Saw Filing and Management of Saws

S AW F I L I NG A N D M anag e me nt of S aws

A P R A C T I C A L T R E A T I S E O N

Fili Cummin Swa i Ha e rin an d B z i ng. g. g ng. mm g ra ng w Po we r and W k O B d S a s . S eed e rate an p . or to p W i h Fu ll Di e Ci ul ar S aws et c. i s fo r Fili rc . t r ct on ng, h i i S r i h e S e tin p lis i , i a nd P lish t g, o ng, Jo n ng t a g t n ng o ” h s B d and Ci l r w Files H nd B e S s . g a , utc r , an rcu a a Use Us e f l Hi s fo r Re ai ri and C ri fo r to , u nt p ng a ng w ili and Br z i B d S aws Ho e S s . C a o ng a ng an , m Cl m s E e e nc Re M d e S ets and , ai s e tc. a a p m rg y p r ,

ro er sha e itch a nd se t of s aw t h C o mp l ete tabl e s o f p p p . p eet as nu mb e r o f te eth of v ari ous s aws ar n u w e ll as siz es a nd e i cl d e d .

G RIM HAW B E RT S NL E . By RO ,

Third E ditio ed a nd E nla r ed . n. Revis g

Fully Illustra ted with over 1 00 E ng ra ving s .

k N e w Y o r

THE NORM AN W HENLEY PUBLISHING CO . .

1 3 2 N a s s a u S t r e e t 1 9 1 2 C o p y r i g h t 1 8 8 2

E . B BER W M . Y RO T GRIM SHA .

C o p y r i g h t 1 9 0 1 a nd 1 9 1 2 E L BLI HING COM P NO RM AN W . H N EY pu S ANY

M acg o wa n Ed Sl ipp e r Pri nters 30 Be e kma n Street New York City P reface

This b ook is d esig ned as a p ractical aid to those wh use saws for an t o ur ose . Wh e as its itl y p p il , e

m l es it treats r nc all of saw- ﬁ lin it also i p i , p i ip y g ,

oes nto the uest ons of umm n s r n - sett n g i q i g i g , p i g i g ,

w Th e auth r h a r and s ag i ng . o s t ied to b ri ng it u to resent s uccessful usa e and wll b e lad p p g , i g to receiv e from p ractical sawyers and others for future ed it ons uest ons su estions and infor i , q i , g g ,

the s ub t mation b eari ng on j ec .

P refa ce to the Third E dition

In ord er to b ri ng this work s trictly up - to- d ate and i nclud e th e latest id eas and d ev elop ments of m d ern method s th s v olume h as b een rev sed o , i i ,

- d erab le newmat r al re ed ited and consi e i ad d ed .

’ During many years exp erience in using saws of

earl ev er kind s e and make and fre uentl n y y , iz , q y

out- of—the- wa ocalit es man useful and h and in y l i , y y

h av e b een d ev elo ed b the E d tor and in id eas p y i , ord er th at th ese orig inal wri nkles may p rov e of

r th h av e b ee use or b eneﬁ t to othe s , ey n emb od ied h l in the new material ad d ed to t is v o ume .

E AUTHO R TH . b er 1 9 1 2 m . Nov e , ” 4 3 51

NTRODUCT ON I I .

TH E RE is no more sense in usi ng a d ull saw th an in sh a n wth a d u ra or v i g i ll z . I t is a g reat d eal easi er to k eep a sawsh arp b fre uent ht ﬁl e-touches th an to l et it et y q lig , g so d u l as to need a on -cont nued ﬁ n d own l l g i li g , after it ets so d u ed as to refuse to ork g ll w . The sav n in ower b us n a sh ar saw i g p , y i g p , i r r I t h as nev er t b n m ur d s v e y g eat. ye ee eas e in ower-saws and is h ard measurab e in p , ly l hand -saws ; b ut it is with out d oubt consid er ab e l .

B us n sh ar saws th nner b ad es ma b e y i g p , i l y used th an wh ere th e teeth are d ull ; b ecause th e d uller th e sawth e more p ower requi red to d r e it th rou h th e wood and th e more stra n i v g , i a h tooth se arate and on th e b ad e as a on e c p ly, l

h o w l e.

o h ame reason on er teeth ma be F r t e s , l g y

r th e are sh ar th an w ere th e used wh e e y p, h y ar d u e ll . t Th e ad v antag e of using sh arp teeth is g rea est in th ose saws in wh ich th e strain of cutting “ tend s to d eform th e bl ad e— as in all push n in rcu ars cut straig ht saws a d ci l .

SAW-F L NG I I .

Clas s iﬁ cation of S aws — Th ere are four enera c asses of saws— rec rocat n c rcu ar g l l ip i g , i l , b and and c nd er and four c asses of teeth , yli l

- “ th e V or cross cut the or r n , ippi g teeth th e M or W and the h ook wth ther , , ; i i r comb nat ons v a i ati ons and i i . E ach of th ese re u res s ec a treatment as q i p i l , d st n u sh ed from th e oth ers and art cu ar i i g i , p i l ad a tat on to cond t ons of saw s eed th ck p i i i , p , i m t r a and ork et ness and ch aracter of a e w c. , i l ,

S aws for use in b rous mater a s such as ﬁ i l , wood act in two wa s— for r n or cutt n , y ippi g , i g wth th e ra n and for cross-cutt n or d v d i g i , i g i i ing at rig ht ang les (or th ereab outs) to the

ﬁb er.

I n r n b rous mater a each ﬁb er is ippi g ﬁ i l ,

$ sev ered b each tooth on once at a strok e but y ly , many ti mes in successiv e strok es ; while in cross-cutt n each b er is cut off in t o aces i g , ﬁ w pl at a strok e and nev er a a n cut off in th at , g i

“ -bl see Grim F or fuller classiﬁ cation of saw ad es,

h w o a s a e 1 2 a S w . s n , p g - 1 0 S A W F I L I N G .

Ri - w — Th e ri - aw h av n for its d ut S a s . s p p , i g y sev er n each ber onc at a t me in its en th i g ﬁ e i l g , is enera v en acute teeth we rak ed and g lly gi , ll , as it can act more lik e a morti si ng chi sel th an can th e cross-cut it is v en more u et b e , g i g ll , cause it w tak e r r t oth ill g eater feed pe o . The h and rip -sawis long er and stouter th an th e h and cross-cut b e n from 28 to 30 on , i g l g ” as a a nst 26 for th e cross-cut and h av n on g i , i g ly 3 to 5 teeth to th e inch th roug h th e g reater art of its en th as a a nst 5 to p l g , g i Th e sash -saw for r n m -saw is ippi g , ( ill ) ab out th e most abused too th at man uses et l , g t n the worst sh a ed teeth and b e n a owed i g p , i g ll to et th e d u est b ecause th e o erator d oes not g ll , p feel th at it runs h ard ; nor d oes h e see if it is wron l tooth ed as th e mu a th e c rcu ar g y , l y, i l , or th e b and would cl early sh ow by runni ng crook ed Th e teeth h av e se d om enou h . l g rak e or front tch nor enou h u et pi , g g ll th e are too fre uent v en excess v e and y , , q ly g i i rre u ar set i g l . The mulay rip-sawi g ets b etter care th an th e sash T . he teeth are ab out th e same .

i t F or v arious forms and styles of h and -saws and “ h and les therefor see Grimshaw on S aws a es 1 8 , , p g , 30 33 to , 35 .

See same work d 33 a es 2 1 to 3 an . f , p g 2 S ee same work a e 2 1 , p g 0. S A W -F I L I N G . 1 1

Th e ci rcular rip -saw respond s b etter th an an oth er to sk in tooth n and mount n y ill i g i g , an to ease in runn n I ts t th sh ou d be d i g . ee l wd e s aced and v er h ook n wth ent of i ly p y i g , i pl y g ullet to tak e out th e ch ip s (not d ust) whi ch k it sh ould ma e.

Th e b and -saw is nev er used for cross-cut t n exce t wh en cutt n scro - work and ma i g , p i g ll , y enera b e treated as a ri -sa I t re u res g lly p w. q i special reg ularity in sh ape and set of teeth to prev ent it from b reak ing and from running into

th e work . T h e C ros s - Cut S aw i h as for its d uty sev ering each ﬁber crosswi se and in ord er to rev ent nch n orb nd n it d v d es each b er p pi i g i i g , i i ﬁ in two aces at once eav n a ath or pl , l i g p k erf for th e blad e to run in and th e ma

ou h rou h terial to fall t t g . If ou und ertook to d v d e a b oard in two y i i , crossw se b success v e k n fe-cuts ou wou d i , y i i , y l soon ﬁ nd th e necessity for h av ing a g roov e at least as wid e as th e th ickness of th e blad e and thi s could b e accompli sh ed only by sev eri ng each ﬁb er twi ce ; maki ng two p arallel cuts

rim h on S aws a e 83 . G s aw , p g

- d of h andl es i F or v arious styles of cross cuts saws an ee same work a es 37 to 48 of 2d ed i t herefor, s , p g

tion. - 1 2 S AW F I L I NG .

b etween wh i ch t he materi al was remov ed to rf leav e th e k e . Th e acti on of th e cross-cut sawis analog ous — it m two ara e sawn s and removes ak es p ll l i g , th t n th m e short l ength s b e wee e . Ord nar ev er oth er tooth is b ev e ed to i ily, y l r h t and to eft so as to h e mak e th e r ht ig l , lp ig h nd scor Th e fron h and or th e left a e. t View of a r h t ed stra ht cross-cut wth teeth ig ly fil ig , i b ev e ed to r ht and eft a ternate sh ou d b e l ig l l ly, l i 1 and th e fi n shou d b as in F . e g , li g l so accurate th at a needle could b e slid along th e g roov e l eft b etween or form d b th e b ev e ed tooth ed es e y l g . But instead of mak i ng a k erf h av ing a b ottom of r d ed sect on the re i g i , suit is the crumbling out of th e ma terial as fast as th e scor n ro resses i g p g , n th k rf i ft s u om a d e e s l e q are b ott ed . I t is th e outs d e ed e of each tooth F ig , 1 , i g th at d o s utt n e th e c i g . T h e E le me nts of a S aw T ooth are its face nt b a k and u t o c e . , p i , , g ll Teeth v ar in en th th ck ness s ac n y l g , i , p i g , rak e amount and k nd of set fl eam out ne , i , , li and d i recti on and in d ep th and outli ne of th roat or u t g lle .

See Grimsh won S aws es 1 2 to 20 a , pag . SAW-F I L I NG . 1 3

The h av e for of ces cutt n c ean n and y ﬁ i g , l i g , an n pl i g . Th ey are eith er solid (in ate of th e saw or in pl ) ,

serted . The cutti ng edg e of a sawmayh av e all teeth of a k nd or sev era k nd s in i , l i re u ar ord er g l . Teeth mayb e simple or $ om ound c p . The g ullet maybe ang u

l r notch ed or round ed . a , , Wh atev er b e th e style of of tooth it is im sawor , perativ e th at all teeth of a kind sh all b e of uniform outline and d imensions except in th ose cases (as i ncrem e n t t o o t h e d saws wh ere th e teeth purp osely' v ary in size in t reg ul ar prog ressi on ]

V arious styl es of compound and special t eeth are ' ’ shown and d escrib ed in the author s work on S a s a es w , p g 1 2 to 2 28 3 to 4 5 to 1 64 71 3 to 81 87 1 09 0, , 8 8 , 7 6 , , , 7 , , to 2 1 1 1 to 1 and 2 1 1 9, 1 8, 38, 57 , 70 77, 04.

J rimsh a on a s a s 2 to 3 2 4 and Gr w S w e 0 2 8 3 9 . r , p g , , , 5 1 S AW -F I L I N G 4 .

T o oth L e ng th — Th e softer th e materi al th e g r e a t e r the l eng th 0 f tooth a m o n g materi als of th e same g e n e r a l a L o n 0 l s s . g teeth g iv e pl enty of cl earance for sawd ust h ence are g ood for soft et or ﬁ brous w ,

o d w o s . “ 3 Th e en th of to l g f“ cleaner t e e t h may b e r e g u l ated bya g aug e such as t h a t

sh o n in F i 8 w g . 5 Wh en a cross

cut need s more

c eaners t h e l , y mayb e mad e by ﬁling d own cut t n teeth as i g , in F i sh own . 3 g , tak ing care to n b ri ng th em b elowth e cutting li e. S AW -F I L I N G 1 . 5

Th e th nner and on er th e teeth th e reater i l g , g the m ortance of h av n ev en and not execs i p i g , s v e set b ecause a th ck or a sh ort tooth w i , i ill , more read th an a th n or a on one wth ily i l g , i nd nc to s r n nto th cut stand a te e y p i g i e . Th e d iffi culty of spring ing into th e cut is met with only in sawing fibrous ( alth oug h per h ad d r I t is aps we may g ranul ar) mate i al s. g reater with teeth h av i ng excessiv e rak e and fleam or s d e an e th an wth th ose of , ( i gl ) i stra ht t h r c ed s uare ac oss . ig pi , fil q T ooth S a — The fo own tab e v es p ce . ll i g l g i en th s s es and s aces of teeth of h and -saws l g , iz , p

M E P OI NTS H NA E . L NGTH . GAUGE . TO INC .

$Hand 5 to 12 ne w; Hee 3 5 - Ri p 28 ” 30 l , to 53 to P omt 6 8 3 i , to 5 3; P anel 1 4” to 24” 8 12 ” to m as s $ 1 0 20” Co p . to £32 ” Keyhol e 7 to 9”

Hand rip -saws mayh av e coarser teeth at th e h ee than at th e o nt so that ﬁ ne teeth com l p i , mence and coarse ones ﬁ ni sh th e cut

- Narrow b lades for curve sawing . 6 S AW -P I L i NG 1 .

F or soft wood b and -saws sh ou d have , l a tooth - S ace one-h a f th e b ad e wd th and d e th p l l i , p -ﬁ fth F or h ard wood s a on -th rd n one . ce e a d , p i , n -ﬁfth d epth o e .

F i 4 g . .

Ang le and Rak e — Th e g eneri c angle of saw-teeth is Teeth of anyoth er angl e can not b e ed e wth out a s ec a ﬁ le as can ﬁl w ll i p i l , th os 4 5 1 11 wh ch a th ou h e sh own in F s. ig i , l g

the rak m e is d fferent th e an e i s th e sa e. i , g l Th e rak e of a rip -sawis in front ; th at of a cross-cut at th e s d i e.

1 8 S AW -F I L I NG .

th e main p orti ons are so formed as to resi st th e stra n of work i . S d e An l r F m — Referr n to F s e o e a . i g l . i g ig

F i — . 7. G e F Ra e g r at ront k . ° 1 0 to 44 — for meta saws th e ﬁl e is h e d 90 in l , l b oth v erti cal and h oriz ontal ang les ; for h ard

— 8 u De ees of Ra e . F i . V s g , ario g r k

° ° or onta for soft wood s wood s 90 to 80 h iz lly ; , ° ° ° ° 70 to 60 and less h oriz ontally ; 35 to 30 rt ca v e i lly . AW -F I L I N G 1 9 S .

h n ou r cros S i g le saws sh ld befiled squa e a s . F leam or sid e ang le is b etter for soft wood s and th ose free from k nots th an for h emlock or s ruce p . F i 1 m d the teeth . 0 sh ows reat a n e g , g ly g ifi , of a h and ri - a h ch h as oth ent-set and p s ww i b b , fieam or s d e an e Th e arrows sh ow th e i g l .

— F i . 9 S ee v e R i n P s . g . trong T th , with ry ak g oint d i recti on in wh i ch th e strain of work comes upon th e teeth set and fi eamed to th e rig ht d nd th os b nt nd fl amed to th e eft s e a e e a e . i , l As th is is at rig ht ang les to th e cutting edg e of th e tooth it w b e seen th at th e reater th e , ill g fl eam th e g reater th e tend ency to spring in to th e work and as th e tend ency to spring in is a so ncreased b b ent set th e two sh ou d not l i y , l b e v en to th g i g e er. Ch oice of T e eth — Wi th th e ch oice of teeth 20 S AW F I L I N G . for s ec a ur oses th s work w h av e l tt e p i l p p , i ill i l to d o thi s matter b ei ng treated in speci al d e ’ $ a in th e auth or ork on a t il s w S ws . Ci rcular-sawteeth are g enerally more di stant and more nc ned and h av e more set th an rec i li , , tilin r ea . P runing -saws may h ave h alf-moon or b ri ar th tee . Th e more v aluable th e materi al and th e

— i 1 S t a d e An e . F . 0 S e n S g . pring id g l

reater th e cost of ower th e th nner th e g p , i teeth and th e less th e set sh ould b e alth oug h in enera the h ard er th e mater a th e th ck er g l i l, i th teeth to tand th r ater stra n e s e e . , g i The softer th e mater a th e more d e th i l , p , ” eam h ook and rak e ma b e v en . ﬁ , , , y g i Th e more ﬁb rous and porous th e materi al

a 1 1 i n f h wor S ee es 2 8 65 234 of 2d ed it o o t a k . p g , , , , t S AW - F I L I N 21 G . th e reater ma b e th e s ac n and th e reater g y p i g , g ss t of h o r u th e nece i y d eep t r at o g llet. ummin ma b e d one wth unch es rotat G g y i p , in stee cutters or g l , m r -wh e e y eel s . I n F i 1 1 the g . , d otted line B sh ows wh ere th e point first ars 0 0 0 h o it we , w sh ould b e filed b ack b ut too oft n on ac e , count of th e l ong sur face and th e sh ar , p — m F i 1 1 We and G . corner at L th e fi1_ g . . Tooth ar u ming in i d on on th e to F n k in th e ne g s e p . ili g b ac li 0 0 0 th e d ameter is d m n sh ed on to F , i i i i ly , wh ile from th e top you i o work t d own t D.

I n F i 1 2 th e same g , , tooth is sh own ummed , g b a mach ne and eav n y i , l i g but l i t t l e u n d e r ﬁ l in g .

— F i 1 2 . M e . G . Th h h er th e s eed g achin umming e ig p , th e g reater necessity for round ing th e g ul

let. Band -saws parti cul arly requi re round ed g ul ts le . S AW - F I L I N G . tooth A is sh own to need g ullet in tooth i ll r g B s a ig ht. F i 1 5 h ows a er a g . s v y b d ob of umm n j g i g . Rev e rs ib l e B l a d e umm r — A ummer G e . g for c rcu ars wth th e i l , i blad es rev ersible and d c h h o n in F i tac ab e as s w . l , g b l) h as th e ad v antag e th at b oth cutti ng edg es of th e blad es may b e sh ar ened at once and p , cu Z wh en one edg e is d ulled O the oth er mayb e turned ti: c: b esid es wh i ch th e g um (I) ) o. mer cuts ract ca th e E4 p i lly same siz ed circl e all the

’ M ixte r s R o t a r y mm r Th e s a m e G u e .

’ ﬁ rm mak es Mixter s g um m n ' mach ne to use i g i , th utt r F i ese c e s. S ee ( g .

K ind of S et — S et is of two k i nd s spring or

P ttsb ur i . O C . rr o , g

24 AW -F I L I S NG .

b ent set and s wa ed or s read , g p t se .

Bent set teeth out upon only one s id e ; spread set teeth out upon b oth sid es unl ess th ey are e th er b ent or sh eared as we as a ed i ll sw g . E ach meth od of setting h as its ad v antag es nd d sad anta e a rd n to th nd t n a v s cco e co o s . i g , i g i i Of course b ent set teeth hav e more of th s , i

F i 1 5 — V e B ad Gumm n g . . ry i g .

tend enc th an swa ed ones and th e reater th e y g , g b end th mor t nd enc to s r n in e e e . , y p i g swa ed tooth b e n su orted on b oth A g , i g pp s d es is ess sub ect to s d e stra ns th an one i , l j i i wh h is b nt for t i c e se . B e nd ing for S e t mayb e d one bybl oiv s or by — nd n am l ev erag e th e l atter includi ng b e i g byc s. E i ther mayb e accompli shed bya machi ne or by s m e h and too i pl ls.

W - F I L I N G S A .

To set b b ows wth out a mach ne the y l , i i , blad e must b e g ripped cl ose to th e end s of th e teeth and th e bl owstruck qui ckly with a lig ht h ammer— th e bl ows b ei ng as uniform in force b in ord r to bend ll t th al k as oss e e a ee e . p i l , i Av oid eith er too sh ort or too l ong set ; th e former causing too sh arp b endi ng of th e tooth near th e o nt nd th e atter th e ess ev of p i , a l ( l il h t o u r n mor for to ff ct t e w ) req i i g e ce e e . Wh ere b ent set is eff ected b h ammer b ows y l , it is bymany th oug ht b est to slig htly ov erset and th en lig htly correct th e ex cess byg entl e ta s in th e case of ar e saws not n th e p , l g , i g exact and proper amount of proj ecti on by eans of a s m e sh eet-stee set- au e m i pl l g g . F or ar e teeth th ere ma be used s ec a l g , y p i l et ev ers h av n two set screws one to s l , i g accommod ate th e instrument to v ari ous thick nesses of aw l ate and th e oth er to re u s p , g m of en n ate as a sto th e a ount b d . l , p , i g Small teeth mayreadily b e b ent for set by ﬁ l a simple notch in th e end of a e. Cam sets p rod uce a b ent set th at is neces sarily th e same for all th e tee th of each

F 1 9 and 0 sh ow cam ts for c rcu ar ig s. 2 se i l and b and a b E n ’ s ws d ev sed C. Gra d o . , i y , y, outh Barton S , Vt. — S AW F I L I N G . 2 7

S p read S e t mayb e ef fected by di rect h ammer b ows on th e teeth or b l , y ” crotch punch es or d i es appli ed to the tooth end s n struck b a h ammer a d y . Larg e mill -sawteeth may b e upset bybl ows of a ﬂat faced h ammer us n th e , i g ﬁ rmly-held b utt of an axe as an anv il or counter b ut th meth od is crud e i s , f or and at b est unsati s act y . The op erati on may be sh ortened and fac tated ili , and th e work mad e more

erfect and un form b p i , y h av ing a d ie of suitable

out ne and faces nto li , i wh i ch th e metal of th e ' tooth -p oint is spread by smart h ammer blows on th e nstrument i .

