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Chemical Study and Biological Activities (Insecticide and Antiplasmodial) of Plant Extracts from Benin

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Chemical Study and Biological Activities (Insecticide and Antiplasmodial) of Plant Extracts from Benin MEMBERS OF THE JURY READING COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. ir. Bruno De MEULENAER Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Prof. Taofiki AMINOU Laboratory of Expertise and Research in Environment and Water Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin Prof. Gnon BABA Laboratory of Sanitation, Water Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Kara, Togo EXAMINATION COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. ir. Peter BOSSIER Department of Animal production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Prof. Dr. ir. Guy SMAGGHE Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University - PROMOTERS Prof. Félicien AVLESSI Laboratory of Study and Research in Applied Chemistry, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin Prof. Dr. ir. Norbert DE KIMPE; Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium Prof. Dr. ir. Sven MANGELINCKX Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium - CHAIRMAN OF THE EXAMINATION COMMITTEE Prof. Dominique C. K. SOHOUNHLOUE Laboratory of Study and Research in Applied Chemistry, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin DEAN OF THE FACULTY DEAN OF THE FACULTY Prof. Dr. ir. Guido VAN HUYLENBROECK Prof. Felix HONTINFINDE RECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY RECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY Prof. Dr. Anne DE PAEPE Prof. Brice SINSIN UNIVERSITE D’ABOMEY-CALAVI GHENT UNIVERSITY -------- -------- FACULTE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCE ENGINEERING ----------- --------- FORMATION DOCTORALE CHIMIE ET APPLICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND ------------ TECHNOLOGY LABORATOIRE D’ETUDE ET DE RECHERCHE EN CHIMIE ---------- APPLIQUEE (LERCA) ---------- N° d'ordre : 29-2014/FDCA/FAST/UAC Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Doctorat de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi – Spécialité : Chimie Organique et Chimie des Substances naturelles Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences (UGENT) CHEMICAL STUDY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES (INSECTICIDE AND ANTIPLASMODIAL) OF PLANT EXTRACTS FROM BENIN Defended By Annick Flore Arlette Dohoué BOSSOU Chairman Prof. Dominique C. K. SOHOUNHLOUE, Laboratory of Study and Research in Applied Chemistry, UAC: Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin Chairman Prof. Dr. ir. Peter BOSSIER, Department of Animal production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, UGENT: Ghent University Members: Prof. Dr. ir. Bruno De MEULENAER, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Prof. Taofiki AMINOU, Laboratory of Expertise and Research in Environment and Water Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin Prof. Gnon BABA, Laboratory of Sanitation, Water Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Kara, Togo Prof. Dr. ir. Guy SMAGGHE, Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Prof. Félicien AVLESSI, Laboratory of Study and Research in Applied Chemistry, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin Prof. Dr. ir. Norbert DE KIMPE, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium Prof. Dr. ir. Sven MANGELINCKX, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium Academic year 2014-2015 Dutch translation of the title: Chemische studie en biologische activiteiten (insecticide en anti-malaria) van plantenextracten uit Benin To refer to this thesis: Bossou, A. F. A. D. (2014). Chemical study and biological activities (insecticide and antiplasmodial) of plant extracts from Benin. Doctoral dissertation, Joint PhD, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin - Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. ISBN-number: : 978-90-5989-743-4 The author and the promoters give the authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Ghent , 4 November 2014 Abomey-calavi, 4 November 2014 The author The promoter The promoter The promoter Annick F. A. Prof. Félicien Prof. Dr. ir. Prof. Dr. ir. Sven D. BOSSOU AVLESSI Norbert DE KIMPE MANGELINCKX This research was made possible by a fellowship allowed to the PhD student by the Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC). This research was also performed with the financial support of the Research Foundation - Flanders (Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO)-Vlaanderen). ii TABLE OF CONTENT Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………………… v Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………… vi List of figures……………………………………………………………………………………………….. viii List of tables………………………………………………………………………………………………… ix Chapter 1: Introduction and aim…………………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter 2: Background……………………………………………………………………………………. 5 2.1. Essential oils: general information…………………………………………………………………. 6 2.1.1. Definition……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 2.1.2. Extraction of essential oils ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 2.1.2.1. Hydrodistillation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. 6 2.1.2.2. Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) ………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 2.2. Background on the chromatographic methods used………………………………………………………………. 8 2.2.1. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) ……………………………………………… 8 2.2.2. Headspace-solid phase microextraction (SPME) ……………………………………………………………………… 9 2.3. Background on malaria……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 2.3.1. Geographical distribution of malaria transmission and resistance…………………………………………….. 10 2.3.2. Symptoms and diagnosis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 2.3.2.1. The symptoms of malaria……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 2.3.2.2. Diagnosis of malaria…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 12 2.3.3. Malaria treatment ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 2.3.3.1. Pharmacology of antimalarials……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 2.3.3.2. Effect of medicines on malaria transmission…………………………………………………………………………………….. 19 2.3.4. Malaria prevention, vector control ………………………………………………………………………………………...... 21 2.3.4.1. Larval control…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 2.3.4.2. Reduction of human-vector contact……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 2.3.4.3. Increase adult vector mortality……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22 2.3.5. Treatment of malaria by traditional medicine in Benin…………………………………………………………….. 22 2.4. Overview on Plasmodium falciparum…………………………………………………………………………………...….. 25 2.5. Overview on Anopheles gambiae…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27 2.6. Overview on selected plants …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29 2.6.1. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Amaranthaceae) ………………………………………………………………………. 29 2.6.2. Cochlospermum planchonii Hook. f. ex Planch. (Bixaceae) …………………………………………………………. 32 2.6.3. Cochlospermum tinctorium A.Rich (Bixaceae) ………………………………………………………………………..... 35 2.6.4. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae) ……………………………………………………………………………... 37 2.6.5. Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. (Poaceae) …………………………………………………………………………………. 39 2.6.6. Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. (Poaceae) …………………………………………………………………… 41 2.6.7. Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guil. & Perr.) Brenan (Fabaceae) …………………………………………………… 43 i 2.6.8. Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Myrtaceae) ………………………………………………………………………………….. 45 2.6.9. Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. (Myrtaceae) ………………………………………………………………………………….. 47 2.6.10. Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. (Combretaceae) ……………………………………………………………………….. 49 2.6.11. Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. (Polygalaceae) …………………………………………………………….. 51 2.6.12. Spondias mombin L. (Anarcardiaceae) …………………………………………………………………………………… 53 2.7. Overview on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) …………………………………………………………………. 55 Chapter 3: Experimental………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 60 3.1. Plant material…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 61 3.2. Plant extracts ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61 3.2.1. Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation……………………………………………………………………………. 61 3.2.2. Essential oils extracted by stimultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) …………………………………… 62 3.2.3. Ethanolic extracts…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 62 3.3. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)..…………………………………………... 63 3.4. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME/GC-MS)..……………………………………………….. 63 3.5. Biological tests ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 64 3.5.1. Insecticidal tests on Anopheles gambiae…………………………………………………………………………………… 64 3.5.1.1. Mosquito collection and determination of the status …….……………………………………………………………………. 64 3.5.1.2. Bioassay on adult mosquitoes………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65 3.5.1.3. Susceptibility status of A. gambiae………………………………………………………………………………………………… 65 3.5.1.4. Data analysis for the bioassays…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66 3.5.2. Antiplasmodial tests on Plasmodium falciparum………………………………………………………………………. 66
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