials they present. Publication in The Electronic Media Review does not constitute official statements or endorsement by the EMG or by the AIC. Presented at the Electronic Media Group Session, AIC 42nd Annual Meeting, May 28–31, 2014, San Francisco, CA. A ROADMAP TO PRESERVING DIGITAL OBJECTS DAWN AVELINE, GLORIA GONZALEZ, AND SIOBHAN HAGAN ABSTRACT The University of California, Los Angeles Library produces and collects a steadily growing amount and widening variety of digital objects and collections. Libraries act increasingly as stewards of archival audio and video files digitized from analog mag- netic tape. Video files produced with cell phone cameras, email correspondence of professors and literary authors, social media accounts, and computer-aided design architectural files are among many other types of reborn digital and born-digital files. Along with the varied nature of these digital collections comes a diverse set of preservation risks and needs. Here we present the forces that compel an institu- tion along the path toward increasingly robust digital preservation practices. With reference to Anne R. Kenney and Nancy Y. McGovern’s five organizational stages of digital preservation, the discussion illustrates how the varieties of digital col- lections, from reformatted analog videotape to activist cell phone videos to digital archival collections, can drive organizational change. Effective uses of conceptual frameworks and tools aid workflow efficiencies. INTRODUCTION At what point in the course of a cultural heritage institution’s development does a digital preservation program become imperative? When and how does an institu- tion determine that typical backup and replication of digital assets is insufficient? The Electronic Media Review ■ Volume Three 2015 63 DAWN AVELINE, GLORIA GONZALEZ, AND SIOBHAN HAGAN The following discussion illuminates the main forces is a local (i.e., intra- rather than extra-mural) concern, coalescing to bring a formally articulated and imple- means that the institution, across several departments, mented digital preservation plan into the foreground of began to recognize the increasing scale of digital content a research library’s planning activities. Each institution for which it was responsible, as well as the heterogeneity must design its own model for a digital preservation of the digital collections themselves. The UCLA Library framework, based on its multifaceted needs – needs produces and collects a growing variety of digital materi- which arise from the types of materials in its collec- als. We are the stewards of archival audio and video files tions, modes of access, human resources and funding. digitized from magnetic tape; video files produced with Our article examines these forces and some of the pro- cell phone cameras by activists; email correspondence; cesses and tools we have used to begin to address the social media; digital architectural files; and many other needs of the University of California, Los Angeles Li- types of “reborn-” and born-digital files. The heterogene- brary. The effort is ongoing and will continue to evolve. ity of these digital collections brings with it a diverse Digital preservation policies and workflows comprise set of preservation risks and needs that can only be ad- something of a journey for institutions. By demonstrat- dressed within a local context. ing the dynamic interplay between specializations and departments, this story highlights the complexity of the The next phase, or action, can only be accomplished journey—where there is no “package tour” but where with the help of staff armed with the expertise and band- institutions can find traversable routes and expedient width to pursue digital preservation objectives (Atkins tools to preserving digital content. et al. 2013; Bermès and Fauduet 2011; Nadal 2007). An examination of the growth within the UCLA Library ROADMAPS of its overall preservation program demonstrates that UCLA’s path towards digital preservation can be de- appropriate staffing remains essential to establishing scribed, with small modifications, according to Ken- a digital preservation effort. The instar of preservation ney and McGovern’s 2003 article, “Five Organizational at the UCLA Library may be regarded as the estab- Stages of Digital Preservation,” which identified five lishment of the Library Conservation Center in 2004, stages that an organization moves through on their way launched by the hiring of a full-time collections con- to establishing digital preservation workflows: servator. Four years later, in 2008, UCLA hired its first full-time Preservation Officer. With the help of externally 1. Acknowledge: Understanding that digital preserva- sourced funding (an indicator of stage two activities in tion is a local concern; Kenney and McGovern’s framework) UCLA Library was 2. Act: Initiating digital preservation projects; able to hire its first audiovisual preservation specialist 3. Consolidate: Seguing from projects to programs; (co-author Siobhan Hagan) to work within the preserva- 4. Institutionalize: Incorporating the larger environ- tion department in 2011. The audiovisual preservation ment, and specialist assembled an audiovisual lab with facilities 5. Externalize: Embracing inter-institutional collabora- for the care and inspection of film and the reformatting tion and dependency. of video and audio. The arrival of this key staff mem- ber brought new capacity for preserving and reformat- At UCLA these five stages of developing digital preser- ting audiovisual materials. Reformatting activities then vation are interlayered with three important driving ele- introduced new digital content to the collections, and ments: collections, staff, and tools. Within this context, this added pressure and a sense of urgency to digital stage one, the acknowledgement that digital preservation preservation concerns. The Electronic Media Review ■ Volume Three 2015 64 A ROADMAP TO PRESERVING DIGITAL OBJECTS Another significant type of collection drives digital pres- encompasses thousands of cell-phone videos providing ervation efforts, albeit from a slightly different angle. coverage of the Green Movement in Iran during the con- Recently, the Library’s Special Collections Department tested 2009 elections, produced by activists on site and has started to acquire archival materials that include brought to the UCLA Library by activist Ali Jamshidi.1 digital manuscripts materials. Along with such acquisi- tions come new exigencies for accessioning and pres- Through the generosity of the Arcadia Fund, the Library ervation. A prominent example is the Susan Sontag was fortunate enough to have the resources to reformat (1933–2004) papers. This collection includes a variety the unique analog videocassettes from the Garry South of media, including a hard drive containing Ms. Sontag’s collection. With that initial hurdle surpassed the inevi- emails as well as 16 mm black and white home mov- table digital preservation dilemma presented itself. ies. Responsible ingest and preservation planning for such digital objects in the archival setting falls under The impetus for a managed digital preservation program the purview of co-author Gloria Gonzalez, who joined very often arises as a consequence of the sheer size of the the Special Collections Department in 2012. audiovisual files. Roughly calculated, one hour of analog video reformatted to a digital file takes up 100 GB of COLLECTION DRIVEN ACTION—AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS space; replication
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