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STELLINGEN 1. Het Grootste Effect Van Ontbossing Op Bosvogels Vond STELLINGEN 1. Hetgrootst e effect vanontbossin g opbosvogel svon do pJav aeeuwe ngelede nplaats . Ditproefschrift 2. De algehele verarming van de vogelstand op het platteland heeft een negatief effect op de vogelsoortenrijkdom inklein ebosreservaten . Ditproefschrift 3. Dekolonisati edoo rvogel sva nee nvoordie n"vogelvrij " eiland issprongsgewij s ennie tmonotoon , maarweerspreek thierme ed eeilandtheori eva nMacArthu r& Wilso nniet . MacArthur & Wilson (1967). Thetheory of islandbiogeography. Princeton UniversityPress. Ditproefschrift 4. Debeschermd e statusva nd eBalispreeu wLeucopsar rothschildi heeft noggee nduurzaa m positief effect gehad ophu ni nhe twil dvoorkomend eaantallen . Ditproefschrift 5. Als gevolg van de ontsluiting van de tropische regenwouden neemt de diversiteit van actief gesprokentale ni nIndonesi eminsten seve nsne la fal sdi eva nd ebosvogels . 6. Iemand die tot twee of meer IUCN Species Specialist Groups behoort, kan zichzelf geen soortspecialist meernoemen . 7. Het toegeven aan zelfs een bescheiden splitsingsdrang vantaxonome nza l een explosievetoenam e vanglobaa lbedreigd evogelsoorte no pJav ato tgevol ghebben . 8. Dat de kampongkippeno p Java niet van het aldaar voorkomende Bankivahoen afstammen isnie t alleenme tDNA-hybridisati e studiesaantoonbaar . cfFumihitoetal.(1996). Proc. Natl. Ac.Sci. U.S.A. 93: 6792-6795 9. Deenorm eexpansi eva nd eringmu sPasser montanus i nIndonesi ei sto et e schrijven aanzij nhog e EmotionalQuotient. 10. Het verkrijgen van een bedreigde status is voor een aantal vogelsoorten terug te brengen tot het charismatischebezi tva nee nopstaand ekuif . 11. Dezelfzuchtig e Nederlandse koopmansgeest komtto tuitin gi nhe t bordje "te koop";vergelijk e dit met soortgelijke aankondigingen,maa rme t eengehee l andere letterlijke vertaling: "zu verkaufen", "forsale", "avendre", "se vende", "akandijuat\ enzovoort,waarbi jhe toogmer kdiene nis . Stellingenbehorend ebi j hetproefschrif t vanSebastianu s(Bas )va nBalen : "Birdso nfragmente dislands : persistencei nth eforest so fJav aan dBali" . Wageningen,1 3 december 1999. Birds onfragmente d islands persistence inth e forests ofJav a and Bali CORRECTIONS to "Birds on fragmented islands" by Bas van Balen p9 (Tabl e2.1) : no. 23, column 3 and 4 should read: *S *SP; no. 30, column 5 should read: *; no. 32 column 3 should read: *;no .3 7shoul dread : -* RR P* S5 5 4 1 4 44 1; no. 45,colum n5 shoul dread : * p.l1 (Table 2.2):no . 18shoul dread : -R SR S - [RSPRSP ] RSP; no. 19,colum n 5 should read:* ;no . 35; column 7 shouldread :?RS? P p.16,1.25 :"depleted " shouldrea d"depicted" . p.21,1.44:"failing " shouldrea d "falling". p.26,1.23:"on efifth " shouldrea d"on ethird " p.28,1.29(Alcedo meninting), column5 shoul dread : 1;1.3 5 (Lalagenigra), column4 shoul dread : 0 p.142 , 1.22 insert: A fourth species, the white-breasted babblerStachyris grammiceps, wastreate d inChapte r4 . p.146,1.12:"ultimate "shoul dread :"proximat estochastic" . p.167,1.5:"18 " shouldrea d"19" . Promotor: Dr H.H.T. Prins Hoogleraar in hetNatuurbehee r in deTrope n end eEcologi e van Vertebraten Birds on fragmented islands persistence inth eforest s ofJav aan dBal i Sebastianus vanBale n Proefschrift terverkrijgin g van degraa d van doctor op gezagva n de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Dr. CM. Karssen inhe t openbaar teverdedige n opmaanda g 13decembe r 1999 desnamiddag st evie r uur ind eAul a Doctoral thesis (1999) Doctoral thesis ISBN 90-5808-150-8. Also published as Tropical Resource Management Papers No 30; ISSN 0926-9495, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands. Thecompletio n ofthi sPh D thesiswa sfinancially supporte d byWageninge n University Cover design: Hermanva n Oeveren, Piet Konstense &Ba sva nBale n Cover photos and drawings:Ba sva nBale n BIBUOTHEEK LANDBOUWUNIVERSITE1T WAGENINGEN Aan mijn vader Table ofcontent s Abstract i Preface ii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Survival andextinctio n inbir d communities Chapter2 Colonisationo fRakat a(Krakata u Islands)b ynon-migran t landbird s from 7 1883t o 1992an dimplication s forth evalu eo fislan d equilibriumtheor y Chapter 3 Bird survival ina nisolate d Javanwoodland : island ormirror ? 