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Objects: Reluctant Witnesses to the Past

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Objects: Reluctant Witnesses to the Past Objects Objects: reluctant witnesses to the past provides a brilliantly clear and comprehensible guide to the different methods and approaches (cultural, scientific and technical) which can be and have been used to study ancient artefacts. Packed with case studies and examples, from the Bayeux Tapestry to small medieval brass pins, Chris Caple’s integral text deals with a full range of materials, from medi- eval wooden doors to Saxon jewellery, and clearly and simply explains key scientific techniques, technology, anthropological jargon and historical approaches. He demonstrates: • how information from objects builds into a picture of the ancient society that made and used them • the commonly used scientific techniques for object analysis • how and why object typologies work • how cultural and economic factors as well as the material properties influence what objects are made of • how simple observation of an object can build its biography. Revealing answers to crucial questions such as: Can DNA be obtained from objects? Why do people X-ray ancient artefacts? And can you determine the source of metal objects from their trace elements? Objects is an absolutely essential text for students of archaeology, museum studies and conservation. Chris Caple is Senior Lecturer in archaeological science and conservation at the University of Durham and author of Conservation Skills: Judgement, Method and Decision Making. Objects Reluctant witnesses to the past Chris Caple First published 2006 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2006 Christopher Caple All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Caple, Chris, 1958– Objects : reluctant witnesses to the past / Christopher Caple. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Antiquities—Analysis. 2. Archaeology—Methodology. I. Title. CC135.C293 2006 930.1—dc22 2006003887 ISBN10: 0-415-30588-8 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-30589-6 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-40906-X (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-30588-4 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-30589-1 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-40906-0 (ebk) To Roz Contents List of illustrations x Acknowledgements xiii Preface xv 1 Investigating objects: theories and approaches 1 1.1 Definition of objects/artefacts 1 1.2 Objects in the present 2 1.3 Objects of the past 4 1.4 Theoretical approaches to objects 6 1.5 Design theory 12 1.6 Objects as production and use sequences 13 1.7 Factors affecting the study of objects 17 1.8 Research and investigation techniques for objects 21 INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 1.9 Systematic visual analysis (FOCUS) 26 1.10 Stereo microscopy 28 CASE STUDIES 1.11 Coppergate Anglian helmet 33 2 Objects as social indicators (form, decoration and display) – WHO? 44 2.1 Comparative analogy 44 2.2 Form, style and dimension 46 2.3 Typology and classification 48 2.4 Decoration and images 51 2.5 Text and inscriptions 56 2.6 Context 59 2.7 Coloration and coatings 62 2.8 Artists, craftsmen and makers’ marks 69 viii Contents INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 2.9 Examination under UV and IR radiation 73 2.10 X-radiography 74 CASE STUDIES 2.11 Bayeux (Tapestry) embroidery 80 2.12 Portrait of Prince Henry on horseback 88 3 Objects as products (manufacture) – HOW? 94 3.1 Introduction 94 3.2 Materials: technical properties 96 3.3 Materials: cultural influences 100 3.4 Materials: economic constraints 102 3.5 New materials 110 3.6 Marks of manufacture (tool marks) 112 3.7 Assembly 117 INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 3.8 Microscopy: fibre and wood identification 122 3.9 Microscopy: petrology 124 3.10 Microscopy: metallography 125 3.11 Microscopy: paint cross sections 126 CASE STUDIES 3.12 Medieval brass pins 128 4 Objects and materials as trade goods (provenance) – WHERE? 138 4.1 Trade and exchange 138 4.2 Modelling trade and distributions 142 4.3 Provenance: natural materials 144 4.4 Provenance: natural materials – examples 150 4.5 Provenance: man-made materials – examples 153 INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 4.6 EDXRF: energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence 155 4.7 ICPS: induction-coupled plasma spectrometry 158 CASE STUDIES 4.8 Milton Keynes pendant 161 4.9 Blue-and-white china (to AD 1800) 167 5 Objects as functional implements (use) – WHY? 175 5.1 Introduction 175 5.2 Deposits on object surfaces 178 Contents ix 5.3 Wear and damage 184 5.4 Repair and reuse 189 5.5 Decay 191 INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 5.6 GC: gas chromatography 194 5.7 SEM: scanning electron microscopy 195 CASE STUDIES 