Usua th ese u sets lly, p h av e two notch es one , merely to spread th e tooth o nt and th other to m t p i , e li i 8 A - F I L I 2 S W N G .

its s d e d mens ons and v e th e cutt n ed e i i i g i i g g , wh en d es red a s ht concav e i , lig ly

Th ere b eing some d iffi culty in prop erly h ard ening th e ang les of s n e- ece crotch unch es so as i g l pi p , to preserv e th e orig inal straig ht $ form th e are new b est mad e , y wth a saw-cut in th an e th e i e g l , metal b eing k ept to siz e and form b means of a stron stee b and y g l , wh i ch d riv es th e walls of th e crotch h ard to eth er and v es a stra ht g , g i ig ne wh ch ma b e renewed wh en li , i y worn b tak n off th e b and d ress y i g , in out th e cut and d r v n th e g , i i g h r a n wa s to et e a . a, ll g g i I n swa n or u sett n teeth g i g p i g , care sh ould b e tak en not to mak e rn r too sh ar Th r th e co e s p . e e sh ould b e enoug h metal b ack of ‘ th em to h old th em out ﬁ rm with out b reak ing off ; and th i s in no wi se affects th e sh arpness of th e front of th e tooth wh ch is th e , i

h se -ed e th at d oes th e work c i l g ,

h ard ening ﬂ uid d oes not always reach into the n s i re uire an le wh ere th e reatest hard e s s d . g , g q S AW - F I L I N G 9 . 2 and wh ch ma b e stra h t conv ex or concav e i y i g , , at th e o t on of th a p i e s wyer. Th e d ea swa ed tooth ook n on at th e i l g , l i g ly uest on of stren th of corners wou d be q i g , l

— F i Cam et for u ars. 1 9 . S g . Circ l

k F i 1 b ut as it wou d b e somewhat li e g . 2 ; l imp ossibl e to swag e cold -tempered steel by h nd nto such an out ne th e form sh own a i li , in F i h ch is a oss b e one sh ou d b e g . 22 w i p i l , l - 30 S A W F I L I NG .

Th form sh o n in i a med at. e w F 23 h as i g . xtr me weak corners and if one of th m e e ly , e

crumb es off th e oth er ets all th e ork and l , g w , is ab e to o too. If b oth o th en th t ot li l g g , e o h

— F i am S et for B n s . 20 . C g . a d b eh nd h as an extra oad th rown u on it i l p ,

so on . The ner th e feed th e reater th e ﬁ , g p rep ortion of work th rown on th e tooth cor m th h front f th ners as co ared w t e ace . W , p i i v er coarse feed th e act on of th e tooth is y , i AVV- F I L I N G 31 S .

k t h a t of a mort s n ch se ett n a more li e i i g i l , g i g full cut all across its face ; so th at if th e corners were one th e ch se wou d tear g , i l l th rou h an h ow l eav m to th e nex t tooth g y , g b ehind th e d uty of trimming sq uare th e rag g ed ed es of th e out g . I f it were practi cabl e to swag e and ﬁ le teeth i nto such a sh ape as is ind i cated in F i 24 in wh ch g . , i th ere is a cutti ng edg e at each sid e as we as 1 11 front ll , th e g reatest p ossi ble smooth ness of cut would b e at in ta ed .

S uch a t o 0 t h would h av e a strong

corner we l su F s . 2 1 22 , l p ig , , orted from b eh nd and from th s th er p i , i e m ht a ta er as in F i 21 or b e . e se th e ig p , g , l ate b eh nd m ht be of even th ck ness wth pl i ig i , i a s ht swee as a stren then n cur lig p g i g ve. The Gridley tooth h as b oth spri ng and s d s t and h ar rea e s e . F i p ( S ee g . V ari ous d ev i ces for sp read ing and b end i ng “ teeth are sh own in S aws a es 1 2 1 80 , p g 7, , 258 & , c. 32 S AW - F I L N I G .

“ I n swa n th e u set too sh ou d b e so g i g , p l l held as to d eli v er th e bl owin a li ne wi th th e fac of th tooth If n n d o h e e . i cli e s t at th e ow com s i n th d r t bl e e i ec i on of. th e b ack of th e tooth or furth er out th ere is d an er of a crack , , g start n in th e u et es ec a in frost i g g ll , p i lly y weath r e .

i — s 1 a F 26 L e e S e . g . i w g

F i 6 h h g . 2 s ows t e Lesli e solid swag e mad e b R rr of P ttsbur and wh ch . . O is y L , i g i claimed to b e abl e to equaliz e th e l ug s of such a tooth as F i 23 b d rawn th e meta ov er g . , y i g l to th e d es r d Th s swa e has wh at is i e sid e. i g “ ca ed a th ree-fo d conv ex surface and is ll l , prov id ed with g ui d es for reg ulati ng its exact os t on on th e saw and h ence th e sh a e of p i i , p h h Th the p oi nt whi ch it g i v es t e toot . e th ree-fold conv ex surface is formed byth e

3 S A -F I L I NG 4 W . eased off th th e ﬁl e a au e or so in th ck wi , g g i d mad ness if not a rea e so . , l y Band and Ji g saws require more set for sh ort h r h ose of on rad us curv es t an fo t l g i . - h i F i A ta ered i sa b ad e is s o n n . 2 p J g w l w g 7 . S uch a bl ad e need s neither spread nor spring set to its teeth but w l k ee coo in hard , il p l

i — f u aw ee F , F s o S g . 28 orm Circ lar T th .

wood and cut sh ort curves wth out , i bind in g . Lead i ng in or out of th e l og is v ery often caused byg i v ing more ﬂ eam or more set on one s d e th an on the oth r i e . G u e t or T h roat — Th e reater th e feed ll , g , th e reater the u et need ed g g ll . ’ S pauldi ng s rule for th roat room of ci rculars is to d ouble th e numb er of cubi c i nch es of - N 5 S AW F I L I G . 3

m d at one rev o ut on and d iv d e wood re ov e l i , i b th e number of teeth to et the re u red y , g q i n h of u t er tooth numb er of square i c es g lle p .

uf c ent u et th roat or ch amb er causes I ns ﬁ i g ll , , h at th rim to b ecome th e sawto ch ok e and e , e

too ar e and th e ate to run snak . l g , pl y in F Th u et sh ou d b e round n as s. e g ll l i g , ig

29 and 30 and not an u ar as in F s. 31 , g l , ig and 32 in wh ch case crack s ma start , i y and in any i nstance sh arp corners are h rd s t on the a e files . T op J ointing ( al so called round ing wh en appli ed to ci rcul ar saws ) is b ri ng ing the poi nts of all th e teeth d own to the same ne so that no li , one tooth sh all proj ect l eng th wise b e ond the oth ers and th ereb rece ve y , y i un u stra n I t is enera erformd d e i . g lly p e ” with a fl at or mill fil e ; al th oug h it mayb e d one bya plane rubb er of emery or corund um or h t- ton , a w e s e. I t is b est effected with th e sawmounted in a speci al b ut $ s m e o nt n fr m its u nt I t a e or e va e . i pl j i i g , q i l is a v er necessar o erat on y y p i . S id e J ointing not only g i v es each tooth its exact sh are of work b ut rev ents scratch n , p i g

“ w S a s a e 248. , p g - 36 S AW F I L I N G .

of th e lumb er caused by too g reat sid e pro ection of a tooth and wh at is ab out u j , as n

s h t r d n caused b a tooth n ig ly, i g i g , y ot cutt n out to fu k erf wd th and h en i g ll i , ce leav i ng a ri d g e on th e l umb er ; alth oug h rid g ing is often l arg ely effaced by th e acti on of th e fol own t th l i g ee . S id e j oi nting is a correcti ve of rre u ar sett n and rev ents i g l i g , p und ue sid e-p roj ecti on of anytooth or t t h t I t is ee h b eyond t e res . more efi ectiv e with swag ed teeth h r t t an with th ose b ent fo se . “ ” Th fil i 33 ma e sid e e (F g . ) y b e adj us ted bythe set screws to an t d r yse esi ed . Ch oi ce of a S am — A h and a saw must be spri ng y and elasti c wi th almost a Toled o bl ad e tem r Th ere is no econom in pe . y b uyi ng a soft saw; it costs more in a year for files and fili ng than a h ard one d oes d u s sooner and d r v es h ard er , ll i , and d oes not ast as on l l g . F re q ue ncy of F iling — S awteeth sh ould b e fi ed set and o nted fre uent and l , , j i q ly, g ummed at reg ular and not wid ely d i stant S AW -F I L I N G 37

m Th k e ner and more r h t es . e e e u ar t e teeth i g l , th e cl eaner and easi er they

ork will w . nd v M a ch ne F il H a s . i ing and S e tti ng — Hand ﬁli ng g enerally h as th e ad v antag e of conv eni ence in t m and a i e pl ce.

. Mach ine fil ing h as th e ad v antag e of g reater reg u l arit ease s eed and y, , p , h n ork c eap ess of w . Hand fili ng mayb e ren d ered more reg ular byth e use of fil e The same remark s may b e mad e concerni ng th e rel ati ve meri ts and d emerits of h and and machi ne set t n as in reference to hand i g , and mach ne n i fili g . i F i 34 i a g . s n adj ustabl e filing g ui d e for circul ar or stra h t a I ig s ws. t will fi le

$ “ S ee Grimsh aw on ws S a , second ed ition a e 1 23 , p g . $F or v ari ous machine saw sets see same work a es 1 26 1 2 1 1 8 . , , p g , 7, 38 S AW - F I L I N G .

a tooth s uare to and b ottom or b ev e o nt q p , l p i and s uare back or s uare o n q , q p i t and b ev el

back and w ﬁ le e th er from r ht to eft or ill i ig l , h r r t e ev e se.

F i . 35 sh ows a n u d e h av n a ra g ﬁli g g i , i g g d

’ i - - F . . w g 36 Amesb ury s B and S a F iling Mach ine . uated ci rcl e numb ered from its center each wa v n b ev e s for each y, g i i g l si d e of th e saw. Oth er mach i nes for this purp ose are sh own in th e ar er work on S a l g ws. S AW F I L I N G . 39

F i s an automat c b and -sa n g . 36 sh ow i w fili g $ mach ne wh ch em o s a s ra fil e in two i , i pl y pi l sections— one to cut th e faces and to feed th e h k b ad e on and th e ot er to fi le th e bac s . l ,

“ Q “

— F i 3 1 . An a s g . g ul r Gull et .

— F i . 32 . An u a G e ts g g l r ull .

F in T il g Clamp s . h e screechi ng of saw

f n is rov erb a and et unnecessar A ili g p i l , y y . w sa p roperly clamped and rig h tly ﬁl ed need

Mad e b G W Amesb ur . Co P . h il l i . d e h y y , a p a . 4 0 S AW - F I L N I G .

not screech und er th e o erat on T p i . h e blad e must b e ﬁrmly h eld cl ose to th e b ottoms of

teeth and th e ﬁ le h e d rm a a nst th e t th , l ﬁ ly g i ee .

— F i . S e F 33 . e g id il .

Rubber eather or ev en soft th k , l , i c paste b oard b e t ween th e bl ad e and th e j aws of th e

42 S AW-F I L I N G

i 35 —F il u d F . G e g . ing i . S AVV-F I L I NG . 43

Many styles of speci al teeth are b est sharp th es of s ec a sect on mad on ened wi fil p i l i , e purpose for th em and some cannot b e sharp s ened with anyoth er th an speci al file . - The face of the file sh ould be d oubl e as wid e f th tooth -face S ee F s 4 th n th o e . . as e l e g ( ig , I F i 38 th e fil e is somewh at too n g .

narrow.

A aw file cannot we b e too h ard nor too s ll , u To r s r its cutt n owers h ar c t. e e v e s ply p i g p , it sh ould not b e so h eld and used as to strip th t eth a a nst th e ed es of th e sawtooth e e g i g . It sh ou d not b e thrown d own care ess nor l l ly, m n o too The k nock ed ab out a o g oth er files r ls. corners are parti cul arly li able to b e stripped in th an n th th e gles b etwee e tee . I ncrement cut es or th ose in wh ch th e fil , i d i stance b etween th e teeth i ncreases from o nt to h ee are c a m d to work c eaner and p i l , l i e l easier th an th ose in whi ch th e spacing is re u ar g l . Hand -cut files are claimed to work b etter “ th an an mach ne-cut exce t th e ncrement y i , p i tooth d e . I n some cases th e fi le is so sh aped and h eld as to sh arpen th e back of one tooth and th e face of th it Th s fr uent oc e one behind . i eq ly curs with such small teeth as h av e no curved - 44 S AW F I L I NG . out nes and is es ec a h and wh ere th e li , p i lly y ang le of th e g ullet is as is g enerally th e - r d case wh ere th e th roat is sh arp corne e .

— - i S awF C am . 37 . F g . iling l p

ut fil es sh ould b e fl oat or single c . Th e ord inary tri ang ular saw file is d ouble A W - F I L I N G 45 S . tapered — a contour not to be recommend ed on of th er c ean ork or econom th e score ei l w y . S nce h owev er a ta er sawfil e w l continue i , , p il to b e d emand ed it is we that it b e offered in , ll th e best p ossi ble mod i ficati on . One i mportant improv ement is th e forma t on of a knob or b utton at th e to afford n i p , i g rmer h o d for the th umb and fore n er an fi l fi g , d not mak i ng th em sore wh ere fili ng is in fr uent Doub e ta er es arc a so d eq . l p fil l ma e

F i g . 38 .

nd d or rev ers b e d oub le e e i l , b - nd too are someti mes k no e ed . Band -saw files mus t h av e round ed ang les so th t th S ee as to i nsure round th roats to e ee . ( F i g . s te m — S aw n to be effected re u S y . fili g , g l arl neat and ra d and wth m n mum y, ly pi ly, i i i wear of es must b e one ab out in a fil , g s stemat c manner i n ord er th at no tooth ma y i , y b e om tted nor one ov er twce i g i . 46 S AVV —F I L I N G .

F or i nstance : th e face: of ev ery oth er tooth mayb e g one ov er in reg u l ar successi on ; th en ei th er th e back s

of th ose teeth or th e faces of th e ,

ntermed ates and so on i i , . Th e foll owi ng cuts and d escripti ons will illustrate systemati c ﬁli ng of ar u t of h and s s v i o s ypes aw . F i 40 is f r m ta fram o e e a . g . l s ws F i 41 is a e tooth wth ent g . p g , i pl y of ﬂeam M sa s and M teeth are . ill w h r n d a out th am a th s s a pe e b e s e s i .

° F e s d es 1 5 9 th e eft of al il i , , ( l ternate teeth at h or onta an e ll ) , iz l g l , ; th en o os te s d es of same teeth 2 pp i i , ,

6 1 0 wth re ers an e 13 v e 7 . , , i g l Th en tak e th e oth er teeth and file , from th e oth er s d e of th e b ad e 1 2 i l , , 8 4 th en 1 1 3 , ; , 7, . In F i 42 th e fil e cuts a front and a g . , k at once To th t h b ac . e eet th en p , fi le 1 5 9 on a ternate teeth c ear , , , l , l b ack to th e center of each tooth l eft b to n Then tak d 2 and 3 . e s es y ppi g i , 6 and 1 0 and 1 1 of the notch es and 7, ,

fil t m forward to meet th n e he e li e a . T h fac s 3 1 1 Th n h s n s es e 7 . e i fi i , , ch an e th e sawend for end and n sh g , fi i backs 4 8 1 2 , , . - S AW F I L I NG . 47

F i 43 sh ows a run n saw for ree g . p i g g n wood round th n at th e back and h av n no , g i , i g

set I t h as reat amount of b ev e and cut g l, s t swee ly . 48 S A VV—F I L I NG

i 44 is d one wth a it saw-ﬁl e sma er F g . i p ll

l F rst mak e u ets th an th e g ul et. i g ll in th e v ert ca ane rst Very obliquely i l pl ; ﬁ

- L I NG 50 S AW F I .

Circular S aw T e e th sh ould b e ﬁl ed on

‘ th e 71 7t( 7€7 sid e . Hints — Th e ﬁ rst six or eig ht i nch es at th e p oi nt of a h and rip-saw may b e g iv en cross ” t i tch wth wh ch cu p , i i you can cut th rough k nots with out ch ang ing

Saws Th e l ast teeth of c r o s s - c u t s m a y b e round ed at th e points to prev ent teari ng on n enteri ng and l eav i g . A sh eet-steel g aug e i 45 w sh ow if (F g . ) ill a ci rcular saw tooth is

exactly to sh ape. A templet for mak ing

all th e teeth of a cir

cular saw of th e same

ut ne d stance b e o li , i o nts and d is tween p i ,

tance from th e saw

c nter ma b e mad e of e , y h eet nc sawplate or s zi , 46 rad a arm as sh own in F i . and used on a i l , g , r while th e sawis on th e arb o . w- F I N G 5 s A L I . 1

h ere a tooth is on sl i ht b rok en off it W ly g ly ,

ma be brou ht u b a crotch s wa e as sh own y g p y g , F 4 1 1 s . 8 and 49 ig .

A sma U u et in th e an e of teeth as in ll g ll g l ,

- S AW F I L I NG . 53

3 Fi . 29 a e 6 tend s to sav e the fil e from g , p g , i n str ppi g . Better fi le all a on in th ree h t n s l g lig fili g , than d o the wh ol e of each ut edg e at one c . I n sh arpeni ng an und er

ut or a ara e tooth c p ll l , th ere is d ang er l ost th e orig inal sh apes and sizes F ct erv erted as in s . g p , ig 1 5 , 52 . An M tooth sh ould hav e s ht flar n s d es and lig ly i g i , then it may be kept in size and shape easily With a s ec a file cutt n s de p i l , i g i l o o r t on and g ul et at ne pe a i . F 4 50 53 sh ow s. ig 7, , , the manner of filing a Great American cross fil cut with a special e.

When one tooth of a c rcu ar saw is too sh ort i l , it mayb e b roug ht out to line byusing th e swag e as a lev er whil e hammering u on it F 4 Se . 8 and p . ( e ig s i d ffer eferr n to F . 54 wh ch shows R i g g , i i

S AW -F I L I NG 55

- h c rcu ar ri saw ent conditions of teet i l p th at sh own at A h h as nearly all t e swag ed porti on b ro k en or worn off one

Th s can b e sid e . i t remedied wi th ou

the cutting edg e al uare but most sq , the corners are nu

ua In th s case eq l . i the ﬁle should be used to make b oth

r ke as at corne s ali ,

‘ and then the C, swag e will b ring out th e p oints as t D cond ens n a , i g the metal well i nto th e corners but if th e wood is v ery r such an out ha d , line as either sid e r fera of E is p e ble. - G 5 6 S AW F I L I N .

rcu ar sawfrom th e arb or I n remov ing a ci l , h e e e it sh ou d not b e eaned h ot at t y , l l

i 53 F g . .

n t an th n e se it w v er ke up ag ai s y i g , l ill y li ly s e or tak n a saw from the g et d i hed . B f e i g

F i 55 rak n to a c rc e rath er at the left of g . i g i l more th an h alf th e sawd i ameter and th e next w t B O to a c rc e the sawd ameter t o se s . , , , i l i f h e wood th m r rak e th t th The so ter t , e o e e ee O h a I n t o of th ts B th b ack ma v e. w ese se C e y , , , h as a separate rak e rend ering th e teeth less ut th an if th e back wa n n ac e s i one li e. I n F i 5 6 th e rak e of th e eft h and and g . , l middl e sets is to a circle not quite h alf th e saw ameter d i .

Ca n th ese st es A to G nc us v e as l et lli g yl i l i , tered in th e ustrat ons Grand wou d use ill i , y l c ass E for r n h ard wood in the wnter l ippi g i , and C for h ard wood in th e summer work n , i g G in the summer on ev er ss of wood St es y cla . yl B O and F would b e used for hard er woo , , d, than if; t e b a k h ad no ra e h c . . k . - SAW FI LI NG. 59

Style F (betterwith a round er g ullet) would us d sa 2 nch es on for soft wood and be e , y i l g i nches long for h ard 3 in th e ﬁrs t case g etting 3

n 4 t h F orsma o pitch and in th e seco d ) pi c . ll p w er and lig ht feed a sh orter tooth is used than when sufﬁ ci ency of power enables h eav i er feed . St es H to N nc us v e F i 5 7 are near yl i l i , g , ly all e ce t M f orms of r n teeth b ut tt e , x p , ippi g li l

f o 0 ' o

i . F g 57. used in soft wood and M is properly a cross utt n tooth i c i g . L s a sh ape v ery common in E ngland and F rance being prod uced entirely th a m -ﬁl e M u k in frost wi ill . g oes q i c ly y w ather art cu ar k ot e wh en it str k es a n . , p i l ly i S E T — t oo h n not th ate of . S e th e t t a d e pl the saw wh en b end n f r t Th s w re ( i g o se ) . i ill p v ent th e d stort on and s r n n of the. b ad e i i p i g i g l , ' Aw- L I 60 s FI NG .

and the frequent cracking natural in ﬁ ne full tempered cast steel bl ad es wh en carelessly or s r n -set wrong ly p i g . F or g l ue-j oints it is b est to use a sawwith out ct and a g ood workman will run a wi nter saw wth tt e or none th e b ack h o d n th e b i li l , l i g lad e st ff and s uare and k ee n i t from s r n n i q , pi g p i g i g . I n th s its com arat v e sh ort en th ass sts i , p i ly l g i . I t requi res a ﬁ rst-cl ass work man to use a h and -sawwth out set and conv erse a man i , ly, wh o can d r v e a saw sure and stra h t i ly ig , wth out tws t or b uck e tremb e or v ar n i i l , l yi g ressure c run it wth tt e or no s t an , e p , i li l , ce i er u or v er h ard ood ex pt n v y g mmy y w . — h T e . r d O . e so S pring ys . S p ea S et N N l n t “ u b r o ue M nn. sa : A r n m e Cc. C s L , l q , i , y p i g set with a slightly shearing tooth unq uestiona bl cuts th e eas est but as it is on the corner y i , ly of the tooth that cuts ou w re u re twce , y ill q i i as many teeth in a spri ng set as you will in a full swag ed saw; and as power is a second ary consid erati on in a saw-mill wh ere fuel costs noth n th e fu swa e is enera referred i g , ll g g lly p ” as be n a r tak n r of i g e si e e ca e .

We must h owev er tak e art cu ar exce , , p i l p “ tion to the statement th at power is a second ar cons d erat on in a saw-m wh ere fue costs y i i ill , l h n not i g . - 61 S AW F I L I N G .

There are oth er items of expense in pro d ucing power the pri ncipal one s b ei ng i nter st wear and tear ub r cat on n surance ﬁ re e , , l i i , i , ’ “ men s wa es b o er com ound etc. S o th at g , il p , if a g i v en amount of work can b e d one with 200 h orse ower th ere is no use in a n for th ese p , p yi g “ m in a 2 0 h ors nt ite s 5 e pla .

I n ord er to mak e a cross-cut fast-cutt n it i g , must h av e d ee teeth so as to v e ent of p , g i pl y th ro t room t r t a o ca ry out th e sawd us .

