The Evolution of Women's Intercollegiate Athletics at Oberlin College
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
The Evolution of Women's Intercollegiate Athletics at Oberlin College Leland J. Brandt History Honors Thesis April 25, 1992 I was hopeful that there would be a change in both the men's and women's program. The women would beCome a little more competitive, but I was hoping that the men would become a little less cutthroat competitive... so you would humanize the men's program, but make the women's program a bit more real life. It is a competitive society. Basically, what I have discovered is that the women have imitated the men and the men haven't changed at all. -Fred Shults, Physical Education Professor, discussing his hopes for Title IX .and the future of athletics at Oberlin College. 1 Table of Contents Preface ........................................................................................ p. 1 Acknowledgements ....................................................................... p. 2 List of Recurring Abbreviations ..................................................... p. 3 Chapter I: The History of Title IX and Its Impact on Collegiate Athletics ........................ p. 4 Chapter II: The Physical Education Department Before 1972 ......................................... p. 12 Chapter III: In the Shadow of Jack Scott, Oberlin College's Women's Athletic Program and Title IX ............................. p. 16 Chapter IV: P.S. Post-Scott, Claudia Coville's Role in the Evolution of Women's Athletics at Oberlin ............. p. 41 Chapter V: The 1977 Ad Hoc Committee on Athletic Policy, Football, the Physical Education Major and Their Impact on the Future of Women's Athletics at Oberlin ............... p. 50 Chapter VI: Still Teething. Women's Athletics from 1977-82 ........................................ p. 62 Chapter VII: The Title IX Compliance Review of Oberlin College ..................................... p. 79 Chapter VIII: Coming Into Focus. The Reformation of the Depanment of Physical Education .............................. p. 88 Conclusion .................................................................................. p. 98 Bibliography ................................................................................ p. 100 Appendix ........................................ ; ............................................ p. 102 1 Preface Over two years ago, I read an article written in 1973 entitled "Spon is Unfair to Women." While researching possible honors topics, I remembered that article. Preliminary research uncovered a wealth of infonnation on women's athletics, Title IX, and the continuing problems faced by female athletes. By sheer coincidence, I learned that Oberlin College was investigated for possible Title IX violations. Further inquiry revealed that little if any research existed concerning the history of Oberlin's young women's athletic program. Before I could say "Jack Scott," the topic entranced me, and I remain under its spell to this day. If ever I have experienced love with an academic project, this thesis embodies those feelings. I became fascinated with how the program evolved to its present state. Working with the premise that Title IX provided a subtle impetus behind the growth of the women's athletic program at Oberlin College, I began my research. Many of the law's effects were hidden by the overwhelming personality of Jack Scott, the director of athletics in the early 1970s. Yet, I wanted to trace the major developments in the program to ascertain the causes behind these changes. I wanted to examine Oberlin College's response to a specific gender issue in light of federal legislation and a vocal constituency in favor of women's athletics. I might note that I found it increasingly difficult to write impartially on this subject. I feel the tremendous weight of evidence made maintenance of a neutral stance an impossible task. i :". '.·I 2 Acknowledgments Many people helped me with this thesis. Foremost was Carol Lasser, my sponsor. I think without her guidance and advice I probably would have spiraled off into the void of endless research and 6OO-page papers. I greatly appreciated her pulling in the reigns or, on occasion, cracking the whip (albeit lightly) to help me see this project to fruition. Special thanks must be given to members, past and present, of the Department of Athletics and Physical Education; Mary Culhane and Joe Gurtis who time and time again found the unfindable and remembered the colorful; and to Lisl Prater, Don Hunsinger, Dick Michaels and Fred Shults for providing insight and their memory of events past; and to Pat Milkovich for taking the time to answer my questions and no matter how repetitive or mundane not to mention all the paperwork she provided. Additionally, I would like to thank Roland Baumann, Brian Williams, and Patrice Delewski of the Oberlin College Archives for all the time they spent finding flies, photocopying and hunting down evasive documents; and the members of the library staff who assisted me in my research. I am also very grateful to the people I dealt with outside of the College, Ellen Staurowsky, Judith Flohr, and Holly Sklar, whose insight provided me with a sense of atmosphere for the time periods in question. Also, thanks to Linda Carpenter and Vivian Acosta who supplied me with both information and inspiration to pursue this topic. Not to be overlooked are all my friends who listened to me explain various aspects of my paper countless times and who visited me in my little room in the library to lend support. Finally, I would like to thank my parents: my mother for empathizing with the hardships of writing a big paper; my father for providing simple, yet wonderfully sagely advice during the dark hours of this project. ,. i 3 List of Recurring Abbreviations AlAW -----Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women. CAC ------Centennial Athletic Conference. CFC -------College Faculty Council. EPPC-----Educational Plans and Policies Committee. GFC ------General Faculty Council. HEW -----Department of Health, Education and Welfare. NCAA ----National Collegiate Athletic Association. NCAC-----North Coast Athletic Conference. OAC -------Ohio Athletic Conference. OCR -------Office for Civil Rights, a branch of HEW, later the Department of Education. PAC -------President's Athletic Conference. 4 Chapter I: The History of Title IX and Its Impact on Collegiate Athletics No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. -Section 901(a) of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. On June 23, 1972, Congress passed legislation that forever altered the face of women's collegiate athletics. Before its passage, 'playday' sessions de-emphasizing competition constituted most of the athletic activities available for women. Title IX almost immediately relegated the Victorian ideals about proper levels of female activity to the locker rooms of history and simultaneously initiated an explosion in the field of women's athletics. What is Title IX? Title IX built upon the foundations of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title Vn in attacking discrimination. But, while Title VI applied to race, Title IX addressed sex discrimination. Though it applies to all areas in an institution, Title IX's greatest impact has been on collegiate athletics. In 1973, on average, men's collegiate athletic budgets received a staggering 97.9% of the total available athletic funding at Division I schools. In contrast, women's programs usually received 2.1 %.1 This disparity was a stark symbol of American society's reluctance to provide women with the same opportunity as men to pursue athletic activities. Athletic administrators claimed there was not sufficient interest to justify increasing the funding for the women's programs, ignoring the effect years of discouragement had wreaked upon the perspective female athletes in the United States. lUnited States Commission on Civil Rights, "More Hurdles to Clear, Women and Girls in Competitive Athletics," July 1980, p. 32. The fmancial inequity is one of numerous areas in athletics in which women were relegated to a distant second-class status. For an in depth analysis of gender inequity in athletics during the early 1970s see Bi! Gilbert and Nancy Williamson's, Women in Sport. Three-part series, Sports Illustrated. May 28, June 4 and June 11. 1973. 5 Title IX upheld women's right to experience and participate in athletics. Yet, complaints quickly surfaced that the legislation was too vague and made implementation difficult. In response, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), the office charged with overseeing Title IX compliance, issued regulations in July of 1974 specifying the affected areas in athletics: 1. Effective accommodation of the interest and abilities of both sexes in the selection of sports and levels of competition. 2. Travel and per diem allowances. 3. Provision of locker rooms. 4. Provision of medical and training services and facilities. 5. Provision of housing and dining facilities and services. 6. Opportunity to receive coaching and academic tutoring. 7. Provision and maintenance of equipment and supplies. 8. Assignment and compensation of coaches and tutors. 9. Scheduling. 10. Publicity. 11. Recruitment. 12. Financial aid. 2 HEW decided that colleges and universities should achieve compliance by July of 1978. The problem, critics claimed, was that the regulations'failed to indicate how to determine whether