5.8 Winchester Reliquary 199 6 Objects as record (information and education) – WHEN? 205 6.1 Heirlooms and proof of the past 205 6.2 Dating 210 6.3 Fakes and forgeries 213 6.4 Objects as part of collections 217 6.5 Conclusion 220 INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 6.6 Recording and reporting 222 CASE STUDIES 6.7 Han dynasty mirror 225 6.8 Durham Cathedral door 230 Bibliography 241 Index 259 Illustrations Figures 1.1 Metate and mano: Mesoamerican maize grinder 2 1.2 Hone stones from Dryslwyn Castle, Wales 5 1.3 Object production and use sequence (OPUS) 14–15 1.4 Material culture analysis 22 1.5 Visual analysis 23 1.6 Elemental and molecular analysis 24 1.7 Thirteenth-century arrowheads from Dryslwyn Castle, Wales 28 1.8 Stereo microscope in use examining an ancient Egyptian shabti figure 30 1.9 Stereo microscope image of a prehistoric jet button from Ingleby Barwick, with filemarks from manufacture 31 1.10 Coppergate Anglian helmet, side view: details of materials and manufacture 34–5 1.11 Coppergate Anglian helmet, front view: details of materials and manufacture 36–7 1.12 Coppergate Anglian helmet: assembly from its components 38 2.1 Graph of the weight of lithic projectiles recovered from Dryslwyn Castle, Wales 47 2.2 The ratio of decorative motifs from gravestones at Stoneham Cemetery, New England 50 2.3 British medieval arrowhead typology 53 2.4 British medieval arrowhead timechart 54–5 2.5 Thirteenth-/fourteenth-century brooch from Dryslwyn Castle, Wales 57 2.6 Fifth-/sixth-century Latin graffiti from Tintagel, Cornwall 58 2.7 Andrew’s Hill black brooch 64–5 2.8 Masons’ marks from the spiral staircase of the fifteenth-/ sixteenth-century gatehouse to Durham Cathedral close 72 2.9 Roman writing tablet, from Annetwell St., Carlisle, viewed in normal lighting conditions 75 Illustrations xi 2.10 Roman writing tablet, from Annetwell St., Carlisle, viewed in infrared radiation 75 2.11 X-radiograph of Roman scale armour from Carlisle 77 2.12 X-radiograph of an ‘Etruscan’ urn 78 2.13 Edward the Confessor’s burial procession, as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry 81 2.14 Portrait of Prince Henry on horseback, as it appeared between the early eighteenth and late twentieth centuries 90 2.15 Portrait of Prince Henry on horseback, restored to its original early seventeenth-century appearance 91 3.1 The weight of silver in Roman denarius coinage and the weight of gold in Roman aureus coinage 106 3.2 Reused Roman altar stone 109 3.3 Tool marks – facets created by an axe – forming the point of a wooden stake, from Staithes, North Yorkshire 115 3.4 Scar Viking sword and scabbard 120–1 3.5 Transmitted-light microscope 122 3.6 Photomicrographs of archaeological wood 123 3.7 Wound wire headed pins: details of materials and manufacture 130–1 3.8 Wound wire headed pins: details of materials and manufacture 132–3 4.1 Record in the Southampton Port Book for 1439–40 139 4.2 Distribution of Mediterranean pottery imported to Wales in the fifth and sixth centuries AD 144 4.3 Distribution of Group VI neolithic stone axes 145 4.4 Distribution of Group I neolithic stone axes 146 4.5 Graph of the percentage of zinc vs. tin for English and Flemish candlesticks of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries 154 4.6 Graph of the percentage of zinc vs. tin for English and Flemish hanging lavers and chafing dishes of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries 154 4.7 Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence system (EDXRF) 156 4.8 Spectrum of a brass coin analysed on an EDXRF system 157 4.9 Milton Keynes pendant: details of materials and manufacture 162–3 4.10 Chinese blue-and-white porcelain 169 5.1 Worn stone steps 184 5.2 Gilded multi-point spur rowel, from Keays Lane, Carlisle 186 5.3 Gas chromatogram 195 5.4 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) 196 5.5 SEM image of fungal hyphae in carbonized wood 197 5.6 Winchester Reliquary: details of materials and manufacture 200–1 6.1 Roman stone altar 209 6.2 Replica Roman stone altar 214 xii Illustrations 6.3 An ‘Etruscan’ urn 216 6.4 The Middleham Jewel 221 6.5 Archaeological illustration of a thirteenth-century ceramic vessel from Dryslwyn Castle, Wales 223 6.6 Han dynasty mirror: details of materials and manufacture 226–7 6.7 North doors of Durham Cathedral: details of materials and manufacture 232–3 6.8 North doors of Durham Cathedral: details of materials and manufacture 234–5 Tables 0.1 Case study attributes xvi–xvii 1.1 Modes of production 20 3.1 The properties and uses of selected wood species 98–9 4.1 Chinese chronology 168 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the debt of thanks I owe to Leo Biek, Ronnie Tylecote, Stanley Warren and Justine Bayley, who gave me the opportunity, encouragement and discipline to explore medieval copper alloy pins.
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