One ad v anta e in b unt end saw-ﬁles is th at g l , “ thei r sid es are less tap ered th an sh arp -end

— F i 5 sh ows th e c eaner Cl e ane r G aug e g . 8 l au e referred to on a e 1 4 for k ee n th e g g p g , pi g cleav er teeth of a cross- cut sh orter th an th e cutters and all of a n f rm th u o en . , i l g

Gumme r - One o nt of ad v anta e of a s . p i g rotati ng steel - cutter g ummer ov er an emery wh ee is th at wh ereas an nex er n h n l , i p i e ced a d can ruin a sawbycase-h ard ening with an emery whee such cannot b e d one wth a stee -cutter l , i l , or burr ummer M ost of th e m r um g . e e y g mers for ci rculars requi re th at th e sawsh all b e tak en oﬁ its arb or to b e g ummed ; all b urr

ummers work wth th e sawin os t on g i p i i . 62 AW - S F I L I N G .

Crotch S wa e s — I n th e man f g . u acture mt crotch swa es it is found that th e tem i g , per ng is a d f cu t matter a ood man b e n o i ﬁ l , g y i g l st in th s o erat on T i p i . h e j aws h av e to be tempered v ery h ard but if thi s h ard tem p er run back too far there is a tend ency for th em to

S t. J ust aro pli und th e. notch

th e must be v er h ard and y y ,

th e rest ust be soft an m d.

tou h g .

I t is b est th at crotch

‘ r swa es b e ﬁ tted wth a s d e e g i i n a uard to rev ent th e h an e g p d of th e operator b eing i nj ured 2 byth e swag e slipping off th e ” tooth Th . s u d ma b e E, i g i e y mad e to serv e al so as an at tachment to k eep the swag e centra or to throw it over l, so as to g i v e th e sawmore l ead on one sid e th an on th e oth r e .

Th e Simond s Manufac turing C ompany mak es a s wag e th at is cl aimed to act b ack from th e cutti ng edg e as A W-F 1 L 1 e S N . 63 we as at th e ed e s read n them to th e re ll g , p i g qui red wid th wi th out materi ally red ucing th ei r th Th s if a om h d en . cc s e as c a med l g i , pli l i would leav e th e rate of red ucti on of sawd i ame t r and ncrease th e f of th e s e i li e aw. I t is claimed to g i v e strong sub stanti al sh ou d ers to th e teeth thus mak n them stand l , i g hard work wth out d ro n corners and to i ppi g , spread them ab out th e saw on th e face as on the to caus n th e sawto cut eas and c ear p, i g y, l w and a n i in h cu e ste d t t e t. ll , yi g I n th e collar are d epressi ons serving as g uid es to k ee the teeth in ro er sh a e b th ere p p p p , y be n a sh ar an e for summer sawn and a i g p g l i g , mor obt s on for wnt r work e u e e i e . Th e questi on was asked in a recent i ssue of The M echani cal E ng i neer of New York Su ose we h av e a Ci rcu ar saw wth teeth pp l , i a d h o n in F i 9 it make the 5 . sp ce as s w g . Will cut easi er or h ard er (k eepi ng th e feed p er revo Znti on th e ame to cut out e er oth er tooth s ) v y , in F i 60 as g . To thi s th e auth or mad e sub stanti ally th e followi ng reply “ E DI TORS ME CH ANI CAL E NGI NE E R — I n the matter of numb er or d stance a art of circu , i p , lar saw teeth referred to b our corres ond , y y p ‘ ’ cnt M ch an in our ast ssue a e 40 i ig , y l i , p g ,

66 AW -F I L I S N G .

its wa th rou h a l o and not m k y g g , a e ﬁ ne d ust

S o wth n certa n l m ts we are a ners b , i i i i i , g i y

remov i ng ev ery oth er tooth for i nstead of h av ~

in to cut th rou h th e bers twce wth a v e g g fi i , i g i n feed er rev o ut on th e are out on onc p l i , y ly e. Th at is if th e sawis 5 6 inch es d am t , i e er and h as 5 6 teeth and th e feed is 7 nch es er rev o , , i p l ution each tooth w mort se d ee at a cut , ill i 3, p wh ereas wth on 28 f eet each tooth w if , i ly , ill , th e feed rema ns 7 nch es er rev o ut on cut i i p l i , in nch and h av e more th an d oub e th e s ace 7} i , l p to u t n h old th e c t i g s. If th en th e saw is h eated and b ound , , b e cause of nsuf c ent th roat-room it w b e ess i fi i , ill l h n for to d o o li able t a b e e s . u th r is anoth er th n t k h B t e e i g o loo at. W ile we h av e lessened by one-h alf th e amount of ower ex end ed in cutt n th rou h th e bers p p i g g fi , we h av e more th an d oubled th e strain on th e teeth in crumb n d own and wed n out th e , li g g i g cutti ng s ; and th i s strai n tend s to b reak out th e teeth - o nts There wou d b e cases wh ere p i . l it would b e ad v i sable to streng th en th e tooth p oi nt byd eepeni ng th e g ullet g rad ually work in it o n at each success e umm n unt g d w iv g i g , il 2 Th h i i 6 . s the out ne was as s own n A F . li , g i g i v es ev en g reater g ullet th an th e outline sh own k and face of th tooth h a e in F ig . 61 th e b ac e v h ame rak e as b efore b ut the o nts are t e s , p i r strong e . Th e questi on of fewor many teeth in a rip sawd ep end s almost enti rely up on th e ch aracter of lumb er b eing ripp ed and th e feed per rev o lution sh ould b e mad e d epend ent up on th e tren th of the teeth to res st b reak n and s g i i g , th e capacity of the g ullet to h old th e cutting s

- t n ff nt I n a cross cut th e cond i i o s are d i ere . T o S traig hte n a Circular S aw — Get a ” h ard -wood b ock 1 2x1 2 b ed it on end on l , , ,

h roun no on th oor Round th e to t e g d ( t e ﬂ ) . p

off wth sa nch r se . a u a o st at i , y4 i i N il p j i th e b ack of th e b ock for th e sawto rest on l , l et its face b e an i nch b elow th e top of th e b o D n i r n a v ck . o ot use an o n l il . ’ s a 3 or 4 lb b a k m th U e . l c s i s h ammer for b ttWS ov er 5 0 i nch es a lighter one for smaller and th nner d sk i i s. F or larg e saws th e straig ht edg e sh ould b e 1 ab out th ck — sa 20 on wd e i n 3 6 i y l g , i center 1 at end th e ed of th e stra ht , ; g e ig s d e ch amfered or round ed ff i o .

Ba ance the saw on a mand rel and a th e l , pply stra ht M r th h ed e . a k e h ac s wth ch a k ig g ig pl e i l . av e a h e er to h o d th e sawon th e b ock H lp l l , and h ammer on th e h um s test n fre uent . p , i g q ly 68 AW-F u e S m .

Bythis means a saw mayb e ch ang ed from ht to eft h and ed or v i ce v er a r s . ig l ,

If th e sawis rim-b ound or center- b ound it , , sh ould b e nailed b etween two circular b oard s each an nch ar er th an th e d sk and sent to i l g i , a g ood saw mak er (preferably th e one wh o mad e it) to b e straig h tened and g iv en th e pro er ten on forth i un p si e sp eed at wh i ch it s to b e r . Hig h places may be tak en out of straig ht saws in th e ame s way. Ch oice of a H and -S aw — A g ood h and sawsh ould spring reg ularly in proporti on to its wdth and au e th at i s th e o nt sh ou d i g g , p i l s r n more th an th e h ee and th e curv e h ence p i g l, rf u r r not b e a p e ectly ci rc la a e. If th e bl ad e is too th i ck f or th e size of th e t ff teeth th e saww work s . , ill i ly If th e b ad e is not we ev en and smooth l ll , ly ly round i d r h rd and tend to s r n t w ve a . g , ill i p i g Th e thinner th e g aug e and narrower th e b ad e the more need for erfect un form l , p ly i and smooth r nd n and er contra th e g i i g ; , p , mooth n form th e r nd n th e s er and more u i g i i g , thi nner and narrower a sawyou can use. Th e cutting edg e is v ery often mad e on a “ on x r or th ro n or b reast c v e cu v e wi a c w , to ad apt it to th e natural rock i ng moti on of h h an and rm t e d a . - S AW F I L I NG . 69

B h o d n th e b ad e in a ood ht and y l i g l g lig , a n it ou can see if there are im rfec t ppi g , y pe in r nd n or in h ammcrin ti ons g i i g g . Before b u n a saw test it on ab out th e yi g , same g rad e of work as it is intend ed to be put

It is a mi stake to suppose that a sawth at is n i th b t for us u t easily ﬁl ed a d set s e es e. Q i e h e r v ers is true saw th at w tak e a t e e . A ill few more mi nutes and a little h ard er work to sh ar en w k ee its ed e and set on er p , ill p g l g than one th at can b e put in ord er qui ckly ; and rk b tt r in knot nd rd ood will wo e e s a h a w .

m ri n f rcul r T th Co pa s o o Ci a S aw e e . Referring to th e li ne of cuts sh owing v arious styles of teeth for circul ar rip -saws

St e 63 cuts a smooth surface and th e d u er yl , ll th e smooth er as a ru e b ut tak es cons d erab , l i ly more ower to d o a v en amount of work on p g i , account of h fr n h d Th e cor t e i cti o at t e si es . ners wear n off wou d eav e a tooth worn k e i g , l l li 69 wh ch on swa n wou d b e ke 70 re , i , g i g , l li , qui ri ng consid erable sid e-ﬁling Th i s would “ cause th btuse e saw to wear stunted or o , faster th an some oth er styles— notably th at

sh own at 68 wth con a front ed e and s d es. , i c v e g i

S t e 64 wth on curv n ta er is a mod yl , i l g i g p , i ﬁ cation of 63 and a roach es nearerto 68 con , pp 70 AW-F I S L I NG .

sequently would b e somewh at b etter th an 63 in

th e matter of ower swa n et Both c. st p , g i g , yles can b e rod uced on as nserted t th p ly i ee , and are

ract cab e on in c ear h ard ood n p i l ly l , w , a d with ent of ow r pl y p e .

St e 65 wth stra h t f ront ed e and v er yl , i ig g y sh ort curv ed s d es is th e most ract cab e form i , p i l of swa ed teeth and is eas re rod uced wth g , ily p i a few b ow of th e swa e re u r n b ut v er l s g , q i i g y tt e s d e-ﬁlin to k ee a sh ar corner and li l i g p p , n th t d arance giv i g e b es p ossible si e cle . St e 66 in wh ch th e tooth h as b oth b ent yl , i

and s read set tak es ess ower th an an oth er p , l p y st e wears th e ate ess and w sh ft from yl , pl l , ill i

k n of r n th r my i d timb e to a o e . - S AW F I L I N G . 71

St e 67 in wh ch th ere is b ent set and con yl , i

“ ‘ sid erable shear is ract cab e on on f , p i l ly so t n a nd rowth asture n e s seco e . h pi , g p pi W ere th e t mb er rows wth th e mb s owd own and i g i li l ,

is as near one wa of ra n as anoth er th s y g i , i st e w out ess fu and conse uent tak e yl ill l zz, q ly

ess ower wh ere th e tooth h as stock enou h l p , g to res st th e tend enc to s read s d ewa s or i y p i y , ” mak e set m a rs as ter ed b s w e . , y y St e 68 Wi th concav e front ed e and sh ort yl , g

s d e curv es is ab out k e 65 th e r ca ac t b e n i , li i p i y i g b out th sam v n 6 th r f r a e e 5 e e e ence . , g i i g p “ S t e 71 wth a d oub e b ev e sh ear is yl , i l l ,

tota m ract cab e ex ce t in v er soft a e lly i p i l , p y w t E ME R WH E E 72 Y L S .

r m k soak ed ne o h e oc . Of course here pi , l , w th ate is th ck enou h to v e stren th it e pl i g g i g , takes less power th an a tooth of style It is tt r A on th e same plate. b e e ﬁtted for a cut-off sawthan for Split t n I t is used b some sa ers i g . y wy mostly for h emlock tak en from th e ond in summ r t m p e i e. Th e d ouble b ev el 71 answers for plain tri ang ular teeth with consid crab e h ook b ut for teeth k e 3 l , li 7 ,

’ wh ch h av e th e same outline b ut ( i , are r hts and F Ste ig . H . v ens recommends such a b ev el as is sh own at 2 in wh ch th e b ev 7 , i c ed s d es as we as th e b ack of th e tooth h av e l i , ll , c earan l ce.

E m h l s rind ne Th e r W ee v s to . e y . G emery wh eel h as th e ad v antag e ov er th e g ri nd stone th at it can b e mad e th inner to run wi th af t nd can be run at h h r eed Th e s e a e s . y, ig p princip al obj ecti on urg ed ag ainst it is its h eat in th e saw Th s ma b e obv ated b us n a g . i y i y i g water- proof wh eel and running a stream of water 9 9 d rect nto th e out B ut - of all th e i ly i . 7 0 7,

emer wh ee u o th ur os sa s Mr y l s sed f r i s p p e ( y .

M E H E E L 74 E RY W S . ciallyd esig ned for sawg umming b ei ng i ntend ed to carr an th n ab ov e a 1 2 - nch wh y y i g i eel . S iz e s and S h a e s of E mer W h e l p y e s . S aw g umming wh eels are used wi th th e edg e or fac s r d r d e ua e roun o b ev e e . ( ) q , , l Th e principal sizes are

1 2xt 1 0xl l 2x§ SK } 1 x 1 2x? Holes 0 § ) , 3, $i x in h ol e 8 3 4 . . 4 in. hole. l 0x 1 2x and ]_ huﬂn X g S t 5 1 0X s l 2xi 1 2x§

Prob ab more wh e s 1 2x 1 2m and 1 2 ly el % g, n r h h to th r S aw a e used t an all th e ot er s es e e . , iz g umm n wh ee s are used h owev er of all s es g i g l , , iz to 4xl up 2 5. Wh ile th e v ari ety of siz es as well as of sh ap es is ar e d e end ent on th e v ar et of saws it l g ly p i y , is also g reatly i nﬂuenced by ind i v id ual taste n o n on Th e enera reference is for b ev a d pi i . g l p el ed wh ee s and rob ab of all so d for saw l , p ly s l ar th s h a g umming purposes e i s pe. I n thi s connecti on th e g entleman l ast quoted says : I t seems questi onable wh eth er thi s ch oi ce ‘ s On a e 226 2 d ed t on Gr msh aw i wse. i p g , i i i ’ ‘ on S aws it is stated that S awd ust ack s in , p th e s d e of th e l o and b oard somet mes on i g , i ’ o h sh of h Now acc unt of t e ape t e g ullet. wh ere a b ev e ed wh ee is used th ere is too ttle l l , li E M E R WH E E L 5 Y S . 7 room at the bottom of the g ullet to h old any sawd ust and it is forced b etween th e saw and

oo h r r un fa d h i u th e w d . W e e a o d ce w ee s sed l , and a ar e fu round u et eft th ere is l g , ll, g ll l , space for th e sawd ust to b e accumulated and carried round with the sawtill it leav es th e l og an ro th d ust I am th erefor nc ned to d d ps e . e i li think th at round faced wh eels are preferable . e Sh ow h erewth in actua th ckness th e W i , l i , l arg est and smallest usual siz es of saw g um h s mad t T o : ming W eel e by he anite O .

EMERY WHE ELS . 77

F s. 74 and 75 are re u ar b ev e 76 and ig g l l 77, ha f round 78 sh ort b unt b ev e 79 unt l ; , l l ; , bl d oub e b ev e 80 rre u ar d oub e l l ; , i g l l b ev el ; 81 d oub e b ev e ed from an l l ﬂ g e. H ard nes s of E me ry W h e els — Th e Tan ite 0 0 mak s ﬁ n . e v e d i sti ct classes for sawg um ming ; and can so v ary th e quality as to suit

ll tast s e v e b e owa b r ef s r o a e . W g i l i d e c ipti n of th ese cl asses M ed um h ard referred b th 2 . i p y$g e pur is a fast cutt n wh ee too h ar ch asers d fo. ; i g l , f for oth rs som too so t e . e,

3 Med um soft same ra n as c ass 2 . i ; g i l , utt n b ut softer and freer c i g .

' E xtra soft recomm nd b P ocono. e ed its , y h r I mak ers ab ov e th e ot er ad es . t is ner , g ﬁ ra ned and softer th an e th er 2 or 3 and is g i i , parti cularly recommend ed to th ose exp eri enced practi cal sawy ers wh o k now h ow to g ri nd wth a ht touch and wh o want a free cut i li g , ’ r at much h eat ting wh eel th at will not c e e . “ “ P ame coarseness as 3 b ut arad i se . S , rou h er more o en and faster cutt n . g , p , i g ” ﬁ ne soft wh ee on used on 5 Speci al . A l ly automati c sawg umming mach ines B RAZ I N BAND AW 7 8 G S S .

B raz n B nd aw Th e a ne i g a S s . g soli

' bl owpipe is th e most conv e ni ent me ans of h eati ng l arg e -siz e b and saws for b ra zi ng ; b ut an ord i nary mouth b l ow-pipe and oil l amp with a l arg e wi ck mak es sati sfactory

ork for h and w lig t b saws .

S carf th e s id es of th e b rok e n end on opc

osite sid es ab out h a f th rou h and l a p l g , p

$ ab out 3 to an i nch for small saws “ P lace in th e l a a th i n i ece of coin s v er wh ch p p il , i

ﬂo ette r and is tou h e r h ra ws b g t an b ss . M o sten th e surfaces w th b orax round on i i , g a ne ith ate r to a a B nd ith sto w w p ste . i w small b inding wi re of i ron ; pin to a pi e ce of ﬂat ch arcoa w th wire c s and h eat l i l ip ,

th th e road ﬂame from th e e wi b b l owpip .

Wh ere conv en ent a a r of ton s ma b e i , p i g y h eated to a wh i te h eat and g ripped upon

h Th en carefu ﬁl e th e o er a t e spli ce . lly v l p

an e e n h k n pi ng parts to v t i c ess .

F or v er h eav saws a resort to r v et n y y , i i g is ofte n mad e to h old th e scarfs tog e th er

ﬁ rm F or ood work th e so d er sh ou d ly . g , l l b e th i n and pl aced i n th e scarf wi th e noug h

as to ﬁ ll th e s carf h en me d to ov e rl ap so w lte . R AW 7 9 S P E E D o r CI RCU L A S S .

S p e e d of Circular S aws — Th e speed of saws is v ery esse nti al to th e prod ucti on of

d rd ood o m r Th ere is a stan a . g o d l u b e . A g sawyer will retain h is speed — not a g iv en ’ stand ard b ut as to th e condit on of th e saw s , i

n Th e l o ak es th e aw ab ov e or tensi o . g t s

‘ b e ow th e s e ed t s d estined to run at l p i i , wh ich is atte nd ed i nv ariabl y b yb ad sawi ng . N ew saws sh ould b e k ept up to spe ed b y all means or th e saw wi e v e ntua d sh , ll lly i d permane ntly and h av e to b e reh ammere . A saw not up to its speed i nv ari ab ly runs from th e l o d sh n Th s l e entua g i i g . i wil v lly

ermanent d sh th e a awmak er s w. s p ly i A , wh e n tak in th e ord e r for th e saw is iv e n g , g a s eed ab out so and so and h e k nowin p , , g b ut itt e b etter tak e it d o n N hi s w . ow t s l l , , is k n ar r Th a own to v y zoo ev oluti ons . e s w b eing h ammere d too open is conde mned as ’ ’ d efectiv e ; it won t run b e cause it won t sta nd up to its work I f th e sawyer h ad

ood ud ment h e wou d b e v er art cular g j g , l y p i

ab out rr co e ct spee d . A g ood sawy er will ’ try to maintai n th e spee d to sui t th e saws

cond t on or h amm r it i i e . S PEED OF‘ CI RCULAR AWS S .

Th e reatest troub e is in too hi h g l g speed .

Th s b rin s ab out ﬁ rst b ad umb e r second i g , , l , ,

a s o ed s aw as th e re is noth in th at ru ns p il , g i

a saw qui ck er th an h eat o n th e rim and run~

nin it ind n r h l r g w i g ac oss t e og . A g eat

man adh ere to th e stiffness of th e saw y ,

want n a iff Th s i all r h if i g st saw. i s ig t some con d e r i k n If a a i s i ati on s ta e . s w s a

h eav au e 8 to nch es runn n at a y g g , 4 54 i , i g

o d ff a i ll r h h a S w s ee a st s w s a t. uc l p , i ig S man will conte nd for a stiff saw o n a ny m ud in from e x e r e nce b ut th s is ill , j g g p i , i mi li te d . Centrifug al force is a natural strai n th at a h h s ee d is e x osed to and no h h ig p p , ig speed ed saw will stand one -h alf th e ab use th at a mod erate-S peed sawwill: One th i ng it will cut just two or th re e times as much

lum r Th e h er h e ee d th e more b e . h t S ig p ,

m d I f e er th n and b etter l u b er is ma e . v y i g in connecti on wi th th e saw is i n p erfect

cond tion and ca ab e of stand n it i , p l i g ,

feet or two m es er m nute on th e rim is , il , p i

r e fast enoug h for most any of ou mill s . W sometimes ﬁ nd th em runni ng ov e r

82 S PE E D OF CI RCUL AR S AW S .

nothin f th mb er o d om a g o e lu sp il e . S e s ws h av e to b e h ammered v er often ow n to y , i g th e manner in h ch th e are te n ioned w i y s . A th i ck saw will stand a h ig h er speed th an a th n one b ut a rim v e oc t of 1 0 i ; l i y , 0 0 0 feet p er minute is as fast as a saw e v er ou h n ta er a and g t to ru . A p s w will st a h h er s e ed th an an ev en au e for th e ig p g g , reason th at th e rim is h ter and th e e x lig ,

ansion from centr fu a force b e e p i g l will l ss .

If a saw h eats in th e center v e it more , g i set if it h eats on th e rim e th er th e b ack s ; , i of th e te eth are too h h or th e saw is c ut ig , t n h n i h k w t too much feed a d t c o es . i g i ,

TH E US UAL S P E E DS F OR CI RCUL AR S AWS

TI N P R M I N T I N RE VOLU O S E U E .

1 2 nch 0 nch 8 nch 6 2 i , 3 i , 5 i , 5

1 6 nch nch 60 nch 6 0 0 i , 34 i , i ,

1 8 nch 8 nch 0 6 2 nch i , 3 i , 95 i , 5 75

2 0 nch 2 nch 8 0 6 nch 0 i , 4 i , 7 4 i , 5 5

2 2 nch 6 nch 8 0 0 6 6 nch i , 4 i , i , 545

2 nch 0 nch 2 68 nch 2 4 i , 5 i , 7 5 i , 5 9

2 6 nch nch 6 0 nch 0 i , 5 4 i , 75 7 i , 5 4

2 8 nch 6 nch 6 0 2 nch 0 0 i , 5 i , 5 7 i , 5 n f r n rm d and in proporti o o i te e i ate S iz es .

