Rüstungsexporte ++ Griechenland ++ Korruption ++

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Rüstungsexporte ++ Griechenland ++ Korruption ++ Otfried Nassauer / Christopher Steinmetz (Hrsg.) Wie geschmiert ++ Rüstungsexporte ++ Griechenland ++ Korruption ++ Otfried Nassauer / Christopher Steinmetz (Hrsg.) Wie geschmiert Deutsche Rüstungsexporte nach Griechenland und die Korruption Impressum Herausgeber Otfried Nassauer (BITS) & Christopher Steinmetz (BITS) Mitherausgeber Bildungswerk Berlin der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung e.V. Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung – Gesellschaftsanalyse und Politische Bildung e.V. Redaktion Otfried Nassauer & Christopher Steinmetz (V.i.S.d.P.) Gestaltung kippconcept gmbh, Bonn Unterstützung Diese Publikation wurde realisiert mit Mitteln der Deutschen Klassenlotterie. Diese Publikation wurde gefördert von der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung mit Mitteln des Auswärtigen Amtes. Bildungswerk Berlin der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung e.V., Bremische Stiftung für Rüstungskonversion und und Friedensforschung, Dachverband Kritische Aktionäre, IPPNW e.V., Respekt für Griechenland, Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung – Gesellschaftsanalyse und Politische Bildung e.V. und Recherchemitteln der Vereins der Linken im Bundestag e.V. Die in den Beiträgen zu dieser Publikation vertretenen Auffassungen sind die der jeweiligen Autoren, nicht der Organisationen, die diese Publikation ermöglicht haben. BITS-Research Report 15.01 © Alle Rechte vorbehalten. ISBN 978-3-933111-15-9 Berliner Informationszentrum für Transatlantische Sicherheit Rykestr. 13 · 10405 Berlin Tel. ++49 30 4410220 · Fax ++49 30 4410221 [email protected] · www.bits.de Dezember 2015 5 Inhalt Dinge ins Laufen bringen ... 6 Otfried Nassauer / Christopher Steinmetz Rüstungsexporte und Korruption 9 : Siamesische Zwillinge Andrew Feinstein / Paul Holden Korruption 13 : Die Entwicklung der deutschen Rechtslage Olaf Kreuzer Nützliche Aufwendungen 17 : Die Geschichte deutscher Korruption in Griechenland Nikolas Lentopoulos Der griechische Honigtopf 27 : Griechenland als Kunde der deutschen Rüstungsindustrie Christopher Steinmetz Korruption bei deutschen Rüstungsexporten 34 : Das Beispiel Griechenland von Otfried Nassauer Von Leoparden und U-Booten 51 : Eine Chronik der größten deutsch-griechischen Rüstungsskandale Tasos Telloglou Was kann gegen Korruption im Verteidigungs- und Sicherheitssektor getan werden? 59 Marie-Carin von Gumppenberg Nützliche Lektionen 67 : Griechenlands Krise als Chance Otfried Nassauer / Christopher Steinmetz 6 Nassauer / Steinmetz Dinge ins Laufen bringen ... Otfried Nassauer / Christopher Steinmetz „Corruption is a way to make things work“ – „Kor- rupten Auslandsgeschäften entstand der Scha- ruption ist ein Weg, Dinge ins Laufen zu bringen”. den dagegen im Ausland und war somit eher Eine Behauptung, bei der man sofort denkt: Da akzeptabel. ist was dran. Und ganz besonders, wenn es um lukrative Rüstungsgeschäfte geht. Das Kaufen Erst in den letzten 25 Jahren wurde der Bekämp- und Verkaufen von Waffen ist Jahr für Jahr ein fung der Korruption bei Auslandsgeschäften auf Multimilliardengeschäft. Dieser Weg, Dinge ins internationaler Ebene Schritt für Schritt mehr Laufen zu bringen, wurde und wird auch von Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. 