25 Chapter 4 Differential extinctionpattern si nJava nfores t birds 39 Casestudie s ofthreatene d species Chapter5 Statusan d distribution ofth eendemi cBal i starlingLeucopsar rothschildi 59 Chapter 6 Thecaptiv ebreedin g andconservatio n programme ofth eBal i starling (Leucopsarrothschildi) 73 Chapter 7 Thedistributio n and statuso fgree npeafow l Pavomuticus i nJav a 81 Chapter8 Distribution andconservatio n ofth eendemi c Javanhawk-eagl eSpizaetus bartelsi 95 Chapter9 Population statuso fth eendemi cJava nhawk-eagl eSpizaetus bartelsi 109 Chapter 10 TheJava n hawk-eagle:misconception s aboutrarenes san dthrea t 119 General discussion Chapter 11 Synthesis: survival onoverpopulate d islands 131 References 147 Summary 163 Samenvatting 166 Ringkasan 169 Appendix1 173 Appendix2 175 Curriculum vitae 181 Abstract S. van Balen (1999). Birds on fragmented islands: persistence in the forests of Java and Bali. Doctoral thesis ISBN 90-5808-150-8. Alsopublishe d as Tropical Resource Management Papers No 30; ISSN 0926- 9495, Wageningen University and Research Centre, TheNetherlands . This study describes, analyses andprovide s suggestions for the amelioration ofth e impact of age-long deforestation onth e distribution offores t birds onth e islands ofJav a and Bali (Indonesia). The first section deals with colonisation and extinction processes of forest birds in a number of remaining forest patches on Java. In the regenerating forest of the Krakatau Islands colonisation and extinction of land birds appear to follow vegetation succession, andtherefor e seemt o affect themonotoni c change aspredicte d by MacArthur & Wilson's equilibrium theory of island biogeography. Extinction of forest birds in the Bogor botanical gardens appears to mirror closely the condition of bird communities in the surroundings of this isolated woodland patch. Distribution patterns of forest birds across 19 highly scattered forest fragments ranging from six to 50,000 hectares show clearly that the ability of birds to survive in surrounding habitat reflects the ability to survive in these patches. To show this, four ecological groups of forest birds have been distinguished: (1) forest interior birds, (2) forest edge birds, (3) woodland birds and (4) rural/urban birds. Nestedness patterns (inwhic h species are found in all fragments larger than the smallest onei nwhic h it occurs) arefoun d tob e strongest for species restricted to forest interior and edge, weaker for secondary growth, and weakest for rural and urban bird species. A large number of forest interior species appear to be absent from most patches smaller than 10,000 ha, and most are entirely absent from forest patches smaller than 100ha . In the second section of this thesis the conservation status of three globally threatened, high-profile birds is analysed. The endemic, endangered Javan hawk-eagle Spizaetusbartelsi, traditionall y considered amongst the most vulnerable forest dwellers, appears to survive in 137-188 breeding pairs in often small and isolated rainforest patches; its survival is explained by (a)juvenil e dispersal capabilities, (b) broader niche widths and (c) rather opportunistic feeding. Partly protected by local taboos on hunting, the vulnerable green peafowl Pavo muticus has survived many centuries of human pressure;nowaday s atleas t 1000bird s are scattered acrossnumerou s subpopulations. The wild population of the endemic, critically threatened endemic Bali starling Leucopsar rothschildi collapsed since its discovery in 1910t onea r extinction in 1990,du e to habitat loss and popularity amongst bird-keepers world-wide; despite various conservation measures (captive breeding, awareness programmes, etc.) an intricate web of socio­ economic factors preventsth e species from emergingfro m thisprecariou s situation. Key words: conservation, threatened bird species, Java, Bali, Krakatau, Indonesia, forest fragmentation, extinction, colonisation, Bali starling, Leucopsar rothschildi, Javan hawk-eagle, Spizaetusbartelsi, greenpeafowl ,Pavo muticus, nestedness,captiv ebreeding . Preface Four days from now it will be exactly 15 years ago that I finalised the first draft proposal entitled: "Forest birds and ecosystem management in West Java (Indonesia)" for the research of which the results I will defend today. Title, objectives, scope, supervisors as well as the intended results, however, have been adjusted in the course of years. Understandably many people have helped me by word and deed with the completion ofthi s dissertation. To express mygratitud e without forgetting anybody will be hardly possible, but Iwil l do an attempt. First of all I would like to thank my promotor Professor Herbert Prins, for his scientific support, unlimited patience and always good humour that never failed to sheer me up when spirits were getting low. Special thanks go also to Professor S. Somadikarta (University of Indonesia), who acted asm ydirec t supervisor inBogor , andt o whom I could come for advice at any time since the very beginning. Both Pak Soma and Professor Frank Berendse (University of Utrecht; presently Wageningen University) supervised myMS c study in 1980- 1981 on forest birds in the environs of Bogor. These first years in Indonesia laid the very basis for later work. During the first preparatory stages of the PhD study a large number of people
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