6-inch saw of ﬁ rst-c ass mak e and set A 5 l , TO HAM M E R CI RCUL AR SAWS . 83

runnin at 6 2 re v o ut ons e r minute h as g 5 l i p , cut 1 1 6 fe e t of p opl ar and pi ne b oard s per

minute and from 0 to 1 0 0 feet of oak er , 9 p

— n 1 r e o er minute usi g ab out 0 0 h o s p w .

I t is est mated th at in sma m s sa of i ll ill , y

1 0 h orse ower a sin e saw w cut p , g l ill

r i 1 h o r I n l ar er m s feet of b oa d s n 0 u s . g ill fee t per h orse power per d ayis not an m n r d uncom o p o uct. H ow to H a mmer Circular S aws — An

old sawy er g iv es th e followi ng ad v i ce on

th e care of saws

Th e saw b ein th e fe of our m k ee g li y ill , p i in od cond t on Th e ch t g o i i . i ef e l eme nt of

t h i s is in h ammering and k eepi ng th e saw

ra h n r Th e f rm st ig t a d t ue . o er we will term tens on wh ch a es to k ee n th e i , i ppli pi g saw open to accommod ate th e centrifug al force a ed b its e ed Th s . e atter ppli y p l , stra h ten n a es to k ee in th e a ig i g , ppli p g pl te

tr e and free from um a u l ps . S w h ammeri ng is a ecu ar art and accom sh ed b p li , pli y b ut

few to an d e ree of erfect on S im y g p i , ply

from th e man fo id eas ad v anced b men y g y y , ’ some of wh om b oast of th eir twe nty y ears 84 TO H AM M E R CI R U L A R S AW C S .

e er ence I h av e tood for ten ears a xp i . s y t

th e ev er watch n c ose e v er so-ca ed l , i g l ly y ll

ecu ar f h a p li i ty o t e s w.

Th e ﬁ rst th n is to tra h ten our a i g s ig y s w.

Th s is d one on a wood en ﬁ rm e nd - ra n i , , g i b ock r a h er- ad d ed an All m l o l e t p v il . ill saws d sh more or ess from th e l o and are i l g , fu on th at d e I t is necessar to ean ll s i . y l th e saw until th e center sag s so th at it will a ear as stra h t as oss b e th e n with a pp ig p i l , 2 0 —i nch straig h t-e dg e mark all th e full

aces watch n c ose ust outs d e of th e pl , i g l ly j i co ar ear th e rim a th e tra h t ll . N pply s ig edg e at rig h t ang l es in sev eral pos i ti ons ; it is b est to use sa a 1 2 - nch stra h t- ed e , y, i ig g on th e rim as ou can et c oser to th e , y g l

h M ark our a th ch a k or h ard teet . y s w wi l

S oa on th e rim wh en ou ﬁ nd aces to p , , y pl

S h ow stra h t one wa b ut h h th e oth er ig y, ig way; mak e a l ong mark d i re ctly in li ne

Th s nd cates wi th th e straig h test way. i i i a tw st and w l in all cases on th e rim ex i , il

r f h a “ h en tend toward th e cente o t e s w. W th e 2 0 —inch straig h t- edg e is appli ed on th e rad ius from center to rim such a ace ( ) , pl TO H AM M E R W CI RCU L AR S A S . 85

w l not S h ow b ut tak e th e 1 2 - nch and a il , i p

l across th s ne and ou w l ﬁ nd it to p y i li , y il

b e h h I f h ere is i . t a tw st t w l b e ig i , il

h h er on th e e x treme ed e Th e tra h t ig g . s ig

e ne h ammer must b e used on such aces p pl , th e straig h twa y of th e h ammer d ire ctlyon th e stra h test wa of th e saw wh ch is to ig y , i

ard h e n er AS th e e treme e d e is w t ce t . x g the h h est near all th e b ows must b e ig , ly l a ed th ere care b e n tak e n not to o ppli , i g g t far i st sh ow n six nch es i oo n. A twi i g i s often remov ed b h ammer n on on th e y, i g ly rim T s d a es ar so met mes found . wi te pl c e i a h r h n h a i d ish d t t e ce nte w e t e s w s e .

av n aid off th e saw o to th e b ock H i g l , g l and strik e one b l ow on e v ery mark with th e round face of th e h ammer usin th e on , g l g f n rk Th e ﬁ rst o era ace on th e l o g ma s . p t on ma d sh th e saw in th e oth er wa i y i y,

h h h h ood ork w c if not too muc S ows w . i , , g ’ Don t rub out our mark s and wh en th e y , oth er S d e is a d off not ce if an of th e i l i , i y mark s corres ond if so too h eav a b ow p ; , y l was appli e d ; in th i s way th e h eft of b l ows rk n h d can b e d etermined . Wo o b ot s i es of 86 TO H AM M E R I R L AR AW C CU S S .

th e saw ett n th e rim as true as oss b e , g i g p i l and eav e it ean n a tr ﬂe h e l Th l l i g i to t og . is ’ const tute a ra h n n I f r i s st ig te i g . y ou saw s tension is nearly rig h t it will now run much b etter b ut th s i no a a h e s I s t w s t ca e . , i l y will ad d h ere th at b efore attempti ng to stra h ten a saw as d escrib ed a carefu in ig , l

i n m ad All a n spect o ust b e m e . s ws g et l o g or oose on th e rim b use and it is a com l y , mon th i ng among small mills to ﬁ nd saws so l oose on th e rim as to form a twist or w nd n osit on if not u te so oose it i i g p i ; q i l , w not b e w nd n b ut ma a ear near ill i i g , y pp ly stra h t w th th e rim v er ﬂ ms wh e ig i y i y , il

n er b e as t ff as a ar I n th e ce t will s i b o d . sh ort all s uch saws are st ff i n th e center , i and w not v e and must b e tens oned ill g i , i

ra h n n b efore st ig te i g . Th i s tens i oni ng is d one b y stretch ing th e saw nearer th e center on an anv il wi th ﬁ rm b ows re ard ess of th e um s in th e saw l , g l l p .

F rst s tr k e a c rc e ne one-h a f wa th e i , i i l l i l y rad us th en two nes two nch es a art b e i , li i p i l ow th s and o ne ab ov e fo ur nes in a . i , , li Hammer th e two center li nes ﬁ rst on b oth TO HAM M E R CI RCUL AR S AWS . 87

sid es of th e saw b ut if it is v er oose on , y l th e rim it w ofte n re u re four to six , ill q i li nes ; in such cases th e li nes can b e cl oser

o eth er e er o neare r th e rim th an t g . N v g one-third th e rad us and not much c oser i , l

r h in i T K ee t e . h to th e cente . p i s V w e one -h alf way part of th e saw must b e th e

a o e n too near h e ce n more open . A s w p t

ll i n Af r ter will not run at a n ma y cas es . te

iv in our saw some te ns on nine t mes g g y i , i o ut of te n our twisted saw to our s ur y , y

r h m m r se w S h ow u st a t. S o et es a p i , ill p ig i saw g e ts twi ste d th roug h accid e nt ; s uch saws w S h ow th e ce nter a tt e oose and ill li l l ,

h en th e d o tak e th e tw sted saw to th e w y , i

h n e n b ock w t a o e as stated . l i l g p , Hig h speed ed saws requi re to b e more ope n in th e center man of th em d sh n th rou h w th , y i i g g i

saw too o en h eat n h a snap . A p will i t e ce nter and crowd from th e l o wh e a saw g , il too l oose on th e rim will snak e and ass ume a compl ete wind or twi st wh e n a li ttl e h ot

I n h h e on th e rim. suc cases t ce nter h as to run h ot in ord e r to g e t anyth i ng lik e

o work out of th e saw. A sawtoo pe n in W 88 TO H AM M E R CI RCUL AR S A S . th e center is stiff e ned by h ammeri ng th e rim not nearer th an two nch es of th e , i teeth ; v ery l ittl e work on the rim will

h an e a a h e n th e sa h a ab out th e c g s w. W w s r h t s r n stra h te n it u on th e b ock ig p i g , ig p l

r al d erm n i n n If th e n a t i will et i e ts te s i o . th e saw w not scre w u true th e co ar ill p , ll

rn d I f a sa i to rema n sh ould b e tu e . w s i on th e mand re it ma b e a ered if th e col l , y p p

l ars d ish i t.

I t is v ery essenti al th at unequal tens i on b e corrected in a saw th at runs at a h ig h or e e n m d erate s eed N ot one man in v o p .

ﬁft k nows an th n ab out th s to sa y y i g i , y noth of h o to remo e i ing w v t. Unequal te ns i on is th i s : One part of th e saw b e i ng tig h ter or more open th an th e

r cou d r e m h oth e . I l w it a v ol u e on t is ’ m ortant art of th e a f No s w s e . w i p p li , to remov e it and in th e s m est wa , i pl y, screw th e saw u on th e mand re tak e p l , h old of - th e tail of th e saw wi th the rig h t h and (if it is a rig ht-h and mill) and s r n th e saw all ou can to ou p i g y y , and at th e same time apply th e l ong

90 TO HAM M E R I R UL AR AW C C S S .

stretch ed r h t h ere th e h i F or ig w y s ow t.

ract ca ur oses th e saw sh ou d S h ow p i l p p , l v er near th e same S r n all around y ly p i g .

A wa s test b oth s d es and wh en e v en l y i , a slig h t v ari ati on is found it S h ould b e re mov ed th en if th e saw is too o en or too ; , p st ff treat th e center or rim a tt e on th e i , l i l an v il . Th e fog y meth od is to always h ammer a saw on th e anv str k n it as h eav as il , i i g ily

h en a saw re u res a tt e poss ib l e . W q i li l stra h tenin it is most on th e rim th e ig g , ly ( outl et of th e saw) ; if th i s is d one on th e anv wh at is th e resu t ? um s art il , l L p p ly b eate n d own w th all th e tens on one , i i g ; th en th e h ammerer g oes to th e cente r to ov ercome just wh at h e oug h t not to h av e d ne fe b ows on th e b ock and th e o . w A l l , saw would h av e retained its tens i on— b een

th ten t mes ess rk in b etter sh ape wi i l wo .

N o man can remov e a tw st in th s wa i i y,

rim I h a e not ced o r d i re ctly on th e . v i v e

ﬁft such men and th e nev er et r h t u y , y g ig p

f a a h ? B e cause i im o s w. to th e r W y t, u e v er t me on anv i . t e ‘ h i l rl ‘ a u . wl ea p, y -i , l W TO H AM M E R CI RCUL AR S A S . 91

Test th i s with a pi ece of sh eet i ron and

d Th e tinner ron and co e r b e conv nce . i , i pp smi th are sens ib l e me n ; th e y h av e th eir copper or mall et h ammer and a smooth

h ir rk on h ? bl ock to straig hten t e wo . W y Because onl y a b l ow or two on an anv il wou d stretch it into a wind and th en th e l , y

r d n Th e a i re c se th e ame a e o e . s w s p i ly s wa and it rema ns on a uest on of t me y, i ly q i i th at th e saw wi l b e une ua tensioned l q lly , and h n i i d on man th at k no t e t s e . A ws anyth i ng ab out tens i on in a saw will tak e care f h a i a ar Tak e a d i h ed a o t t v t l p t. s s w th at requi res only a few lig h t b l ows near th ar k h at d oe th e co on th e b oc . s e ll , l W fo d o ? S tretch th e rim u n th e g y , p lli g d i h ” l f l h h n s out and a ot of oth er oo s t s . , i i g

saw too o en re u res the rim stretch ed A p q i , b ut ne er a di h Anoth er d ea is o v s ed saw. i t h ammer in nes from th e center to th e rim li , only to resul t in tig h t and l oose lines and to b uck e th e a A man f m t on ou h l s w. o g u p i g t to k now b etter th an th s a nd th s is th e i , i ’ cause of man fra a th er y ctured s ws . O s th eories are th at wh en a Saw is s run it , p g H R E W R 92 O S P O E .

must b e s run more o e t th um b ack p g t g e l p .

M d ea is if it is s run it ou h t not to y i , p g g b e and sh ou d b e otte n b ack w th out addi , l g i

i nal retchin n m h k t c st a e : t e b oc . g , ly l S mall saws are treated preci se ly as l arg e

h m re m d A x ones b ut muc o . n e ert , il ly p , ch an in from a th ick saw to a th n one g g i , inv ariab ly will strik e too h eav ily ; g reat

Th re r care must b e e x ercised . e y qui e b ut

n i n n and h d b e st ff B itt e te s o s ou . ue l l i g , l i l s ots are treated on th e b ock and wh en p l , th e y come b ack th e rim S h ould b e stretch ed Th r oppos ite such a pl ace . e i appearance

nd tes a s a continually i i ca l oo e pl ce . H ors e P owe r Re q uire d to Run Circu

— Th e h orse owe r re u red to lar S aws . p q i d r v e c rcu ar saws d o n no work accord i i l i g , in to e er ments is re resented b th e g xp i , p y formul a : P ower in wh i ch n is th e numb er of rev oluti ons per mi nute and

’ th e d ameter of th e saw in nch es to a i i , wh i ch th e net powe r for cutting sh ould b e A 6 add ed wh ich is for soft wood and , 6 H O R P OW S E E R.

for h r d A — s uare feet of urface a d woo . q s

of l umb er cut per foot in l eng th C: thi ck

n s f k r r in d ma f an n h e s o e f o cut eci ls o i c .

F or e am e a 6- nch saw runn n free x pl , 5 i i g at 650 rev ol uti ons p er minute requi res a 650 x 56 speed power of h orse power and to cut pine l og s th at will mak e an av er a e of 1 0 b oards of 1 nch es in w d th th e g 2 i i , area of surface for 1 cuts inc ud n ed n 3 , l i g g i g , inth e l og for each foot in l eng th 1 3 square feet ; and if th e saw cuts a k erf f . 2 o an nch w d e th en for feet i i , per d ay of 1 0 h ours th e amount will b e A C fe t r mi n B th e formu a 50 e pe ute . y l for ine and wh ite wood I x 2 2 6 s uare p , 3 q feet of b oard surface per foot in l eng th and

2 6 X . 2 x h r e o r . 0 o s we and 43 5 p ,

2 6 X . 2 f r h ard ood h r o w . 86 x 0 o se 6 5 43 power ; to each of which sh ould b e add ed h orse power for th e saw alone and enoug h for runni ng i ntermed i ate S h afti ng and n b e lti g . 94 ARE r C o HAND S AWS .

F iling and S etting Hand S aws ; Jointing ; S aw Clamp s ; S aw S ets ; F ile s and V is e s ; ’ K e yh ole and Comp as s S aws ; B utch ers and M eat S aw —M r and mach ner s . od e n tool s i y

h av e mad e th e v ar ous o erat ons of n i p i fili g , setti ng and p oli sh ing h and and oth er s aws much s m er th an a few ears a o and i pl y g , nowad a s an amateur can w th a tt e y y , i li l ract ce set fi le um or stra hten an p i , , , g ig y or nar r d i y s aw as well as an ex pe t. Wh ile s aws are f ar ch e ap er th an f ormerly it still p ay s to care for a s aw p rop erly and to h av e th e ri g ht k i nd of tool s and files f or k eep i ng ev en th e ch eapest s aws i n g ood con

d i ti on . B rok en war ed b ent or v er rust s aws , p , y y are s carce worth b oth er n w th un ess ly i g i , l you are f ar f rom any store wh ere a new s aw can b e purch ased or h av e to use th e old one i a f m r n V er fa r on h and n c se o e e g e cy . y i h and s aws may b e b oug h t for 7 5 cents to

each and at such r ces the t me re , p i i

u red to ut an old b ad -used s awi n ood q i p , ly g

S h ape i s worth more th an a new one . E v ery one wh o uses s aws of any k i nd

S h ou d h owev er h av e an u -to-d ate s aw l , , p

h r i F i 2 . cl amp s imil ar to t at i llus t ated n g . 8 95 S AW C L AMP S .

Th i s cl amp S h ould b e b olted or s crewed to a p i ece of wood wh i ch may th en b e cl amp ed in a v i se or b ored wi th h oles and ﬁtted wi th b olts by wh i ch it can b e read ily attach ed to h f r r a ost b eam or b enc . O cou se wh e p , e

— 8 2 . S aw V i se C am or l p . s aws are used cons id erab ly and frequent set t n or n i s neces s ar th e c am ma i g ﬁli g y , l p y b e f a s tened p ermanently to s ome conv eni ent b ench or oth er ob j ect. I n usi ng th e cl amp care sh ould b e tak en A E 96 S W S TS .

th at the ed g es of the j aws are perfectly

$ m h M n -m c am s s oot and ev en. a y well ad e l p and o th e r too s are o f ten v arn s hed a l i , j p anmed or enamelled and d rops of these ma teri al s often collect and h ard en on the faces of th e aws thus tend n to n nsecure and j , i g a i uncertai n g ri p and li ab ili ty of b end i ng or s tra n n th a a To a o d th s and i i g e s w b l d e . v i i p revent v i b rati on and s q ueaking the b etter s aw v i ses are p rov i d ed wi th rubb er cush

ch aw i ed j s . I n setti ng s aws the b es t tool s to use are h h i F i 3 B m s h an own . an t e d s e ts s n g . 8 y e of the s crew ad us tment A thes e too s ma j , l y b e ch ang ed to se t any ord i nary s aw from h e avy cros s -cut or b uck s aws to ﬁ ne toothed

ane 0 1 m tre s aws and wh en used care p l i , fully will p ro d uce a v ery uniform and reg u a Th ar r m l l ar se t on any s w. ey e v e y s i p e to use for the s aw i s merely i nserted i n the c am the s e t ad us ted to the bes t tch and l p , j p i s li p ped over the s aw ed g e and the h and les o f the se t p res sed ﬁ rmly tog eth er whe n the too th to b e set i s ex actly und erneath the un r I f fam ar h s tt n s aws f r pl g e . ili wi t e i g o v ari ous p urpos es th e us er wil l b e able to

ud e th e amo unt o f s e t re u re d b ut i f a j g q i ,

8 J OI N I NG HAND A 9 T S WS .

m a h n i n F i s aw c a s s ow . 84 and the ro l p g , p ctin ed es ed or r un a h j e g g ﬁl g o d aw y . T e s tr s of stee wh ch sh ou d b e rf ip l , i l p e ectly

true on th e ed es o r w th a s h t crown g i lig , sh ould th en b e mov ed d own on th e s aw until th e upp er ed g es are ex actly i n li ne wi th th e l ower ed g es of the l owest g ullets on th e s aw Wi th th e th ree - cornered s aw ﬁ le g o ov er e ach tooth and ﬁ le it i n to the ed g e of th e

— 4 e for J n . F i 8 . aw R g . S ady ointi g

s tee str and wh en al l are th us treated l ip ,

set and ﬁ le th e s aw as usual .

Th i rat n i s k nown as o nt n s op e i o j i i g , and i s of g reat imp ortance if a saw i s to b e

- h it i s k ept i n ﬁ rst cl as s cond i ti on . W ile

eas d n us n a ﬁ le as d escr b ed et ily o e by i g i , y i t can al so b e accomp li sh ed by us i ng a read y ” mad e j oi nter cl amp or a carb orund um or

emery wh eel i n pl ace of th e ﬁ le . I t i s nex t to imp ossi b le to set a s aw by any h and meth od s o th at al l th e teeth are

e x act y ev en and for tru n th es e teeth u l , i g p and thus p rod uci ng an even runni ng and ' 99 S I DE F I L I NG .

cl ean cutti ng s aw a s i d e fi l e sh ould b e used . Th i s cons i sts of a fl at fi le and h old er as i 85 wh ch can b e ad usted b sh own in F . g , i j y set s crews to fi t any wid th of set. I n fili ng a s aw consi d erab le p racti ce i s

8 — S e F C . 5 . id il e and lamp re u red b ut oth erw se no re at S k i s q i , i g ill Th r h r f i es sent a . ere a e oweve a ew m i l , , r n r i A a p o ta t p oi nts to b ea n mi nd . lw y s h old your fi l e nearly lev el ; fi le a few teeth and th en turn th e s aw ov er and fi l e th e alter nate teeth on th e opp os i te s i d e to see if they h a u I f s pe p evenly . th ey app ear all ri g ht you can th en turn the saw b ack so the 1 00 F I L I NG HAND S AWS . h and l e comes a t your left h and and fi l e all

h Th i th h ard es t th e teeth on t at si d e . i s s e s d of th e s aw to ﬁ l e ro er and after i e p p ly , th i s s id e i s d one you can turn th e s aw around with h and le to y our rig h t and ﬁ le

h I f u a t m to fi l h d e t i s s i d e . yo t e pt e t i s s i fi rst you would b e almost certai n to cut the teeth too d ee and if ou cont nua turn p , y i lly the s aw fi rst on one s i d e and th en the oth er h h n n A mmon you will g et t e teet u ev e . co troub le i s in g etti ng l arg e teeth one sid e r Th th and s mall ones th e oth e . i s causes e “ ” s aw to turn or lead to one s id e in use . Th i s unev enness i s d ue to ch ang i ng th e p os i ' ti on of th e fi le or h and or to turni ng th e s aw from s i d e to s id e while you work . Wh en a tooth comes to a o nt n p i , fili g sh ou d b e sto ed ev en if th e sh a e i s not l pp , p erfect for it i s b etter to l et th e sh a e o p , p g rath er th an cut d own more of th e tooth and

h r g et it out of li ne . W e e an old s aw h as t eth of v ar n s z es from m ro er n e yi g i i p p fili g , you will h ave to fi l e it twi ce to remed y i t. Th e l arg er teeth will b e th e l ong est s o they ” sh ould b e filed or j oi nted d own until al l are ev en and th en th e s aw s h ould b e filed wi th th e fi le hel d at an ang le of 45 d eg rees

1 02 S TRAI G HTE NI N G S AWS .