1989 setzte die Deutschen allzu oft beschritten. Von Franz Josef OECD das Thema erstmals auf ihre Tagesord- Strauss und Lockheed – dem Starfighter-Skan- nung. Sie begann, die Merkmale der Korruption dal in den Sechzigern – über Holger Pfahls, Karl- genauer zu analysieren und potentielle Gegen- Heinz Schreiber und die Fuchs-Panzer für Saudi maßnahmen zu untersuchen. 1994 einigten sich Arabien in den Neunzigern bis hin zu den kor- die Mitgliedsstaaten erstmals auf eine Empfeh- rupten Griechenlandgeschäften der deutschen lung über Bestechung im internationalen Ge- Rüstungsindustrie in den letzten 15 Jahren. schäftsverkehr. 1996 folgte eine Empfehlung über die steuerliche Abzugsfähigkeit von Be- Rüstungsgeschäfte und Korruption – sind das stechungsgeldern an ausländische Amtsträger. also siamesische Zwillinge? Was allgemein 1997 wurde schließlich das „Übereinkommen durchaus einleuchtend und plausibel erscheint, über die Bekämpfung der Bestechung aus- ist im Detail oft nur äußerst schwer zu bele- ländischer Amtsträger im internationalen Ge- gen. „Im Dunkeln lässt sich gut munkeln“. Die- schäftsverkehr“ fertiggestellt, das 1999 in Kraft ses Sprichwort gilt definitiv für die Korruption trat und seither einen Kristallisationspunkt bei bei Rüstungsexportgeschäften und deren Ver- der Bekämpfung der Korruption darstellt. Die schleierung. Geht es um konkrete Einzelheiten Mitgliedsstaaten verpflichteten sich dazu, ihre und Vorgänge, so stellt sich oft heraus: „Nichts nationale Gesetzgebung an die Regelungen des Genaues weiß man nicht.“ Abkommens anzupassen. Bei der OECD wurde ein Überwachungsmechanismus eingerichtet, Die Ursachen dafür sind vielfältig. Rüstungsge- um das Verhalten der Mitglieder zu überprüfen. schäfte sind grundsätzlich vor Transparenz und (OECD 2001) Auch in Deutschland wurden die politischer wie öffentlicher Kontrolle besonders Folgen bald spürbar: 1999 wurde die Bestechung gut geschützt. Dazu tragen vor allem drei Aspek- ausländischer Entscheidungsträger unter Strafe te bei: gestellt; 2002 wurde die Möglichkeit gestrichen, » die Geheimhaltung aus Gründen der nationa- Bestechungsgelder für ausländische Entschei- len Sicherheit, dungsträger in Absprache mit dem zuständigen » der Schutz von Betriebs- und Geschäftsge- Finanzamt als Betriebsausgabe, als sogenannte heimnissen, „Nützliche Aufwendungen“, von der Steuer ab- » sowie der Selbstschutz der beteiligten staatli- zusetzen. chen Bürokratien vor öffentlicher Kritik. Damit endete eine besondere Form der Kum- Außerdem wurde Korruption bei Auslandsge- panei zwischen Wirtschaft und Staat. Bis 2002 schäften, also auch bei Rüstungsexporten, lan- musste ein Konzern seinem Finanzamt bei ei- ge Zeit weitgehend geduldet – im Gegensatz zur nem bevorstehenden Exportgeschäft in der Re- Bestechung bei innerstaatlichen Geschäften. gel nur mitteilen, welcher Anteil des zu erwar- Diese wurden in vielen Ländern deutlich früher tenden Umsatzes aus einem Auslandsgeschäft strafbar, weil der eigene Staat und die eigenen für „Nützliche Aufwendungen“, also zum Bei- Steuerzahler die Leidtragenden waren. Bei kor- spiel Beratungs- und Vermittlungsprovisionen Dinge ins Laufen bringen … 7 lassen sich ohnehin nur schwerlich beweisen. Faktoren wie