Th e s lig h test b end will mak e a s aw d ri v e h ard and s aw crook ed and an such d ev a ly , y i ti on from a true s urf ace S h ould b e remed i ed at once for i t will rap id ly i ncrease and soon m r m An s ht b eco e too b ad to ov e co e . y lig crook or b end may b e remov ed by p l aci ng th e s aw up on a s lig h tly round ed b l ock of h ard wood and s tri k i ng th e s aw a smart h h mm r G r at b l owwi t a med i um weig ht a e . e care sh ould b e used not to strik e too h ard or i n a anc n d rect on and much b et g l i g i i , ter results may b e accompli sh ed by rep eated

lig ht b l ows th an b y s i ng le h eav y b l ows . Th ere are sev eral g ood meth od s of as certai n i ng the sp ots to b e straig h tened and a g ood meth od i s as foll ows : Th e s awb l ad e sh ould b e l ai d up on a p erfectly ﬂ at s urface and rub b ed ov er wi th P rus s i an b lue tub e oil m h r co or s read ev en ov er it. A s oot e l p ly , p fectly true p i ece of i ron or stee l i s then d rawn a on th e b ad e and th e h h or l g l , ig warped sp ots will read ily S h ow by th e b lue

rubb n off wh e h o ow or nd ented s ots i g , il ll i p

h h n Ano h r will remai n coated wi t t e p ai t . t e ' meth od i s to pl ace th e s aw on a smooth ev en surface— a p i ece of h eav y p l ate g l ass i s th e b est— and run a straig ht ed g e ov er 1 03 S TRAI GH TE NI NG S AWS . it mark n th e b ent or war ed s ots wth , i g p p i h k I f a h and saw i s b ent and refuses c al . to straig h ten by h ammeri ng i t may often b e strai g htened by a s lig ht appli cati on of h eat. Th i s i s b est accomp li shed by rubbi ng a red or wh ite h ot p i ece of i ron ov er the s urf ace I f h o o of th e concav e s id e of th e b end . t e pp s i te s i d e of th e s aw i s resti ng on a cold or wet s urf ace— such as a wet cl oth sp re ad ﬂ at — th e h eat on one s id e will cause th e i ron to exp and and strai g hten th e b end i n mos t

I f h a k a k af r oo cases . t e s w b uc l es b c te c l i n it sh ou d e treated a a n and wh e g l b g i , il s t warm and s tra ht a fe w b ows w th ill ig , l i a h ammer sh ould b e g i v en th e s urf ace wh ere h r Th f r h r x t e b end occu s . i s will s till u t e e p and th e metal and will s traig h ten th e r r ak b l ad e . G eat ca e sh ould b e t en not to h eat th e s aw enoug h to i nj ure th e temper and th e h ot i ron sh ould b e merely p as sed ov er the surf ace of the b l ad e and not h eld a a ns i f r g i t t o any l eng th of time . K eyh ol e and comp ass s aws are usually rath er s oft and eas b ent and can on ily , ly b e k ept strai g h t by careful use and frequent s tra ht n n b h a r h mm r i g e i g y e t o a e i ng . ’ B utch er s and meat s aws are sel d om trou ’ 4 E 1 0 B U TCH R S S AWS . b lesome by crooked ness or warping as th ey are set taut i n frames and are quite ﬂ ex

M an of thes s a ar n ured or i ble . y e ws e i j rui ned by repeated setting and fili ng by in comp etent i ti nerant ti nk ers and s ci ssors g ri nd ers with no p racti cal k nowled g e of. s aws or thei r requi rements and p racti cally ’ any b utch er s s aw will S h ow a d eci d ed h e ] l f r Th ow or concav e ed g e a te a few fili ng s . e tend ency to acqui re th i s concav ity i s g reater i n narrow s aws of th i s s ort th an i n h and s aws with a wi d e b l ad e for th e conti nual up ward ressure a a n t th e b ad e h e d b e p g i s l , l tween th e two end s of th e frame w i n t me , ill i n h I i r h ard b e d t e b l ad e ed g ewi se. t s a v e y matter to straig hten a meat s aw ed g ewi se after it h as b ecome b ad ly concav ed on th e ed e b ut th s troub e ma b e read av o d g , i l y ily i ed by fili ng th e s li g h tly worn or sh arp teeth at each end as well as th e d ull or worn teeth h m h a i an B u n eac ti e t e s w s set d filed . y s i g a stra ht ed e i n th e v se wh en n th e ig g i fili g , teeth at th e end s may b e alway s k ept filed d own to th e s ame h ei g ht as th ose ~ i n th e center and i f th s s mal matter i s ook ed , i l l after ev e ry time th e s aw i s filed the s aws r a rk b t r n r will i nv a i b ly wo et e a d l as t l ong e .

1 06 L UB RI A I N AW C T G S S .

r A n r r b est g ene al results . co s i d e able p o ti on of the troub le with metal -work i ng s aws i s d ue to the h eati ng of th e s aw by its fri c on w th th e mater a b e n cut and th s i s ti i i l i g , i f i r mm n esp eci ally true . o s aws used n t i i g cast n s as such ob ects um and wobb e i g , j j p l consi d erably on th e s aw tab le and th us b i nd I f h k oil i s a owed the s aw unev enly . a t i c ll to d ri p on th e s aw wh ile i n use or tallow or some s imil ar lub ri cant i s p l aced i n a sp ri ng actuated receptacle wh i ch p resses it ag ai nst the mov n b ad e th e fe of meta work n i g l , li l i g r P rh a no s aws will be g eatly i ncreased . e p s sub stance h as g reater p ower to lub ri cate and facilitate cutti ng th an s pI rI ts of turpen Th nab an rd nar h ack s aw ti ne . i s will e le o i y to cut ass read and wh e it w b urn g l ily , il ill and smoke if used on a s aw th at runs v ery h ot it ma be comb ned w th ta ow or , y i i ll g rease to p rod uce b oth a lub ri cant and an h n an h aid to easy cutti ng . W en us i g y suc mater a h owev er care S h ou d b e tak en th at i l , , l th e cool lub ri cant i s appli ed to b oth sur f aces of th e bl ad e equally as oth erwi se th e s aw w b end war or b uck e worse th an ill , p l r a d y s aw.

ack s aws wh ether h and or mach ne are H , i , E E I 1 07 R S TT NG HACK S AWS . seld om worth resetting or sh arpeni ng as th e b l ad es are v ery ch eap and are rapi d ly worn h i i m ra a r r out. W ile t s i p cti c b le to eset o ﬁ le a small h ack saw by h and yet b l ad es th at are d ulled or clog g ed may b e g reatly imp rov ed b y a b ath

' in d i l u t e sulp h uri c and muri ati c a c i d T h i s e a t s away a small q u a n t i t y of 6 — S aw ee as S F i . 8 . ee meta I e a V i n a g T th n l , g c s U nd er a M i ro cop e . sh arp saw tooth wh en seen ed e wh ch a ears as i n F i . 80 g , i pp g un r a m r d e i c oscope . AS soon as the s aw i s suffi ci ently cut by th i s meth od it sh ould b e immersed i n a s trong soluti on of sod a or other alk ali and th en w ed d r warmed and th orou h i p y, g ly r r F h h h a a ar oiled o g eased . iles w i c v e pp ently b ecome utterly useles s may b e recut and mad e as g ood as new by th i s s ame p roc ess for th e b ts of wood d rt s oft meta s i , i , l , i etc. n the v ar ous cuts ar d s o or , i e i s lv ed eaten out by th e aci d wh ile th e ed g es of the ri d g es are th i nned d own and sh arp ened at h am m t e s e ti e . B rok en h ack s aws sh ould b e cast as i d e as 1 08 RE P AI RI NG HACK S AWS . a ru e b ut if nconv en ent or m oss b e to l , i i i p i l secure a new one th e b rok en b l ad e may b e sh ortened and a new h ole b ored for the f rame h old er by softening the b rok en end by h eat and cutti ng the roug h ed ge off with ei ther a cold ch i sel or fi le and d rilli ng a new h ole or h oles with an ord i nary twi st d rill . I f th e s aw— b eyond th e p oi nt to b e s oftened — i s wrapped i n wet cl oth or i s i nserted b e tween l arg er p i eces of cold me tal, th e s aw may b e h eated red h ot at the sp ot d es i red m r r with out i nj uri ng the te pe el sewh e e . S ometimes a b rok en b l ad e will b e too sh ort to fi t ev en an ad j ustab le frame and und er such ci rcumstances two b rok en s aws may b e j oi ned tog ether by ri v ets or screws unti l th d r e es i ed leng th i s ob tai ned . Of course th s i s mere a mak esh ft re a r b ut i t w i ly i p i , ill often p rov e of g reat v alue and conv eni ence i m f m r n ti e o e e g ency . P ermanent rep ai rs on b rok en b and s aws or b ack s aws may b e mad e by b razi ng or by autog e nous weld i ng by oxo-acetyl ene meth

o d s and wh e it i s a wa s ad v s ab e to h av e , il l y i l a b rok en s aw b raz ed or weld ed by a s peci al

i s t i n th s work et b and s aws ar e s cro i y , l g ll

1 1 0 CRACKS I N S AWS .

a so b e tak en to let the ton s c am s and l g , l p s aw coo s ow as water s r nk l l ly , p i led up on them to h asten cooli ng will rui n the result i n A g j oi nt. lth oug h th i s al l sound s v ery

s m e et ou w re u re cons d rab i pl , y y ill q i i e le p racti ce b efore a g ood b raz ed j oi nt can b e mad e and it i s b est to ract ce on old use , p i r less b oken s aws until p roﬁ ci ent. M an t mes a saw es ec a c rcu ar y i , p i lly i l s aws and ar e h and s aws w sh ow a sma l g , ill ll r r Th r k c ack nea or at th e ed g e . ese c ac s

' will rap i d ly i ncrease i n s iz e and will e ith er rui n the s aw comp letely or will result i n a p i ece of metal b reak i ng off and ﬂyi ng i nto th e ai r fre uent w th ser ous n ur es as , q ly i i i j i S h ra k m r m a result. uc c c s ay b e e ed i ed and p rev ented from spread i ng by b ori ng a small

h o e at th e nward m t of th e crack F i . l i li i , g 7 I i r r h 8 . t s a v e y easy matter to d ill suc a h ole either by h and d rill or d rill p ress if the surface i s treated wi th a mixture of camph or and turpenti ne and the d rill i s wet h h I f h ra k nd s wit t e s ame liquid . t e c c exte out to the g ullet of th e teeth th e outer ed g e sh ou d b e ed out to an ev en round ed l ﬁl , i i a h sh a e F i . 88 n ord er to re ent ts c tc p , g , p v i n and h g c ippi ng . 1 1 1 ADAP T E RS F OR HACK S AWS .

Th e uni v ers al use of h and h ack s aws h as led to a f ai rly s tand ard leng th of s aws and

F i 8 7 — k F i 8 8 — E f C c C c . . nd o . S g . top p ing ra g ra k S f m S ea i o e . ro p r d n g . mo th d h o d ers or f rames and the atter are now l , l g enerally mad e ad j ustab l e to a cons i d erabl e extent so th at any s lig h t v ari ati on i n th e

F i — . 8 9 g . A p er for V us S z es of H c -S aw B es da t ario i a k lad .

eng th of b ad es ma b e tak en u I l l y p . n v ery few frames h owev er i , , s there more th an a s ht ad us tment lig j p oss i b le and wh ere only one h o d er i l s av ail ab l e and v ari ous s iz ed b ad es are used a s m e m h l , i pl et od of ad apt F I L E S F OR S AWS .

0 ing th e bl ad es to th e frames may b e ar i I h r h i F 89 . n s an ed as s own n . t cut g g i , A A i nd i cate th e e nd s of th e frames wh ere the s aw i s h eld by peg s or p i ns p as si ng i h B B B m k th roug h h oles n t e s aw . y a i ng an i ron or steel extensi on wi th h oles at v ari ous d stances as at O s aws of an en th i , y l g

$ i h fr m h D may b e used n t e a e as s own at D . The ch oi ce of a ﬁ l e for s aw sh arp eni ng i s almost as imp ortant as the selecti on of a

— — F i . 9 An 0 . ul r F i . 9 0 a . a G u le s . R un g g l t g o d G ull et s . s a - w itself . Ord i nary three cornered and fl at files will answer and th ous and s of s aws are annually filed and filed well with a th ree

— - i und E ed F e . F . 9 1 R g . o d g il

cornered fi le but un ess care i s tak en the , l th ree -cornered fi l e will often cut i nto th e b ack of th e next te e th to th e one b ei ng filed mak n th e u et v er sh ar or an u ar i g g ll y p g l , i f rm f f e is sh own F . A etter g 90 . b o o il i F i 1 r f rm f e s es e n . 9 wh e sev e a o s o g , il l fil p

‘ 1 1 4 RA E E CR B AND S AW E E H K T T .

‘ i ns tead of s h arp or. ang ul ar as menti oned Th r ab ov e . e ound g ullet g i v es a f ar b etter cutti ng s aw and rend ers th e l atter less ab e to b reak a li l g e .

$ The teeth of th e b and s aw S h ould b e ﬁled stra ht acros s nstead of at an an e h ig i g l , t us v n a more or ess ch se - ke o nt b u g i i g l i l li p i , t a r k a e S h ould b e left s imil ar to th e p itch of a an r i e on F . 94 h h p l i , g , w i c will all ow th e sawteeth to sh av e or plane off the mater a a d i l s we . With out a g ood — i k f T ee h . 4 . Ra e o F g . 9 t rak e or p itch the teeth merely s crape or s cratch out th e ma teri al wth a resu t th at s ower work i s d one i l l , requi ri ng f ar more p ower and g reater strai n h on t e s aw.

M uch b reak a e of s aws can b e av o d ed g i , es ec a i n meta s awn if two s aw p i lly l i g , g uid es are p rov i d ed one b eing ab ov e th e table with an ad j ustment for v ari ous th i ck nesses of materi al and the other b eneath th e table merely to s tead y and g ui d e th e s aw. B oth of th ese g uid es S h ould b e p rov i d ed with an ad j ustment wh i ch will accommod ate v arious widths of saws and th e b ack of the 1 1 5 G UI DE S F OR B AN D S AWS .

s aw s hould a lways run ag ai nst th e g uid e at all t m s thus ro d n a ﬁ rm b ear n and i e , p v i i g i g tak i ng al l edg e strai n from the b l ad e s av e for the comp arati v ely sh ort d i stance b e Th th of h s aw S h ou d tween g ui d es . e tee t e l h owever alway s run b ey ond the ed g e of the

uid e for if th e teeth run i n th e u d e -s ot g , g i l the p oints or set of the teeth will e ith er I n h wear away or the g uid e will be cut. t e former case th e teeth soon b ecome pin-p oi nt ed and w not cut wh e i n the atter case ill , il l there will be too much p l ay in the g uid es r and the s aw will b uck le and b eak .

P o s h in eanin and G rind in S aws Car li g , Cl g g ; b orund um and Carb orund um W h eels ; Home M ad e S aw Clamp s and S aw S ets ; H ow to F old B and S aws ; Tab le s of Gag e s ; S iz e s and

Num e r f Te e th f V r K nd f a b o o a ious i s o S ws . One of th e most common troub les wi th s aws i s th e g reat d ifﬁ culty in k eep i ng th em smooth and p oli shed and free from rust wh ch not on revents the r ro er act on i ly p i p p i , b ut makes th em v ery h ard to d rive with on uent h at n a r c seq e i g nd wa p i ng . Und er ord i nary cond iti ons a s aw may b e readily kept smooth and brig ht by wipi ng 1 1 6 P OL I S HI NG S AWS . and o n after use b ut wh ere used around ili g , s alt water ord i nary oil will not p rev ent rust m Th ma r a in h from for i ng . e b est te i l t e world for use on s aws or oth er tool s to pre i il f m h v ent rust s cocoanut o . A p i ece o s oot i ron or steel well coated with thi s l ub ri cant may b e immersed i n s alt water for sev eral h ours and allowed to d ry with out wip i ng I n arm and wi ll not rust to any extent. w weather the oil wh ch i s norma a ta ow , i lly ll ke sub stance b ecomes u d and i n ord er li , liq i , to use it und er such cond iti ons it . i s ad vi s able to melt it up with its own weig ht of h ard arafﬁ ne or ta ow wh ch w rev ent p ll , i ill p it from b ecomi ng too soft to remain on th e f h r h surface o t e s aw o ot er tool .

S aws th at h av e b ecome rou h rust or g , y p itted may b e poli sh ed by rubb i ng with

emer a er oil and emer owd er d car y p p , y , p e b orund um or s imil ar ab ras i ve comp ound s and n sh n wth owd ered um ce tr o ﬁ i i g i p p i , ip li ,

r n ton or rou . otte s e, g e Wh en p oli sh i ng a s aw it sh ould b e l aid

1 1 8 CARB ORUNDUM .

Th e common emery wh eel s formerly used f or g ummi ng or g ri nd i ng s aws h av e now b een almos t enti rely superced ed by carb or m h ma r h h i r und a . T s te a w c s a od uct i i l , i p Of the electri cal furnace and was acci d en tally d i s cov ered in an attempt to p rod uce art c a d amond s or other rec ous stones i ﬁ i l i p i , i s ne t i n h ard ness to th e d amond and i s x i , h I i r f rm a so er c e a . n ts o na o as l v y p ig i l , tak n from th furnac i t i a mass f b eau e e e, s o tiful crys tal s of mag ni ﬁ cent p ri s mati c col ors b ut wh en b roken crush ed and round , , g r I it a ea s as a d u b rown sh mater a . t pp ll , i i l i s s old i n th e form of p owd ers of v ari ous d e rees of coarsenes s and i n th e sh a e of g , p

h r h w etstones nd n w ee s etc. , g i i g l , F or s aw work th i s materi al i s especi ally well ad apted for it cuts rap i d ly and smooth ly and can b e h ad in any d eg ree of ﬁneness . Wh en an emery wh eel arb or or g ri nd i ng stand i s not at h and a carb orund um wh eel may b e operated by p l aci ng it on a ci rcul ar saw mand r wh e e ce ent resu ts ma il , il x ll l y al so b e ob tai ned by ri g g i ng up an ol d s croll s aw ath e or sew n mach ne to o erate , l i g i p h carb o rund um w ee s . On ar e s aws es e l l g , p ci al l c rcu ar s aws carb orund um wh ee s y i l , l - E 1 1 9 H OM E MADE C L AM P S AND S TS .

found of reat v a ue and man of th e will b e g l , y mod ern g ummi ng mach i nes are e quipp ed wi th th ese wh eel s . I t i s often a g reat conv eni ence to h av e s aw v i ses or cl amp s and s aw sets when r r S u h read y mad e ones cannot b e p ocu ed . c th i ng s are eas ily mad e from e i th er wood or meta and th ere i s no reason for an one l, y h A r g oi ng with out suc appli ances . se v i ce ab le s aw v i se can b e mad e by merely cl amp i ng th e s awb etween two stri p s of h ard wood or meta h e d i n an ord nar b ench v se l l i y i , i wh f f r F . 96 e eces o s o t b ass or z nc g , il p i i p l aced ov er th e ord i nary v i se j aws will an r all ur o a a s we p p ses t pi nch . H ome mad e s aw-sets can b e d ev i sed by

i — — F . d aw F i 9 6 . 9 7 S aw S g Woo en S g . e t C am f P e s l p . rom li r . cutti ng a notch i n one s i d e of a p ai r of pli ers and i nserti ng a small tooth i n th e 1 20 C OI L I NG B AND S AWS .

i o os te aw F . 97 b ut a unch and d ie pp i j , g , p mad e from a b it of metal and a cold ch i sel rk F i w a so d o ood wo . 98 . S t a ill l g , g ill n other set may b e mad e by cutti ng — two slits i n an old s crew d r v er ch se or s m ar i , i l i il i i h F . tool and b end i ng them as s own n g 99 . Th i s tool S h ould b e p l aced ov er th e te e th to b e set and then b roug ht b ack and d own ward as sh own until th e prong s A A bear h ag ai nst t e s aw. M any users of b and s aws h av e been puz z led to d etermi ne j ust how the saws are fold ed or coiled

‘ for S h ment and ip , no m a t t e r h ow carefully th e saw F i — S aw S et f m B ck 8 . g . 9 ro lo s and C hi el . may b e unp ack ed or unrolled i t i s v ery difﬁ cult to dis cov er h owto roll it he ag ai n . W n once th e secret is known

i . r t is howev e , a v ery S imple matter to roll or fold a

— F i b and S 3 W ro er . . S e e r e . g 9 9 . aw S t from S cr wd iv r p p ly

1 22 C OI L I NG B AND S AW S .

— C i B n - 1 02 . S a . F ig . oil n g a d w

F i 1 — - . 03 . i n g Co ling B a d S aw.

— - F i . 1 04 . Co l B n S aw g i ing a d . COI L I NG B AND S AWS . s aw to be c ear of an ob struct on and a l y i , s you twi st you will ﬁ nd th at th e s aw tend s to sp ri ng i nto two l oop s or ci rcles as s h own i F i 1 02 . A n g . s s oon as th e s aw g ets i nto th e os t on S h own i n F i 1 0 p i i g . 3 i t sh ould b e

— - 05 C lin B n S aw. F i 1 . g . oi g a d

1 04 and b roug ht tog ether as S hown in F ig . Th s twi sted as i nd i cated by the arrow B . i twi st results i n its falli ng eas ily i nto th ree ev en co s two of whi ch are formed b th e il , y rst tw st A wh h turn one ov er ah ﬁ i ( ) , i c 1 24 OI L I B A A C NG ND S WS . other as th e th i rd i s formed by the twi st B Th th r r n r at ( ) . e ee i g s o loop s will th en ﬁ t closely tog ether and will not untwi st or f h r F i n t own acc r . 1 0 ope o ei o d g . 5 illus trates the operati on p racti cally complete

i — - F . 1 B 0 6 . C S aw g oiling and . with two coil s ov erl app i ng and teeth upward wh ile th e l as t l oop formed h as th e teeth d ownward and remai ns to b e twi s ted until th e teeth on th e ast co turn u ermost l i l pp , and the l oop may then b e d ropped i nto ad

TAB E S OF S IZ E S GAGE S AND NUM L , B E R OF TE E TH OF VARI OUS SAWS

DI AM E TE R AN D TH I CKNE S S OF C I RCU L AR S AWS

D h knes h k T c s D . n i am. i i am T i c ess (G ag e) (G ag e) - E 1 27 LAB S AW T E TH .

S U P E RI OR

I nserted Tooth Circular S aws Any G ag e to 8

Di am . Teeth

4 i 0 n . 42 u 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1 28 DI M E NS I ON S OF B AND S AWS .

B AND S AWS

Width Width

S CROL L S AW B L ADE S

INDE X

P AG E

Ad a ters fo H - p r a ck sa ws .

Amount of S e t

Ang le a nd Rak e

B ent S et i n in ; Op era t on of B e d g for S et . B raz ing B and S aws ’ B utch er s S aws

Carb orund um

Care of H and S aws

Ch oice of a Hand S aw

Ch oice of a S aw

Ch oice of Teeth for S p ecial P urp oses .

Circul ar S aw Tee th l iﬁ i “ C as s cat on of S aws .

Cleaner G uag e Coiling B and S aws Comp arison of Circular S awTee th

Crack s in S aws

ross—cu s H nd Two-man Circul ar C t ; a , , Crotch S wag es I NDE X . 1 3 1

P AG E

E lements of th e Tee th

E m rind s o er h l s . G n y W ee v t e .

F iles F iles for S aws F iling Clamp s F lin i g Hand S aws . F e u i in r q ency of F l g .

G uid es for B and S aws G ulle t or Throa t

umm s G er . . “ G umming or G ulle ting

n i n n Hand v s M ach e F l a d S et n . . i i g ti g Hard ness of E mery Wh eel s

Hints and Wrinkl es

m - Ho e M ad e Clamp s and S e ts .

Horse P ower t un i o R C rcular S aws .

HOW To Hammer Circul ar S aws HowTo Use E meryWh eels I NDE X .