diese tragen dazu bei, dass häufig andere Vergehen, wie Steuerstraftaten oder Un- treue zum Nachteil der das Schmiergeld zahlen- den Firma, vor Gericht verhandelt werden. Der Bestechungsvorgang selbst tritt in den Hinter- grund, damit dieser Sachverhalt nicht im Detail geklärt und bewiesen werden muss. Solche Umstände lassen es verständlich erschei- nen, warum aussagekräftige und systematische, wissenschaftlich-analytische Auswertungen zum Thema „Korruption bei Rüstungsgeschäf- ten“ Mangelware sind und praktisch nicht existie- ren. Meistens beruhen die öffentlich verfügbaren Informationen auf der Arbeit investigativer Jour- oder Bestechungsgelder, vorgesehen war. Erhob nalisten, die konkreten Verdachtsfällen nach- das Finanzamt keinen Einspruch, konnte so ver- gegangen sind. Ein abschließendes Bild, was fahren werden. Der Staat wurde zum Mitwisser bei einem bestimmten Geschäft vorgefallen ist, und duldete Bestechung im Ausland, da er aus ergeben diese jedoch häufig auch nicht. Und diesem Geschäft auch Steuereinnahmen erwar- auch der größere Rahmen, also wie häufig bei ten konnte. Rüstungsexportgeschäften bestochen wird, in welcher Höhe dies geschieht und welche finan- Ein besonders drastisches Beispiel aus den ziellen Schäden daraus entstehen, lässt sich auf frühen 1990er Jahren wurde publik: der Thys- diesem Weg schwer erschließen. sen-Konzern wollte 36 Radpanzer vom Typ Fuchs nach Saudi-Arabien verkaufen. Der Preis Diese Broschüre unternimmt einen Versuch, am betrug 446 Millionen DM. Das Finanzamt Duis- Beispiel der Korruption bei Rüstungsgeschäf- burg-Hamborn erlaubte dem Konzern, bei die- ten zwischen Deutschland und Griechenland sem Geschäft „Nützliche Aufwendungen“ bis ein paar der vielen Wissenslücken zumindest zu einer Höhe von 220 Millionen DM geltend zu ansatzweise zu schließen. Untersucht werden machen. Fast die Hälfte des Auftragswertes war die Jahre 2000 bis 2014. Die Bestechung auslän- also für Provisionen, Beraterhonorare, Beste- discher Entscheidungs- und Amtsträger war in chungsgelder, Parteispenden oder auch – wie diesem Zeitraum nicht mehr erlaubt und durfte die Finanzbehörden Jahre später vermuteten – nicht mehr geduldet werden. Mehr noch: Grie- schwarze Kassen des Unternehmens vorgese- chenland ist in diesem Zeitraum einer der wich- hen. (Dettmer, S.92f.; Spiegel 2002, S.17) tigsten Empfänger deutscher Rüstungsgüter gewesen. Und – so ein Ergebnis dieser Arbeit – Eine weitere Ursache für den Mangel an detail- wohl nicht zuletzt auch deshalb, weil deutsche lierten Informationen über Korruptionsfälle bei Rüstungskonzerne und deren Mitarbeiter recht Rüstungsexporten zeigt sich, wenn man einen flächendeckend in Griechenland geschmiert Blick auf die Ermittlungen und Gerichtsverfah- haben, um lukrative Großaufträge für U-Boote, ren wirft, die es zu solchen Tatbeständen gab. Panzerhaubitzen, Panzer, LKWs, Luftverteidi- Korruption verjährt nach fünf Jahren, bei Steuer- gungssysteme oder wichtige Rüstungskompo- straftaten ist dies erst nach zehn Jahren der Fall. nenten an Land zu ziehen. Bei fast allen größeren Um Korruption zu beweisen, müsste der Weg Exportgeschäften dieses Zeitraums nach Grie- des Geldes vom Absender über diverse Brief- chenland gilt Korruption mittlerweile entweder kastenfirmen in den wenig
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