P A G E

Kind of S e t

L ub ricating S aws

M etal Work n i g S aws . ’ M ixter s Ro ar t y.

era io o F i Op t n f ling .

P olishing S aws

P reface

Rak n e for B a d S aw Tee th .

R ir n ep a i g Hack S aws . R s in H s e e tt g ack S aw .

Re v ersible B la d e G ummer

i -S ws H n S sh Ci ular B nd R p a , a d , a , rc , a .

S aw Clamp S aw S e ts .

S e tting S aws Sid e Ang l e or F l eam F S id e iling .

S id e J ointing .

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Braz ing and S old ering Cams . Charts Che mi stry Civi l E ng ineering

Compres se d Air Concrete Dictionari es Dies— M etal Work Drawing S ke tching P ap er E lectricity . E e nam ling “ F M e e e t actory anag m nt , F ue l ” G as E ng ines and G as G earing and Hydraulics I ce and Refrig eratio I nvention s — P atents L athe P ractice L iq uid Air L ocomotive E ng in eering M achin e S hop P ractice M anual Train ing M arine E n inee ring M etal Wor -Dies

M i scellane ou s P atents and I nvention s P attern M aking P e f e r um ry . P lumb ing Rece ipt B ook . Refrig eration and I ce

S aws S crew Cutting S heet M etal Work S oldering . S team E ng in eering S team H e ating and V e ntilation S team P ipes

Watch M aking Wire le ss T e le phone s

m? A ny o f th e s e b o o k s will b e s e nt p re p a id to an y p a rt o f

h w ld o n re c e t o f ic e t e o . r , ip p r

REM IT b y Dra ft . P o s ta l M o n e y O rd e r. E xp re ss M one y O rd e r

R E E I P S , F O R M U L A S A ND P R O E S S E S E e C T C . dit d b y G D H - c . ARDNER . i s ox Th e mo s t valuabl e T echno che mical Re e B s e e s e e e s en c ipt ook publi h d , including ov r l ct d ci tiﬁc e e e e s o es s es ch mical , t chnolog ical , and practical r c ipt and pr c . S e e a e 2 for f l l d e s o of s ook p g 4 u cri pti n thi b .

CIVI L E NGINE E RING

H E NL E Y ’ S E NCYCL OP E D I A O F P R A CTI CA L E N G I NE E R I N G A ND A L L I E D R A DE T S . E dit e d by JOSEPH G H A . M . I . M B s s e ﬁ v e e s . . t of s ORNER , Thi volum contain 2 , 5 0 0 es s s of s s about pag With thou and illu tration , including dia s e s f e e s g rammatic and ctional drawing with ull xplanatory d tail . I t e s th e e e e of M e E e e i cov r ntir practic Civil and chanical ng in r ng . I t t e ll s you all you want to know about e ng in e e ring and t e ll s it s o s s o e s o s e o ne e imply , cl arly , conci ly that cannot h lp but e s er e for e e set of ﬁ v und r tand . p volum or compl t e e s volum . COKE

— C O KE M O DE R N COKI N G P R A CTI CE ; I N CL UDI N G T H E . A N A L S I O F M A E L D P R D Y S T R I A S A N O U CTS . B H B . . F e w of th e I s e of e s F e y T YROM , llo n titut Ch mi try , llow of Th e e S e e c E . M e e t . . Ch mical oci ty , , and J CHRISTOPHER , mb r o f h e e fo t S of e I s etc . A r oci ty Ch mical ndu try , handbook tho se e ng ag e d in Coke manufacture and th e recovery of B y s F s e s product . ully illu trat e d with folding plat . Th e s ubj ect of Cok e Manufacture i s o f rapidly incre asing in tere st s e e as es th e e e o f and ig nificanc , mbracing it do r cov ry valuabl e b y- products in which s ci e ntific control is o f th e firs t o ance I h as ee th e of th e s e m rt . t b p n aim author , in pr paring c s e o ne s b e of u se e e hi book , to produc which hall and b n fit to s e wh o are s s e e e s e th e e d e tho a ociat d with , or int r t d in , mod rn I m n h s uc Op e ts of t e indu try . I I G e e ss e s : I . I . . Cont nt Chap . ntroductory . Chap n ral Cla i

V . Th e . I i n s I I I . W s . ﬁ cat o o f F u e l . Chap . Coal a hing Chap V h e S V of e e tc . . . T ampling and aluation Coal , Cok , Chap

O e s . V I . e l i P o e . Ca or ﬁ c ower f Coal and Cok . Chap Cok v n I e O e s V I I . I I O e s e . . . V . e Chap Cok v n , continu d Chap Cok v n ,

D s f e O e s . I X . o continu e d . Chap . Charg ing and i charg ing Cok v n I as E x X . G . . e s g P . . Chap X Coolin and Cond n in lant Chap o h a sters s A s s of A u . Compo ition and naly i mmoniacal

I I I W of A L . L iquor . Chap . X . orking up mmoniacal iquor

V e o f W s e G s es f S e P s . X I . e Chap . Tr atm nt a t a rom ulphat lant

XV I . X V of A S e . . . V Chap . aluation mmonium ulphat Chap

s es . Direct Recovery of Ammonia from Coke Ove n G a . Chap

s a s f e O e . Us ef e s . e XVI I . S urplu G rom Cok v n ul Tabl V ry s e n e t fully illu trat d . COMP RE SSE D AI R

CO M P R E S S E D A I R I N A L L I T S A P P L I CA TI O N S . B y G D H I s x s is h e s e e th e c o . t ARDNER . Thi mo t compl t book on — s e o f Air h as e e ee s s e its h ye ubj ct that v r b n i u d , and thirty ch apt ers includ e about e very phase o f th e s ubj ect o ne can think of I t b e e a n e e of es se It I s . may call d ncyclop dia compr d air , s h as d e l th e e e e its 6 6 g e , writt n by an xp rt , who , in 5 pa a t With s e e e s e e s e of e ubj ct in a compr h n iv mann r , no pha it b in O e 0 0 s s th E t e se and v r 5 illu tration , s di ion , r vi d C b H f loth ound ; al morocco , ORNA DI E NTAL C ON RE E W I H OU M OL DS B A A C T T T . y . . Th e ess for e e H OUGHTON . p roc making ornam ntal conc ret with s h as ee e as s e e a nd for th e st out mold , long b n h ld a cr t now , fir s s s i e Th e es i th e . e e e s th e tim , thi proc g v n to public book r v al s e e is th e s e e s s e cr t and only book publi h d which xplain a impl , a e e e th e e e er is e e pr ctical m thod wh r by concr t work nabl d , by e n o e e e s of ff e e es s to mployi g wo d and m tal t mplat di r nt d ig n , e re e e A mold or mod l in conc t any Cornic , rchivolt , C—olumn , P e es B se Urn P e f d tal , a Cap , or i r in a monolithic orm rig ht h s e e s s o t e . e e b up n job Th may mold d in unit or block , and e s h e s s e e s th n built up to uit t p ecification d mand d . Thi work is f s e e e e s . ully illu trat d , with d tail d ng raving P OP UL A R H A ND B O O K F OR CE M E NT A ND C ON RE E U S E R B L E s S M H . C . s i C T , y YRON EWIS , . Thi a con ci se treati se of th e principles and methods e mploye d in th e se o e e i n ss es of e s manuf acture and u f c m nt all cla mod rn work . The h as b e e s th e s e author roug ht tog th r in thi work , all ali nt matter of interest to th e us er o f concrete and its many divers ifie d s Th e e is e s e e s s e product . matt r pr nt d in log ical and y t matic e e e f s e f e e f e ord r , cl arly writt n , ully illu trat d and r rom involv d h e e is e a e s E e of e t e se . m th matic . v rything valu to concr t u r g iv n H s Among th e chapt ers containe d in th e book are : I . i torical D h e s es f e e e ss o o e I . G e ve lopment f t U C m nt and Concr t . I lo ary t e e I I I i s of e s e e e e . T rm mploy d in C m n and Concr t work . K nd m e s I V e s of e e e . . L Or C m nt loy d in Con truction im , dinary and

H L e P s e s . V I N e e s V I I ydraulic . im la t r . atural C m nt . . P e s V I I s s X A I . I e e . I . ortland Ce m nt . n p ction and T ting dul

ion e s e s e e . G e terat F S . S ; or or ig n ub tanc in C m nt X and , rav l X X I . M I I I e G . I I . and B roke n S ton . ortar . . rout X Con R XV . M e s e e P X I V e e e f e . cr t ( lain) . . Concr t ( in orc d) thod

e X V I . F s fo Re and Kind s of Re inforc e m nts . orm r P lain and I B s I I fo e e e . VI . e e . V I A t in rc d Concr t X Concr t lock X . r i T s i . X I X e e e re e P es l . ﬁ c a S tone . Concr t il XX . Conc t ip and B s s X e P s I I . e X I e e e . Conduit . . Concr t il . XX Concr t uilding I I I e e W s I V e e S e e e W . . XX . Concr t in at r ork XX Concr t in w r

X e s . s X V . e H VI . Work . Concr t in i g hway Con truction XX e e Re s VI I e e A es Concr t ta ining Wall . XX . Concr t rch and

Ab e s I e e e s . V I I . S utm nt . XX Concr t in ubway and Tunn l D I . e e B e W . e e s XX X Concr t in rid ork . XXX Concr t in ock

W es . I o ncre s e W e . and harv XXX . te Con truction und r at r I s I I . e e h F . I I e e e . XXX Concr t on t e arm XXX . Concr t Chimn y I V e e e f . e or O . e XXX . Concr t rnam ntation XXX V Concr t M s M s e ne s U s e s V I s fo a s e I . e r u ol um and i c lla ou . XXX n p ction I V I . e e e e W . Concr t ork XXX Wat rp rooﬁng Concre t Work . I I I . P e e W I . XXXV Coloring and ainting Concr t ork . XXX X M e of F s e e f es X L e s thod ini hing Concr t S ur ac . . S p ciﬁcation and E stl mates for e e W Concr t ork .

DI CTI ONARI E S

S A NDA R D E L E R I A L DI I O NAR T CT C CT Y . By T . ’ O C S E An s e s e eres e ONOR LOAN . indi p n abl work to all int t d in e e s en e S e e o l ctrical ci c . uitabl alik f r th e s tud ent and profes s i on l A - a . practical hand book o f refer e nc e contai ning d eﬁnitions of s Th e ni s e s h s e s . d eﬁ about di tinct word , t rm and p ra tions are t ers e and conci s e and includ e e very t erm u se d in e lectri cal s e R An e ne e n e . e e s e w . S ci c c ntly i sue d . ntir ly dition hould b e in th e poss e ss i on of all who d es ire to kee p abre as t with th e o es s n of s of s e e . om ete is e g p , n o a d pr r thi bra—nch ci nc C l con v eni ent . 6 8 2 s p ag es 3 9 3 illu trations . DI E S — M E TAL WORK

DI E S H E I R O N S R U I O N A ND U S E F O R TH E . T C T CT iVI O DE R N W O R I N G O F S H E E M E A L S K T T . By J . V f r se W . A n ew o OODWORTH book by a practical man , tho who s to th e e s e th e o f s ee e s wi h know lat t practic in working h t m tal . I t s s es a re e s e e and se os e how how di d ig n d , mad u d , and th who are e ng ag e d in thi s lin e of work can secure many valuabl e s ug e s s g tion .

P U N H E S DI E S A ND O OL S F O R M A NU F A CT UR C . T ’ ‘ I N G I N P R E S S E S . D O R I H An e nc clo B . V O O W W . y J . y e of d ie - a - a d ie - s s e e - e p dia m king , punch m king , inking , h t m tal of s e s s ub re s s e s e e s working , and making p cial tool , p , d vic and e s for u e f m chanical combination punchin g , c tting , b nding , orm in e es s ss e s e e g , pi rcing , drawing , compr ing . and a mbling h t me tal part s and al s o articl e s o f oth e r mat erial s in machin e ’ s s is s s e e tool . Thi a di tinct work from th e author book ntitl d ‘ D $ es e s Us e . 0 0 es 0 0 e n ra v : i ; Th ir Con truction and 5 pag , 7 g i s ng .

DRAWING— SK E TCHING PAP E R

L I NE AR P E R P E I E L F - A H S CT VE S T U G T . By HERMAN K . . s e s h e e e of e r T C RAUS . Thi work g iv t th ory and practic lin a e s e e as se e e e e e p r p ctiv , u d in archit ctural , ng in ring , and m chanical s P e s s h o f h e s e y e drawing . r on takin g up t e study t ubj ct b th m se e s t h e aid of teac e b e e th e us e o f th e lv , without a h r , will abl by s t e e s th e s e a nd e s o in truc ion g iv n to r adily g ra p ubj ct , by r a n e e er e s Th e n e abl practic becom e g ood p s p ecti v d raft m en . arra g e of th e is d th e e is on th e ef — e th e m nt book g oo plat l t hand , whil e s e e f s th e s e e s o as b e e d criptiv t xt ollow on Oppo it pag , to r adily e fe e Th e s are s f e y e s e r rr d to . drawing on u ﬁci ntl larg cal to Show th e e a re e Th e e a es work cl arly and plainly ﬁg ur d . whol work m k e e e s e e s e e a nd b e a v ry compl t cour on p r p ctiv drawing , will f of e e e s e c e i e e s ound g r at valu to archit ct , civil and m hanical ng n r ,

e e s e s e s e e s f s e . pat nt attorn y , art d i g n r , ng rav r , and dra t m n

P R A I A L P E R S P E I E . B R CT C CT V y ICHARDS and COLVIN . S hows ju s t how to make all kind s of m e chanical drawing s in th e M e s e e only practical p ers p ective i som etric . ak v rything plain so that a ny m e chanic can und ers tand a s ketch or drawing in e s e th e s e s th e thi s way . S av tim in drawing room and mi tak in

s s e es of s sses of . s hop . Contain practical xampl variou cla work 5 0 ce n t s S E L F -TA U C R T M E CH ANI CA L DR AW I N G A ND E L E E A A H I E E I G M . E M N R M N D S N . B L . S T Y C y F . YLVESTER D f s s E O e s s e e o f ra t man , with addition by rik b rg , a ociat ditor “ $ M e A e e e e se M e a achin ry . practical l m ntary tr ati on ch nical D M ne De s n s th e s ri ci es of rawing and achi i g , compri ing ﬁr t p n pl e me e h d o s em s g o tric and m c anical rawing , w rk hop math atic , e s s e Of a e ls and th e d es m chanic , tr ng th m t ria calculation and ign of e e s e for th e us e o f e s machin d tail . compil d practical m chanic f s e and young dra t m n .

e A NE W S KE TCH I N G P A P E R . A new s pecially ru l d paper to e nabl e you to make s ke tch e s or drawing s in i s om etric p er s s I t is e n s e fo r S p ectiv e without any ﬁ ri ng or fu ing . b i g u d s et s a s e a s s s e s a s e s o ne hop d ail w ll or a mbly drawing , it mak s e th e of e e m h e se e g k tch do work thr , and no work an can lp in

E L E C RI C WIR I NG DI A G RA M S A ND S W I H T . TC B OA R DS . B N H s is th e e e y EWTON ARRISON . Thi only compl t work i ss ued showing and t elling you what you s hould know It is e about direct and alt ernating current wiring . a r ady efe e e T s e e e s r r nc . h e work i free from advanc d t chnicaliti and

e se . It is e e math ematics . Arithmetic b ing u d throug hout in v ry e s e e - en s e e e s e r p ct a handy , w ll writt , in tructiv , compr h n iv e for th e e f e e e volum on wiring wir man , or man , contractor or l c

trician 2 2 es 1 0 s s . . 7 pag , 5 illu tration

’ ’ E L E R I I A S H A D B O O . N N P F . O CT C Y K B y RO . T CONOR is e e or h e e e S . s f t r LOANE Thi work int nd d p actical l ctrician , h as e s Th e e e e of E l ectnicit is who to mak thing g o . ntir ﬁ ld y e e its es I s s e es s e e e cov r d within pag . t contain no u l th ory ; v ry is th e I t e es s o u s thing to point . t ach you ju t what y hould e e It i s th e s u s e know about l ctricity . tandard work p bli h d on th e s e - n h e s 6 1 0 e s s e . F o e ubj ct orty c apt r , ng raving , hand om ly bound in red l e ather with titles and e dg es in g old .

E L E R I I I N F A OR I E S A ND W OR S H O P S CT C TY CT K ,

I T S O S A ND O N E N I E N E . P B A . H C T C V C y RTHUR ASLAM . A practical book for power produc ers and power u sers s howing e e e th e e e its s f s h a s what a conv ni nc l ctric motor , in variou orm , e e h e e f e I t s e s th e b com to t mod rn manu actur r . al o d al with s e e e th e s of e e condition which d t rmin co t l ctric driving , and compares thi s with other m ethod s of producing and utiliz ing s e f s e e 1 2 e V . pow r . 3 pag ry ully illu trat d

' E L E R I I S I M P L I F I E D . B P F O . R CT C TY y RO . T CONO “ $ Th e e of E e h S LOANE . Obj ct l ctricity S impliﬁe d is to make t e s ubj ect a s plain a s po s s ib l e and to Show what th e mod ern con ce p tion of e l ectricity is ; to s how how two plat e s of differe nt m etal s immers e d in acid can s e nd a m es s ag e around th e g lob e ; to e xplain how a bundl e of copp er wire rotat e d by a s t e am e ng i ne b e th e e s ee s e th e Ohm can ag nt in lig hting our tr t , to t ll what volt , e e are e s e and amp r , and what hig h and low t n ion m an ; and to an swer th e q u e stions that p erp etually ari s e in th e mind in thi s

e 1 2 e s . I s e . ag e of l ectricity . 7 pag llu trat d

H O T O B E G ONIE A S U E S S F U L E L E R I I A W CC CT C N . ’ An e e s f B P F O S . e y RO . T . CONOR LOANE int r ting book rom cov r e e s e s e th e s e s e s es to cov r . T lling in impl t lang uag ur t and a i t way s Th e s e s e f e e s e sf e e . b e to b com a ucc ul l ctrician tudi to ollow d , m ethod s of work ﬁ eld Of Op eration and th e re quirem e nt s of th e s e s f a e e e ucc s ul el ectrician r point d out and fully xplain ed .

2 2 es I s e . 0 pag . llu trat d

M A NA E M E F D A M O - T G N T O YN S . B y L UMMIS P A ER is e A f e e . s SON . handbook o th ory and practic Thi work arrang d ee s Th e s e s th e e e e e of in thr part . ﬁr t part cov r l m ntary th ory h T s h e s of t e . h e e t dynamo cond part , con truction and action th e d i ﬁ erent clas s es of dynamos in common us e are d e scrib ed ; whil e th e third part re lates to s uch matters as affect th e prae s 2 2 tical manag em e nt and working of dynamos and motor . 9

es 1 1 s s . pag , 7 illu tration

A NDA R D E L E R I AL DI I O NA R . S B P f . T CT C CT Y y ro . T ' O A o efe e e i . CONOR S LOANE . pract ical handbook f r r nc conta n WI CHB OAR DS B W B X T s b S R . k T y ILLIAM A TER , J hi oo app e als to e ve ry e ng ine er and e l ectrician who wants to know All s s s th e s e of s . of s practical id thing ort and condition dynamo , connections and circuit s a re Shown by diag ram and illu s trate e e jus t how th e switchboard s hould b conn ect d . Includ e s direct e e s s s e for are in and alt rnating curr nt board , al o tho lig hting ,

es e e s . S e e e cand c nt , and pow r circuit p cial tr atm nt on hig h

fo e s ss . 1 0 e s s e s r I e . voltag board pow r tran mi ion 9 pag . llu trat d

E L E P H O NE ONS R U I ON I NS A L L A I ON T C T CT , T T .

I R I N G O P E R A I O N A ND M A I N E NA N E . H W B W . . , T T C y s es h e es RADCLI F F E and H . C . CUSHING . Thi book g iv t principl o f construction and op eration of b oth th e B e ll and Inde p e nd e nt ins trume nt s ; approve d m e thod s of in s talling and wiri ng them ; th e m eans o f prot ecting the m from lig htning and abnormal cur r ent s ; the ir connection tog ethe r for op eration a s s eri es or b rid g i n s s es for e s e e e g tation ; and rul th ir in p ction and maint nanc . L ine wiring and th e wiring and op eration of s p ecial t el e phon e

s s e s are s e e . 1 8 0 es 1 2 s s . y t m al o tr at d pag , 5 illu tration

W I R I N G A H OUS E . B H P s s e y ERBERT RATT . S how a hou e e s s s W e e alr ady built ; t ll ju t how to tart abou t wiring it . h r to b eg in ; what wire to u se ; how to run it according to ins uranc e s e e e D e s es f th f . rul , in act ju t in ormation you n d ir ction apply r 2 5 ce n ts s F e . e qually to a hop . ou th dition

R E L E E L E P H E A N D H H E W I S S T ON S OW T Y W OR K . - s is e e e B y JAMES E R S KINE MURRAY . Thi work fr from e laborat d e tail s and aims at g ivin g a cl e ar s urve y of th e way in which I t is e e fo r e e s Wire l es s Te le phon es work . int nd d amat ur work r or s e s e e e of E e is s and f tho who knowl d g l ctricity li g ht . Chap t ers containe d : H ow We H ear— H i s torical— Th e Conve rs ion Of S ound into E l e ctric Waves — Wire les s Tran s mi s s ion — Th e P ro duction Of Alte rnating Curre nts of H ig h F re qu e ncy— H o w th e E l ectric Waves a re Radiate d and Rec e ive d— Th e Rec e ivin g I n s truments — De tectors — Achi e ve m ents and E xp ectations G s s of e l lo ary T chnica Work . Cloth .

E NAM E LI NG

E L E ’ E N I E H E N R R E E I P B O H N Y S TW T T C TU Y C T O K . D f H i s . A o E dit e d by G ARDNER . cox work practical e e s e e e e s for e for r c ipt , including nam ling r c ipt hollow war , s or s s for r T e f a e fo e tc . m tal , i g n , chin and porc lain , wood , hor S e e a e 2 for f l d e s o n o f t s b oo k oug h and practical . p g 4 ul crip ti hi .

F ACTORY M ANAGE M E NT E TC , .

M ODE RN M A H I NE S H OP O NS R U I ON E U I P C C T CT , Q

M E N A ND M A NA G E M E N . B 0 E P M E . A T T y . . ERRIGO , work d e s i g n e d for th e practical and e very —day us e o f th e Archi ee e s s th e M f e s th e E i e e s t t who d ig n , anu actur r who build , ng n r e th e S e e e s ni e who plan and quip , up rint nd nt who org a z and e for th e f n Of e e s e e dir ct , and in ormatio v ry tockhold r , dir ctor , f e e s e i e e f e o ﬁc r , accountant , cl rk , up r nt nd nt , or man and work man of th e mod ern machine shop and manufacturi ng plant of s e i Indu trial Am r ca . FUE L

C OM B U S TI O N O F C O AL A ND T H E P R E VE NTI ON

O F S M O E . B WM M B . K y . . ARR To b e a s ucc ess a ﬁreman “ us b e L H e s e h i r m t ig ht on Coal . mu t k e p s ﬁ e in g ood con e e as far a s s s e h s b t e e . s e dition , and pr v nt , po i l , mok nui anc . s h e s s s e is f me d To do thi , hould know how coal burn , how mok or th e e of fue th e e s s and prop r burnin g l to obtain b t re ult s . He ' ” e s e f B s s of an l arn thi , and mor too , rom arr Combu tion Coal . I t is an ab s olut e authority on all ques tions relating to th e F iring of L Ne es e . 0 f s e a ocomotiv arly 3 5 pag , ully illu trat d .

S M O E P R E E N I O N A ND F U E L E O NO M K V T C Y . B y B As h . t e e e s s o f 1 OOTH and KERSHAW titl indicat , thi book 9 7 pag e s and 7 5 illu stration s d eals with th e probl e m o f compl et e s e s f th e e e combu tion , which it tr at rom ch mical and m chanical s s e s e s th e e tandpoint , b id pointing out conomical and humani s e s o h e s tarian a p ct f t e qu tion .

GAS E NGINE S AND GAS

H E M I S R O F G A S M A N UF A U RE . B H M C T Y CT y . . ROY L E S A e s e for h e s e of s . t u a e ee s a s practical tr ati g ng in r , g I m n i s e — manag ers and stud ents . ncluding a o g t cont nts P re pa s of S S s F e s e s n ration tandard olution , Coal , urnac , T ti g and Re P n s s of . A s of g ulation . roduct Carbonization aly i Crud e Coal

s A s s of L e . A . A s s of O G a . e of I naly i im mmonia naly i xid ron . A s s of e - B s and e - V l N a e e . F F V e d om aphth l n naly i ir rick ir Clay . a n en e . P e G as e s d S p t Oxid hotom try and T ting . Carb ur e tted W e G as . M e p s G a s . M s e e s E s at r tro oli i c llan ou xtract . Useful Tables .

G A S E N G I NE O NS R U TI O N Or How B H f C T C , to uild a al - s e e G as E e B P W . A e Hor pow r ng in . y ARSELL and EED pra tical tre ati s e d es cribing th e the ory and principl e s of th e action o f a s e e s of s t e s th e e s s o f g ng in variou yp , and d ig n and con truction a h f - se - e a s e i e s s of th e al hor pow r g ng n , with illu tration work in e s s e e e s e s i v actual prog r , tog th r with dim n ion d working drawing g

n e h e s es of h e s e s . 0 0 es i g cl arly t iz t variou d tail 3 pag .

G A G A S OL I NE A ND OI L E N G I NE S . S B G D. , , y ARDNER

s s s e i h e s e e e e . E e H X . 8t ISCO Ju t i u d , r vi d and nlarg d dition v ry

se of as e e e e s s . S e ns u e u r a g ng in n d thi book impl , i tr ctiv , and - - T e e s e h e e th e S . e rig ht up to dat . only compl t work on ubj ct T ll th e n e e of a s s e Oil all about running and ma ag m nt g , g a olin and a e s e f e h e U e S es e ng ines s d ig n d and manu actur d in t nit d tat . E s e s for s e eh e e are xplo iv motor tationary , marin and v icl pow r f e e e e s s of e s ully tr at d , tog th r with illu tration th ir part and tabu e E e e s e s s e e a re . lat d iz , al o th ir car and running includ d l ctric I g nition by I nduction Coil and Jump S parks are fully e xplaine d s e n e f th e es for and illu trat d , includi g valuabl in ormation on t ting economy and power and th e erection of power plants . Th e s pecial inf ormation on PRODUCE R and S UCTION GASE S in clud e d cannot fail to prove of valu e to all intere s t e d in th e g en s cration of produc er g a s and its utili z ation in g as e ng in e . Th e rul es and re g ulation s of th e B oard o f F ire Unde rwriters in re g ard to th e in s tallation and manag e me nt of G asoline Motors is e f su e s n th e s fe s of e x los iv e g iv n in ull , g ti g a in tallation motor er A s of nite d S e s P e s s s e a s G s l e pow . li t tat at nt i u d on , a o in is n d e a nd Oil E ng i nes a nd th eir adjunct s from 1 8 7 5 to date i clu d . n e es 1 0 e s . t 484 p ag . 4 ng raving

I N E N O R ’ S M A N UA L H O W T O M A E A P A E NT V T , T O K P A Y . Thi s i s a book d e s ig n e d a s a g uid e to inve ntors in p er fe c tin e e s e e s s s g th ir inv ntion , taking out th ir pat nt , and di po ing f o e . I t i s s e s e P e S s th m not in any n a at nt olicitor Circular , ' P e B e 3 A e t s e e N e s e e s of a n nor a at nt rok r dv r i m nt . o adv rti m nt y d e s e h e I is e cription app ar in t work . t a book containing a q uart i ' o f e n s e e e e o f s e s s f e e e a c tury xp ri nc a ucc ul inv ntor , tog th r with nO te S s e d n t h e e e e e of e e s ba upo xp ri nc many oth r inv ntor .

L ATHE PRACTI CE

M O D E R A M E R I A L A H E P A E N C N T R CTI C . B y OSCAR - — E . P An u e A e L e . W ERRIGO p to dat book on m rican ath ork , d e s cribing and illus trating t h e very lates t practic e in lathe and - e s as e a s th e s t of es boring mill Op ration , w ll con truc ion and lat t d e ve lopm e nts i n th e manufacture o f the s e important clas s e s o f a e s 0 0 e s f s e m chin tool . 3 pag , ully illu trat d .

P R A I A L M E A L U R NI N G . B H CT C T T yJO S EPH G . ORNER . A o f 0 4 es f s e e com reh e n work 4 pag , ully illu trat d , cov ring in a p s ive mann er t h e mod e rn practic e of machining m e tal part s in ' th e e th e e e e e its e sse es lath , including r g ular ng in lath , ntial d ig n , its s e s its s its e s th e e Of th e u , tool , attachm nt and mann r holding e f h e e s Th e e e e e work and p r orming t op ration . mod rniz d ng in s s e o Th e it e s e f e . e lath , m thod , tool , and g r at rang accurat work e L e its s es s e s e s of e f Turr t ath , tool , acc ori and m thod p r ormin g its s e s s e e s f . unction Chapt r on p cial work , g rinding , tool hold r , s fe e s e s e e s e c e tc . ee s t . p d , d , mod rn tool t l , ,

U R I N G A ND B OR I N G A P E R S . B C L T N T y F RED H . O e e are s e s th e wa VIN . Th r two way to turn tap r ; rig ht y and o ne e s e s e h a s th e e s oth r . Thi tr ati to do with rig ht way ; it t ll s th e e s e t th e e you how to tart work prop rly , how to lath , what t s use t o use e f o ne e e ool to and how th m , and orty and oth r littl

F e . 2 5 c e n s thing s that you Should know . ourth dition t

LI QUID AIR

L I I D I A ND T H E L I U E F A I O N O F G A S E QU A R Q CT S . ’

O . e s B . S y T CONOR LOANE Th ory , hi tory , biog raphy , practical

s f e . 6 e s . I s e . application , manu actur 3 5 pag llu trat d

L OCOM OTIVE E NGINE E RI NG

-B A E A E H I S M A I R R . . B K C T C B y ROBERT H LACKALL . s is s e I t e s t e We s s e Thi book a tandard t xt book . cov r h ting hou E n h e No . 6 Air B e E u e th e No . a d t rak q ipm nt , including 5 T L ocomotive B rake E quipment ; th e K ( Quick S ervice ) Tripl e V alve for F re ig ht S ervic e and th e Cros s Compound P ump . Th e e of s o f th e s i s e e e t op ration all part apparatu xplain d in d ail , of e e e s efe s and a practical way ﬁnding th ir p culiariti and d ct ,

e remed v i s e . I t s 2 0 0 0 e s s with a prop r , g iv n contain , qu tion with e s e s e e ra s s th ir an w r , which will nabl any ilroad man to pa any e s e of i e s E s e se e xamination on th ubj ct A r Brak . ndor d and u d by air —brake ins tructors and e xaminers on E e es 2 . road in th e Unit d S tat . 3 d dition illu s trate d with folding plat e s and diag rams . CA M P D L OC DI T I A RI E RI N C O OU N O O V E S . B y F RED

H . . Th e s e e s s e COLVIN mo t compl t b ook on compound publi h d . e M es S s e s th e . how all typ , including balanc d compound ak e e e s s s s e se v rything cl ar by many illu tration , and how valv ttin g ,

e s e s 1 2 e s . br akdown and r pair . 4 pag

A P P L I CA TI O N OF H I G H L Y S U P E R H E A TE D S TE A M T O L O C O R’I O T I E V S . A . B y ROBERT G ARBE . practical book Contain s s p ecial chapters on G e neration o f Hi g hly S up erhe at e d S te am ; S up erheat e d S te am and th e Two —Cylind e r S impl e E ng in e ; Compounding and S up e rh eating : De s ig ns of L ocomotive S upe rhe at ers ; Constructive De tail s of L ocomotive s u s ing H i g hly R s s I us S up erhe at e d S t e am ; E xp erim e ntal and Working e ult . ll ra te e s es t d with folding plat and tabl .

C O M B U S TI ON O F C O A L A N D T H E P R E VE NTI O N

O F S M O E . M B e s e s s e M . . b K B y W . ARR To a ucc a ﬁr man s b e L H e s e e h is ﬁ re mu t ig ht on Coal . mu t k p in g ood con e e a s f r as ss e th e s e s e a . dition , and pr v nt po ibl , mok nui anc s h e s s s e i s f e To do thi , hould know how coal burn , how mok orm d “ th e e o e th e e s e s s H e and prop r burning f fu l to Obtain b t r ult . ’ $

e s e f B s o f . can l arn thi , and mor too , rom arr Combination Coal I t is an ab s olute authority on all qu e s tion s re lating to th e F iri ng o f L e e 0 e s f s e N . a ocomotiv . arly 3 5 pag , ully illu trat d

L I N M O I ONS A L E S A ND A L E S E I N G . B K T , V V V V TT y “ As s E of A e M s F H . e . RED COLVIN , ociat ditor m rican achini t A n e s th e s e e s of e s e ha dy book that cl ar up my t ri valv tting . h ff e e e e s u s e e S s t e t . how di r nt valv g ar in , how h y work , and why P i s ton and s lid e valve s of diff ere nt typ e s a re illu s trate d and e e A e e th e e xplain d . book that v ry railroad man in motiv 5 e e t e to e . s e 0 c e n t s . pow r d par m nt oug ht hav F ully illu trat d .

M I E B OI L E S I O L OCO O T V R CO N TR U CT N . By F RANK Th e s A . e KLEINHANS . only book howing how locomotiv s s e s o s boil ers a re built in mod ern shop . S how all t yp f boil er se es e s of s f s s a s u d ; g iv d tail con truction ; practical act , uch fe of e es e s e er e li riv ting punch and di , work don p day , allowanc for b e nding and ﬁ ang ing Sheets and oth er data that m e ans dol l ars t o 2 1 e s s s i . 4 g , 3 3 4 . S x O any railroad man pa illu tration f es olding plat .

L O COM O TI VE B R E A KD OW NS A ND TH E I R R E M E D I E S . B E . F G O L . . Re se m W . W W y OWLER vi d by . ood , ir- s s s A B e I . s e 1 1 0 Re se e e rak n tructor Ju t i u d 9 vi d pock t dition . I t is out of th e qu e s tion to try a nd t e ll you about e ve ry s ubj ect is e e s e e of L e B e s that cov r d in thi pock t dition ocomotiv r akdown . Jus t imag in e all th e common troubl e s that an e ng in e er may e x eo t o e s e e e o f th e e e e p t happ n om tim , and th n add all un xp ct d e s e s h a d e e on , troubl that could occur , but that you n v r thoug ht e a re e e th e e about , and you will ﬁnd that th y all tr at d with v ry s o VJ ls b e st m e thod f re pair . a ch a ert L ocomotive Valve G e ar T e s E e H e e s a s e as e s s roubl , l ctric adli g ht Troubl , w ll Qu tion and A s h e Air B a r l s e t e e e . s l n w r on rak all inc ud d 2 9 4 pag e . F ul y

s e . 1 00 illu trat d .

L O O M O I E A E H I S M . B R R R C T V C T C y OBE T G IMSHAW . th e s e e e s 2 7 r vi ed and nlarg d dition . Thi may we ll b e called an e of th e n a s Encyclop dia locomotive . Co t in ove r e xamina e s of a e e th e s e a es . 2 0 0 f m thod loc ting and r m dying am p g , ully s illu trate d .

P O CK E T -RAI L R OA D DI CTI ONAR Y A ND VA DE DI E M “ C U . B F D H . As s e E d A e y RE COLVIN , ociat itor m rican ” D M s . ff e e f o u e e s aw G e s e achini t i r nt rom any book y v r . iv cl ar se nf s th e s a re e e s e and conci i ormation on ju t point you int r t d in . ’ I t s e l a e d f l s e a nd s o n e r a ly pock t ictionary , ul y illu trat d , arra g d that you can ﬁnd ju s t what you want in a s econd Without an e W e e are e es e A e s ~ ind x . h th r you int r t d in xl or Ac etyl en e ; Com pound s or Count e r B alancin g ; Rail s or Re ducin g Valve s ; Tires ’ ’ n e s e s e I t s e or Tur tabl , you ll ﬁnd th m in thi littl book . v ry e e F e e e 2 0 0 s . e . compl t l xibl cloth cov r , pag

R AI N R U L E S A ND DE S P A HI N G . H B . A D T TC y . ALBY . Contain s th e standard cod e for both s ing l e and double track and e s s are e e n s G es xplain how train handl d und r all co dition . iv all s n s s is s e e e e e es s th e i g al in color , illu trat d Wh r v r n c ary , and s m e e t s t s e B mo t co pl t book in print on hi impor ant ubj ct . ound

n s e 2 2 1 es . in ﬁ e eal fl e xibl e l eath r . pag

WA L S C H AE R T L O OM O I E A L E G E AR C T V V V . By M W W If e W . s th e . OOD . you would thoroug hly und r tand Wa lsch a ert e G e ss e s s of s Valv ar , you Should po a copy thi book . Th e e s th e s e f s s a s f s : author divid ubj ct into our divi ion , ollow A s s o h e I I Des e I . f t e . . e of th e e naly i g ar i g nin g and r ctin g g ar .

f h e e . I V e s t s n I I I . e s o s Advantag t g ar . Qu ion and a we rs re s s lating to th e Wa ls ch ae rt Va lve G ear . Thi book i s p ecially valu s n N 2 s e e e for . e 0 0 e abl to tho pr pari g promotion arly pag .

W E S TI N G H O U S E E T A I R -B R A KE I NS TR U CTI ON ‘ ’ — P OC K E I B OO A E H I S M . i B WM . W W o D A r B . o e K C T C y , rak s A n e e s s I n tructor . practical work containi g xamination qu tion n e h and an swers on th e E T E quipm e t . Cov ring What t e E T s e W e B e is H OW b e e . d e rak . it hould op rat d hat to do wh n ec iv e No t e s i b e s e of th e e i e for f t . a qu t on can a k d ng n man up h e No h e No E t . 6 e e promotion on eith er t . 5 or T quipm nt that s i s not a s ke d and an we re d in th e book . If you want t o thor u e s th e E e e et of s b ou g hly nd r tand T quipm nt g a copy thi ook . e s Air- B e le s e I t cove rs e very d etail . Mak rak troub and xamina

s e a s . F s e e es s tion y ully illu trat d with color d plat , howing s s various pres ure .

M ACHI NE SHOP PRACTICE

A M E RI A N OOL M A I N G A ND I N E R H A N G E C T K‘ T C

AB L E M A NU F A U R I N G . B V W . A CT y J . OODWORTH . e s e th e e s i n s us e in practical tr ati on d g ing , con tructing , , and s ta llation of s s e s e e s s e e s tool , jig , ﬁxtur , d vic , p cial applianc , s e e - e e s s e s a u b ma tic e s s h t m tal working proc , t m chani m , and l abor -s aving contrivanc e s ; tog e th er with th e ir us e in th e lathe e e l e s e w e milling machin , turr t ath , cr machin , boring e s s s e s s e e tc for th e pr , drill , ubpr , drop hamm r , e s th e of e g e e e m tal , production int rchan abl machin o e e c es of e 6 0 es th e manuf acture f r p tition arti l m tal . 5 pag , s 6 0 0 illustration.

M ODE R N M A H I NE S H OP O NS R U I O N E U I P C C T CT , Q NI E N A ND M A A G E M E . N N B O E . P T T y SCAR ERRIGO . Th e only work publi s he d that d e scribe s th e Mod ern Machin e S h e p or Manufacturing P lant from th e tim e th e g ras s is g rowing th e e e e for h e s e s s on Sit int nd d it until t ﬁni h d product i hippe d . Jus t th e book n e e d e d by thos e cont emplating th e e re ction of e s s th e e e of Old mod rn hop building , r building and r org anization e s th e of M e S M e s e on , or introduction od rn hop thod , Tim and C s S s e s I t is e s o t y t m . a book writt n and illu trate d by a prae tical s hop man for practical s hop men wh o a re too bu s y to re ad e e s s I is h e s e - th ori and want fact . t t mo t comple t all around book o 1 f its e e s e . 4 0 0 e e s 2 2 kind v r publi h d arg quarto pag , 5 ori g inal s e - s and p cially mad e illu trations .

BI ODE R N M A CH I NE S H OP TOOL S ; TH E I R C ON

S R U I O N O P E RA I O N A ND M A NI P U L A I O N . B T CT . T , T y

W H V . A of e s 6 s . . ANDERVOORT work 5 5 5 pag and 73 illu tra s es e e e th e s e tion , d cribing in v ry d tail con truction , op ration , and of e s I e s manipulation both H and and Machin Tool . nclud e s s s f es s e chapt r on ﬁling , ﬁtting , and craping ur ac ; on drill , r am e rs s e s t h e e its s e s s e s , tap , and di ; lath and tool ; plan r , hap r , and th e ir tool s ; milling machines and cutt e rs ; g e ar cutt ers and g e ar cutti ng ; drilling machin e s and drill work ; g rinding ma es e e e er e chin and th ir work ; hard ning and t mp ing ; g aring , e s e se e s b lting and tran mi ss ion machin ry ; u ful data and tabl .

T H E NI O DE R N M A H I NI S . B U s C T y JOHN T . SHER . Thi b e e e of e s s book mig ht call d a comp ndium Sho p m thod , howing a variety of Sp e cial tool s and applianc e s which will g ive new id e a s to many m e chanic s from t h e s uperint e nd e nt down to th e man th e e I t b e f v e at b nch . will ound a aluabl addition to any machin ’ is t s library and s hould b e cons ult e d Wh e n e ve r a new or difficult is b e e e e is job to don , wh th r it boring , milling , turning , or plan ‘

r e e e . F f e i n a s e a e . g , th y all tr at d in a practical mann r i th dition

2 0 e s 2 0 s s . 3 pag , 5 illu tration

M OD E R N M E CH A NI S DI . E e P B A dit d by ARK EN JAMIN . e se e s s th e s s s o of practical tr ati on machin , motor and tran mi i n e e e e s e e e pow r , b ing a compl t work and a uppl m ntary volum to ’ e o e e s De s s e Appl e ton s Cyclop dia f Appli d M chanic . al ol ly with s e es of h e s few e th e principal and mos t u ful advanc t pa t y ars . 9 5 9 pag e s containing over illus trations ; bound in half m orocco .

M ODE R N M I L L I N G M A HI N E S H E I R DE S I G N C : T ,

O NS R U I O N A ND O P E R A I O N . B G C T CT T y JOSEPH . T s e s es s e s th e M M a H ORNER . hi book d crib and illu trat illing e its s e f ef e chin and work in uch a plain , cl ar , and orc ul mann r , s e s th e s e s o e e e th e and illu trat ubj ct cl arly and compl t ly , that u - - e s s e e e ee p to dat machini t , tud nt , or m chanical ng in r can not aff ord to do without t h e valuabl e information which it contains . I t es e s th e e e s of s s s e s d crib not only arly machin thi cla , but not the ir g radual d e ve lopm e nt into t h e Sple ndid machines of th e e s e t h e e s ns u of t h e s pr nt day , g iving d ig n and co tr ction variou t e s f s s e fe e s e e yp , orm , and p cial atur produc d by promin nt t f e s A e f e . 0 es 0 0 s manu actur r , m rican and or ig n 3 4 pag , 3 illu ra tions .

” P I . s s s S H O K NKS B y ROBERT G RIMSHAW . Thi how s e e s of w o f s s e g p cial m thod doing ork variou kind , and r ducin Ha s s s f s e of th e e s co s t of production . hint and kink rom om larg t e You a re s s e ﬁ n s hops in this country and E urop . almo t ur to d O OL S F O R M A H I NI S S A ND W OOD W OR E R S T C T K , I L UD I N G I N S R UM E O F M E A M N C T NTS S U RE E N T . By G H R A s . . e e of 0 es f JOSEPH ORNE practical tr ati 3 4 pag , ully illu s trate d and compris ing a g e n e ral d e scription and c las siﬁ ca of s es e s f or tion cutting tool and tool ang l , alli d cutting tool machinis ts and woodworkers ; s hearing tool s ; s craping tool s ; s aws ; millin g cutters ; drilling and boring tool s ; taps and di es ; es e s t h e e e e punch and hamm r ; and hard ning , t mp ring and

of ese s . s for e s e s g rinding th tool Tool m a uring and t ting work , including s tandard s of m eas ure me nt ; s urfac e plat es ; l e ve l s ; s urfac e g aug es ; divid ers ; calip e rs ; v e rni ers ; microm e ters ; s e s s e e e nap , cylindrical and limit g aug ; cr w thr ad , wir and efe e e es s e e s etc r r nc g aug , indicator , t mpl t , .

MANUAL TRAI NI NG

T E C O NO M I S OF M A NUAL RA I I G » C T N N . B y OU I S UI L L I ON Th e es s h RO . only book that g iv ju t t e information ee e e es e ni e s g , g g g , n d d by all int r t d in“ manual trai n r ardin buildin e s s s e quipm nt and uppli e . S how e xactly what is ne e d e d fo r all es of th e W O‘ : f th e e e h e H g rad I 1 rom Kind rg art n to t i g h and No r v e s e e s s of e e e e e mal S chool . G i it miz d li t v rything n d d and t e ll s s s A s s s e e b u s ie s ju t what it oug ht to co t . l o how wh r to y uppl .

M ARI NE E NGINE E RI NG

M AR I NE E N G I NE S A ND B OI L E R S H E I R DE S I G N , T

A ND O N S R U I O N . DR B G . L B . S C T CT y AUER , ESLIE . D s is e R B . S . OBERTSON , and RYAN ONKIN Thi work cl arly e s s e e e s e th e writt n , thoroug hly y t matic , th or tically ound ; whil e of its s s e s s s s is charact r plan , drawing , tabl , and tati tic without e Th e s s a re ef e s f r proach . illu tration car ul r production rom s s e e -e e e actual working drawing , with om w ll x cut d photog raphic e s e s n e t vi ews of complet e d eng in and boil r .

MINING

3 OR E D E P O S I TS O F S O U TH A F RI CA W I TH A

E I P O P E O R . H A P O H T O R S S B P . C T R N NTS CT y J . JOHN N s e s e se o f th e o re - e s s S O . Thi book g iv a cond n d account d po it s t is s e e a s e at pre e nt known in S outh Afri ca . I al o int nd d a g uid h e s e O e e e n e e of e to t pro p ctor . nly an l m ntary k owl d g g olog y and s om e mining e x p erie nc e are n e c es s ary in ord er to und er i e s s . W e s e s t tand thi work ith th qualiﬁcation , will mat rially as s is t one in h is s e arch for me talliferou s mineral occurre nc e s s o fa r as s e e s a re e ne s e e o ne and , impl or conc r d , hould nabl to h s e s form s om e id e a of t e pos ibiliti of any th e y may ﬁnd . Among th e chapt ers g ive n are : Titaniferous and Ch ro mif — — — — — e ro us Iron Oxid es Nicke l Copp er Cobalt Tin M olyb — — — — — — d e num Tung s t e n L e ad M ercury Antimony I r o n H ints

P s s I s e . to ro p ector . llu trat d

P I A L A L M I N I N G K I N n im RA O . B C C . A H . O CT C C y T . 2 8 e s 2 1 s s portant work , containing 4 pag and 3 illu tration , com le te e s e th e p with practical d tail , which will intuitiv ly impart to e e e e e e of th e e s of r ad r , not only a g n ral knowl dg principl coal Th e s s e e s e s e s . mining , but al o con id rabl in i g ht into alli d ubj ct e se is s e e e e s e s tr ati po itiv ly up to dat in v ry in tanc , and hould

b e th e s of e e e e e e e g s , e in hand v ry colli ry n g in r , g olo i t min s s e h is s s Th will re nd e r him valuabl e as i tanc in tudi e . e only work s e Th e nf o f it kind publis h d . i ormation incorporat ed in it will e of th e e e s s e s en prov g r at t practical utility to tud nt , mining ine ers e e s e s wh o a re s e in g , colli ry manag r , and all oth r p cially e res e th e es e - e e of e s 1 6 0 t t d in pr nt day tr atm nt mining probl m .

e s I s e . pag . llu trat d MISCE L L ANE OUS

’ B O Z E H e e e e R N S . enley s Tw nti th C ntury R c e ipt Book con s f s e s tain many practical ormula on bronz ca ting , imitation S e e e 2 for n e e s e s e Of e . bro z , bronz poli h , r novation bronz p ag 4 s ti o of s b o full d e crip n thi ok .

E M I NE N E G I NE E R S . E e T N B y DWIGHT G ODDARD . v ry o ne who appreciates th e eff ect of s uch g re at inve ntions as th e S e E e S e L e S e M e S ee l t am ng in , t amboat , ocomotiv , wing achin , t W e f e s e es is e es e in orking , and oth r undam ntal di cov ri , int r t d knowi ng a little about th e men wh o made the m and their achi e ve e s m nt . ' h s s e e e - o f h e s e i ee s Mr. Goddard a l ct d thirty two t world ng n r who have contribut e d mo s t la rg ely to th e advanc e m ent of our e e s s f s a s a re of civilization by m chanical m an , g iving only uch act ” e e e es wa e s e e g n ral int r t and in a y which app al to all , wh th r

e s 2 8 0 es s s . m chanic or not . pag , 3 5 illu tration L AW S OF B U S I NE S S B L D S P S L . . , y THEOPHILU ARSON , Th e B es B for B s es s M en e e P s e s e t ook u in v r ubli h ed . Tr at cl arly o f s S e s N e s B s of E e A e A ee Contract , al , ot , ill xchang , g ncy , g r e S e s s e L s L e s es m nt , toppag in Tran itu , Con id ration , imitation , a , P e s E e s I e e s H e K e e e s F e L fe artn r hip , x cutor , nt r t , ot l p r , ir and i I s e e s B s F s Re e s P e s Dee s n uranc , Coll ction , ond , raud , c ipt , at nt , d M es As s e s s M e W e A L e s M , ortg ag , i n , ig nm nt , inor , arri d om n rbi A e F s f G s W s e tc . ee H e ration , uardian , ill , Thr undr d pprov d orm are E e B s e ss M an s e of s g iven . v ry u in hould hav a copy thi book for e efe e e Th e is f s ee r ady r r nc . book bound in ull h p , and Con

s 86 O P es Our s e e . tain 4 ctavo ag . p cial pric P ATTE RN M AKING

P R A I AL P A E R N M A I N G . B F W . . B ARRo w CT C TT K y s . Thi s is a v ery compl et e and entire ly practical tre ati s e on th e s e o f p e s e a n ubj ct att rn making , illu trating patt rn work in wood d e F i s e s a re s m tal . rom t pag you taug ht ju t what you s hould I s know about patt ern making . t contain a d etail e d d es cription o f th e e s s e e e s s th e s mat rial u d by patt rn mak r , al o tool , both se for us e th e e e e s e s tho hand , and mor int r ting machin tool ; hav i n e e e s Th e B S aw Th e B S aw Th e g compl t chapt r on and , uzz , and I t e s of ff e e n L athe . ndividual pa t rn many di r nt ki d s a re fully illus trat e d and d es crib ed and th e mounting of me tal patt ern s on e s fo e s is e plat r molding machin includ d . PE RF UM E RY

H E NL E Y ’ S TW E NTI E TH CE NTU R Y B O O K O F R E

C E I P TS F O RM U L A S A N D P R O E S S E S . E e G . D . C dit d by . e s e - e Re B Hi s cox . Th mo t valuabl e T chno Ch mical c eipt ook b s e s e Re e s of pu li h d . Contain ov r practical c ipt many e of s e e th e e f e e of in which will prov p cial valu to p r um r , a min

f u e e e e s e . half ormation . p to dat in v ry r ct Cloth , ee a e 2 for full d es et pr s morocco. S p g 4 p i ce of th i book .

S A W F I L I N G A ND M A NA G E M E O F A NT S W S . B y R G A OBERT RIMSHAW . practical hand book on filing , g umming , s g , e , th e of s s t h e s e e wa ing hamm ring and brazing band aw , p d , e s s e c A t . for work , and pow r to run circular aw , handy book se wh o v e e of s s for se e s tho ha charg aw , or tho m chanic who do t e a s e s th e e s e es of h ir own filing , it d al with prop r hap and pitch s aw t eeth of all kinds and g ive s many u s eful hint s and rul es for u s e is s e g mming , tting , and filing , and a practical aid to tho who use s s for s Ne e se e e . w e e aw any purpo dition , r vi d and nlarg d . I s e llu trat d . SCRE W CUTTING

HR E A D A D H R E A D U I T S N T C TT N G . By COLVIN and T s e s o h e e S TABEL . hi cl ar up many f t e mys t ri s of thre ad s a s e e e s e e s cutting , uch doubl and tripl thr ad , int rnal thr ad , catch i n e s us e o s c f s e s f e t . s o f g thr ad , hob , Contain a lot u ul hint and s e e es 2 5 ce n v ral tabl . t s SHE E T ME TAL WORK

DI E S H E I R O NS R U I O N A ND U S E F OR T H E , T C T CT

M OD E R N W O R I N G O F S I I E E T M E A L S . B V K T y J . . A new for s e W . b OODWORTH book y a practical man , tho who s th e e s e th e of s e e e s wi h to know lat t practic in working h t m tal . I t s s e s a re e s e e se se how how di d ig n d , mad and u d , and tho who a re e ng ag e d in this line of work can s e cure many valuabl e s ug g estions .

P U N H E S D I E S A ND O O L S F OR M A NU F A CT UR C , T

I G I P R E S S E S . f 0 N N B . A o . V W 0 y J . OODWORTH work 5 e s s e e 0 0 e s e e n pag and illu trat d by n arly 7 ng raving , b ing an e of d ie - i — d ie s s ee cyclop dia mak ng , punch making , inking , h t e of s e s s ub res s es e e s m tal working , and making p cial tool , p , d vic e s for e and m chanical combination punching , cutting , b nding , f e e ss ss e s e e orming , pi rcing , drawing , compr ing , and a mbling h t e o e e s e s metal part s and al s o articl s f oth r mat rial in machin tool .

STE AM E NGI NE E RI NG

A M E R I A N S A I O NA R E N G I NE E R I N G . B C T T Y y W . - B e s E A ne w e . . CRANE . book by a w ll known author g in at h e e s h e e s t e boil r room and tak in t whol power plant . Contain th e re sult of ye ars of practical e xp eri e nc e in all s ort s of e ng ine rooms and g ives e xact information that cannot b e found e ls e ’ e I s e for me n e t of e wh re . t plain noug h practical and y valu to s e h f s H as e e e a for tho hig h in t e pro es ion . a compl t xamin tion a e s e lic n .

B OI L E R R OO M H AR . E A B G O . L F . C T y . OWLER Chart — s ize 1 4 x 2 8 inche s — s howing in i s ome tric p ers pective th e W e e mechani s m s b e long ing in a mod ern b oile r room . at r tub b e s r r e s me s e s fe e e oil r , o dinary g at and chanical tok r , d wat r Th e s s heaters and pumps c ompri s e th e e quipm e nt . variou part are s e e e s o th e e n s hown brok n or r mov d , that int r al con truction

s s E is e efe e e e . i fully illu trat e d . ach part g iv n a r r nc numb r and e s e th e e s e are e th , with corr ponding nam , g iv n h s s is e d icti print e d at t e id es . Thi chart r ally a — boil er room th e nam e s of more than z o o part s — is e na w rt t es its sqs u a ’ t, I w o ? a t d - v c to ioa “A l o h m ny im E G I NE R U NNE R ’ S A E H I M N C T C S . B y ROBERT G RIM

S . e s e e s th e s ea HAW T ll how to r ct , adju t , and run principal t m e e s us e t h e U e S s Th e is ng in in in nit d tate . work of a handy s h 0 ize for t e pocke t . T young e ng ine e rs this cate chi s m will b e of re e e s e s e wh o b e e o g at valu , p cially to tho may pr paring to g forward to b e e xamine d for c ertiﬁcat es of compet ency ; and to e n g ine e rs g e ne rally it will b e of no littl e s ervic e as the y will ﬁnd in thi s volum e more re ally practical and u seful information is b e f w ere e se e s s 8 than to ound any h l within a lik compa . 3 7

es S e . pag . ixth dition

I NE E S S A D B OI L E E F F I I I E E N G T T N R C E NC S . By

B . T s f es es s es th e J . UCHETTI hi work ully d crib and illu trat e of es th e e of s e e es e m thod t ting pow r t am ng in , turbin and s s Th e e es of s e h e xplo ive motor . prop rti t am and t e e vapora o e s s of e tive power f fu l . Combu tion fu l and chimne y draft ; f s e e e 2 e s with ormula xplain d or practically comput d . 5 5 pag , s 1 7 9 illus tration .

H OR S E P OW E R CH A R T . S hows th e horse power of any N s tationary e ng ine without calc ul ation . o matte r what th e cylind e r diame t er or s troke ; th e s t e am pres sure or cut -off ; th e ’ e s e e e s - e s it s r volution , or wh th r cond n ing or non cond n ing , all E s us e e s e s e s e e . . th r a y to , accurat , and av tim and calculation e s 5 0 c e n E s pecially u s eful to e ng ine r and d es ig n ers . t s

M ODE R N S TE A M E N G I NE E R I N G I N TH E OR Y A ND E H X s A I . B G D. is e e P R CT C y ARDNER ISCO . Thi a compl t and practical work i ssu e d for S tationary E ng ine e rs and F ire me n e th e e e e of B e s E es d aling with car and manag m nt oil r , ng in , P s S e e te S e Ref e M a e D ump , up rh a d t am , rig rating chin ry , yna mos M s E e s Air e s s s e es , otor , l vator , Compr or , and all oth r branch h e e E e e s b e f Ne with which t mod rn ng in r mu t amiliar . arly z o o Qu es tions with th e ir An swe rs on S te am and E l ectrical E e e e b e s e th e E B a re ng in ring , lik ly to a k d by xamining oard ,

e 8 es 0 e s . includ d . 4 7 pag , 4 5 ng raving

S E A M E N G I NE A E H I S M . B R G R S T C T C y OBERT IM HAW . This volum e of 4 1 3 pag es is not only a catechi s m on th e qu es tion and answ er principl e ; but it contains formulas and worked - out answers for all th e S t e am prob le ms that app e rt ain to th e Op era e e of h e S e E e I s s of tion and manag m nt t t am ng in . llu tration various valv e s and valve g e ar with the ir principl e s of operation e s a re ' nd is e ns b le e e e e a re g ive n . 3 4 tabl that i p a to e v ry ng in r and ﬁreman that wis h es to b e p rog res s ive and is ambitious to become h is a r i s s mas te r of calling e within t pag e s . I t is a mo t valuable h s e e L e en ins tructor in t e rvic of S te am E ng in ee ring . ading g ine ers have recommend e d it as a valuabl e e ducator for th e b e e a s e as efe e e for h e e e e S e e g inn r w ll a r r nc book t ng in r . ixt nth e dition .

I ’ I S TE AM E N G NE E R S A R TH M E TI C . By COLVIN A e for th e e E e e . S CHENEY practical pock t book t am ng in r . S hows how to work th e probl e ms of th e e ng ine room and s hows e s e se - e of e e s e s why . T ll how to fig ur hor pow r ng in and boil r ; are a of boil ers ; h a s tabl e s of are as and circumfere nc es ; s t e am s P s table ; h as a dictionary of e ng in eering t e rm s . ut you onto all of th e littl e kinks in fig uring what e ve r the re is to fig ure e s h e e s e around a power plant . T ll you about t h at unit ; ab olut z ero ; adiabatic e xpans ion ; duty of e ng ine s ; factor of s afety ; and othe r thing s ; and e ve rything is plain and s impl e u g gt the; h mS-t wa to fi re . b t the easiest. 69 (m ar s . y gu m STE AM HE ATING AND VE NTI LATION

P R A I A L S E A M H OT -W A E R H E A I G A D CT C T . T T N N

L I O . B G K I A N A . s is VE NT T y . ING . Thi book th e s tandard and lates t work publi s he d on th e s ubj ect and h as b e e n pre pared for th e u se o f e e th e s e s s of s e - er all ng ag d in bu in t am , hot wat I is e e e . t s e h ating and v ntilation an orig inal and xhau tiv work . e s e t e s s e T ll how to g h ating contract , how to in tall h ating and e s th e es s ess e s b e se v ntilating apparatu , b t bu in m thod to u d , with “ f h e e for s u se R e s r Tricks o t Trad hop . ul and data fo e s ti mating radiation and cos t and s uch tabl es and information a s e s e s e for e e e e e s e s e mak it an indi p n abl work v ryon int r t d in t am , - e I t e s e s h e hot water h eating and v ntilation . d crib all t principal s s e s of s e - e y t m t am , hot wat r , vacuum , vapor and vacuum v e e e th e new e e e s s e s of apor h ating , tog th r with acc l rat d y t m l ot - e e s u - - e me s wat r circulation , including chapt r on p to dat thod Ff ventilation and th e fan or blowe r s ys te m of h e ating and venti ation . You s s e e CO of s b a s e e hould cur a p y thi ook , ach chapt r con t s e of f . 6 e s 0 0 e e ain a min practical in ormation 3 7 pag , 3 d tail d s e ng raving . STE AM PIPE S

S TE AM P I P E S : TH E I R ~ DE S I G N A ND CON S TR U O

I O . h i e e B H . B . T e s e s T N y WM . OOTH work w ll illu trat d in r g ard e s e s ff se s fl e e s s e f - e to pip joint , xpan ion o t , xibl joint , and l contain d h s e s I n f s s for k t e e of . liding joint ta ing up xpan ion long pip act , th e chapters on th e fl ow of S te am and e xpans ion Of pipes are mo s t Th e e s s e s e t of valuabl e to all s te am fitters and u sers . pr ur tr ng h ip es and m ethod of hang in g th e m is well treated and illu strat ed . es b - s s e s are f s e es e a s a re alv and y pa ully illu trat d and d crib d , E s e s al s o flang e joint s and the ir prop er proportions . xhau t h ad s s One of th e s e e s is and e parator . mo t valuabl chapt r that on s uperh e at ed s t e am and th e s aving of s t e am by in sulation with th e s s of fe e e s s variou kind ltin g and oth r mat rial , with compari on tabl e s of th e los s of h e at in the rmal units from na ked and fe lt e d s e e s s 1 8 es . t am pip . Contain 7 pag

STE E L

L OR E R . A E E W B . R M . A NI E R I C N S T K y E . ARKHAM Th e s e e e e s e e tandard work on hard ning , t mp ring and ann aling t l s A for th e s e f . o all kind practical book machini t , tool mak r or S s s h ow s e e e s e s s sup erint e nd e nt . how ju t to cur b t r ult in any H ow e us e f n e s s e cas e that com es along . to mak and ur ac and ca hard en ; h owto handle hig h -s p ee d s t ee l and how to t emp er for all s s f clas e o work . H A R D E NI N G E M P E RI N G A NNE A L I N G A N D . T . ,

O F E E L . new G I S B . A F O R N G V . W T y J . OODWORTH book containing s p ecial directions for th e s ucc es sful hard e ning and s M e s s e e s e e of s e e . t mp ring all t l tool illing cutt r , tap , thr ad di , e e s s s e s e s e s r am r , both olid and h ll , hollow mill , punch and di , s of s ee - e s s e es s s and all kind h t m tal working tool , h ar blad , aw , ﬁ ne e e — s of e s s a s e cutl ry and m tal cutting tool all d cription , w ll a s for all e e s of s e e e s th e s e s impl m nt t l both larg and mall , impl t , and mos t s ati sfactory hard ening and t emp ering proc e s se s are e s e Th e se s th e e n s of s e e b e pr ent d . u to which l adi g brand t l may a e are n s e e s e e e e e for dapt d co ci ly pr nt d , and th ir tr atm nt work a s a re s o th e p e in u n d e r d iffe re nt c o nditi o ns e x la ine d . al S cial

’ Henleys Twentieth Century B o o k o f

Re cip e s , Formula s a nd Proce sse s

E d i e d b GARDNE R D . H I S C OX M E t y , . .

Price Cloth Binding Half Morocco Binding

Contain Selected Scientific h m l s ov er , C e ica ,

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H I S b ook of 80 0 p ag es is th e mo st co mplet e Bo o k of Reci es e v e b is h e d i i h us a nd s of rec es p r p u l , g v n g t o ip for th e manufacture of v aluab l e a rticl es fo re v e ry-d ay s Hi s l s P ic n e c et P oc u e . H e ac al I d e s a d S ess es nt , p , r t a r r are re v eale d wi hin its es I t co v e s e e b a ch of t p ag . r v ry r n th e us eful arts a nd t ell s th ous an d s of ways of making mo neyand is j us t th e b o ok e v eryo n e s h oul d h av e a t his mma n co d . The p ag es are ﬁlled with matters of int ens e interes t and i mmeasu bl e ac ical v a ue to th e P h o h er th e ra p r t l to g rap , P e fume th e P a i e th e M anufac urer of G lue s P as es r r, nt r, t , t , C emen s a nd M ucila es th e Ph sician th e D u is the t g , y , r g g t , E lec ician th e B e we th e E ine er th e F o und r m tr , r r , n g , y an , the M chinis th e P e th e Tan e th e C onfec i e a t , ott r , n r , t on r, th e C i o odis th e M ufactu er of Ch e mic l No v el ies h r p t , an r a t a nd T ile t P e ara i ns th e D er the E lec o la e o r p t o , y , tr p t r, th e E namel e th e E n rav er th e P ov isioner th e G ss r , g , r , la W o k er th e G old b ea e th e W a c mak e and ewe le r , t r, t h r J r , th e I nk M anufac u e th e O ici th e F a me th e Da i t r r , pt an , r r , ry man th e P a er M k er th e M e al W k e th e S o a M ak e , p a , t or r , p r,

th e V e e ina S e o n a nd the Te ch nol o is i n e ne al . t r ry urg , g t g r A b ook to which you mayturn with co nﬁ d ence th at you a o i e o f i f will ﬁ nd wh t y u are lo o k ing fo r. A m n n orma - -d e in e e ect C o i s an i me s e tion up to at very r sp . nta n m n numb er o f fo rmulas th at ev e ryo ne oug h t to h av e tha t are f und in an o h er ork not o y t w . 1 45 P a e s Bound in Cloth g Price , 5 0 c ,

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i . Tre a ts o n e v e rything re la ting to M a chin e S h o p fig ur ng S OL INE E NG]

Th i r ra e Op e ti o n , Us e a nd Care .

B Y A. H ATT V E RRILL Y .

The Sim lest atest n p , L a d Most Comprehensiv e Popular work published on Gasoline Engines

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Describ i ng wh at th e G as oli ne E ng i ne is ; its con s tructi on and op erati on h ow to i nstal l it h ow to sel ect it ; h ow to us e it and h ow to remed y troub es e nco un d ed for ners tered . I nte n O l w , Op erator and Users of G asoli ne M otors of all k nd s i . Th is work fully d escrib es and illustrates th e v ari ous typ e s of G as oli ne E ng i nes us ed i n M otor B oa h n nar ork ts M otor V e c es a d tat o W . , i l S i y Th e arts acces sor e s and a ances are d e p , i p p li scrib ed w th ch a te rs ou n t on fue ub r ca , i p ig i i , l , l i l s ec a t on o e rat on and en ne troub e . S i , p i g i p i l attent on is v en to th e are o erat on and re i g i c , p i p air of motors with use ful h ints and s ug g esti ons o mer e nc re a rs an ma e - h ft n e g y p i d k s i s . A comp lete g loss ary o f tech ni cal terms and an alp h ab e ti cally arrang ed table of troub l es and th e ir s ymp toms form most v al uable and uniq ue featur s f h s manua earl ev er ustra e o t i l . N y y ill t o n in th e b ook is or na h av n b e e n mad e b i ig i l , i g y th e au r er a e is full of nterest and th o . E v y p g i o k h ch ou cannot afford to be v al ue . A b o w i y w th out i .

THE NORMAN HE LE L HNG C . W. N Y P B S 0 U I I , 1 3 2 NAS S A sr E W YORK U . , N .