Ecologia Populacional, Estratégias Reprodutivas E Uso De Recursos Por Isópodos Terrestres Neotropicais (Crustacea, Isopoda)

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Ecologia Populacional, Estratégias Reprodutivas E Uso De Recursos Por Isópodos Terrestres Neotropicais (Crustacea, Isopoda) Aline Ferreira de Quadros Ecologia populacional, estratégias reprodutivas e uso de recursos por isópodos terrestres neotropicais (Crustacea, Isopoda) Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Área de Concentração: Biologia e Comportamento animal Orientador: Profa Dra Paula Beatriz de Araujo UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PORTO ALEGRE 2009 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. Ecologia populacional, estratégias reprodutivas e uso de recursos por isópodos terrestres neotropicais (Crustacea, Isopoda) Aline Ferreira de Quadros Tese de doutorado aprovada em _____________ _____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Paula Beatriz de Araujo _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Kleber Del-Claro _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Sandro Santos ______________________________________ Profa. Dra. Vera Lúcia da S. Valente Gaiesky Em primeiro lugar, meus sinceros agradecimentos às entidades que possibilitaram a realização deste estudo: Ao Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal da UFRGS em especial aos professores que dedicam seu tempo às funções de administração e coordenação, e que através dos seus esforços trazem os recursos que financiam este e tantos outros trabalhos; à Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação da UFRGS pelos vários auxílios financeiros que possibilitaram a divulgação dos artigos em congressos nacionais e internacionais e à CAPES, por conceder a bolsa de mestrado e doutorado. Quem acompanha a rotina de um doutorando sabe o que significa a expressão “dedicação exclusiva”. Muitas vezes durante esta jornada, dedicamos não só (todo) nosso tempo, mas nossos pensamentos, carinho e quase toda nossa energia ao trabalho e assim, quase sempre falta atenção a quem está a nossa volta. É nesse momento, com o trabalho finalizado, que espero mostrar a vocês que a distância não foi em vão. Minha família querida, vocês são meu exemplo de força de vontade! Obrigado por vocês existirem, pelo apoio e pela paciência e por entenderem a minha ausência tantas vezes. Rafael, meu amorzinho, a tua presença preenche a minha vida de amor e alegrias e faz de mim uma pessoa melhor. Cada gesto conta, muito! Obrigada por tudo! Todos vocês têm um lugar especial no meu coração e merecem toda a minha gratidão. Todas as jornadas têm seus momentos de altos e baixos. Mas com a companhia dos amigos, os momentos difíceis se tornam mais brandos e os momentos bons, de felicidades e conquistas, se tornam inesquecíveis pois temos com quem rir e compartilhar. Aos meus amigos e amigas queridas, obrigada pela companhia, eu aprendo muito com vocês, todos os dias. Ricardo, viemos, vivemos e vencemos, não é mesmo? A tua amizade é um grande presente pra mim. Carolina, Daiana e Maurício, poucas pessoas têm a sorte de ter como colegas de trabalho seus melhores amigos. Por mim, seria pra sempre assim. Ainda, Carol e Maurício: sem vocês meu doutorado certamente teria sido menos perigoso, mas com certeza teria sido bem menos divertido! Deise, Daniela, Helena, Priscila, Luciane, Carina, Camila, Pedro, Adriane, Juliana, Tainã e Luciana, obrigada pelo carinho e companheirismo. Simone, Cristiane e Viviane, obrigada pela força, desde sempre. Georgina e Ludwig, obrigada pelos ensinamentos e pela amizade compartilhada ao longo destes anos. À família do Rafael, muito obrigada pelo carinho. A toda turma do Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos e demais “agregados” como eu, obrigada pelas incontáveis aventuras. Aos professores Helena e Milton e ao Ernesto, obrigada pelas inúmeras vezes que me ajudaram com a estatística. A todos vocês, obrigada, de coração! Bestätigungen Ich möchte mich sehr herzlich bei Herrn Dr.Martin Zimmer für den Empfang in seinem Labor an der Universität Kiel, bedanken. Ich bin sehr dankbar für all die Höflichkeiten und übertragenen Kenntnisse die wesentlich für die positiven Ergebnisse meiner Untersuchungen beigetragen haben. Ich bedanke mich auch bei allen Mitarbeitern von Dr.Zimmer, insbesondere Malte Mews, Kristina Brandstädter, Nicole Stange, Hannoe Baehrs und Sabine Geisler, nicht nur für die Hilfe bei der Erlernung der Routine im Labor sondern auch für die Freundlichkeit und Kamerdaschaftlichkeit bei der Zusammenarbeit. Ich hoffe sehr dass mir die Zukunft Gelegenheiten bietet all dieses zu erwidern. Ich möchte es nicht versäumen auch dem Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst, besonders dem Büro in Rio de Janeiro, meinen Dank auszusprechen für die Unterstützung für den Aufenthalt in Deutschland. Remerciements Je voudrais exprimer un remerciement très spécial au Dr.Yves Caubet qui c’était le responsable pour mon voyage et séjour à Poitiers. Aussi je voudrais le remercier pour les suggestions relatives à ma recherche. À tous les intégrants du LEES (Laboratoire Ecologie Evoltution Simbiose) á Poitiers, par l'aide et la camaraderie au moments des decontraction. Je voudrais remercier en particulier à Marion Lachat et à l'Alexandra Lafitte, par toute l'aide et principalement pour l’hebergement à leurs maison. Je remercie aussi au Rede Verde et à A Université de Poitiers par le financement. Paula, O melhor dos mestres não é aquele que tem todas as respostas, mas sim o que conhece os caminhos para alcançá-las. Sobretudo, sabe ensinar a diferença entre os bons e os maus meios para se atingir um objetivo. Obrigada por tudo, principalmente por me ensinar os bons caminhos. As respostas ? Essas foram apenas uma pequena parte desta jornada. Tu és um exemplo de dedicação e boa vontade. Sumário Lista de figuras.............................................................................................. 11 Lista de tabelas.............................................................................................. 13 Resumo ....................................................................................................... 15 Abstract........................................................................................................ 17 Apresentação................................................................................................ 19 Introdução geral............................................................................................ 21 Objetivos...................................................................................................... 35 Material e Métodos ...................................................................................... 37 Referências bibliográficas............................................................................... 45 Figuras.......................................................................................................... 53 Créditos das figuras....................................................................................... 73 Capítulo I “An assemblage of terrestrial isopods in Parque Estadual de Itapuã, RS, and their contribution to leaf litter processing”.......................................................................... 75 Capítulo II “Ecological traits of two neotropical oniscideans (Crustacea, Isopoda)”............................................................................ 111 Capítulo III “Life history comparison of two neotropical isopods in relation to habitat specialization”......................................... 139 Capítulo IV “Activity pattern of two syntopic woodlice (Crustacea, Oniscidea”........................................................................... 167 Capítulo V “Common feeding preferences of neotropical and paleartic detritivores and their relationships with plant traits”................................................................................... 199 Considerações finais...................................................................................... 251 Anexos – Normas dos periódicos .................................................................. 255 9 Lista de Figuras Introdução e Material e Métodos (Geral) Figura 1. Subordem Oniscidea.......................................................................... 53 Figura 2. Características da reprodução e desenvolvimento em Oniscidea............... 55 Figura 3. Grupos ecomorfológicos de Schmalfuss (1984)......................................... 57 Figura 4. Os modelo de estudo: Atlantoscia floridana e Balloniscus glaber.............. 59 Figura 5. Distribuição geográfica conhecida de Atlantoscia floridana...................... 61 Figura 6. Distribuição geográfica conhecida de Balloniscus glaber........................... 63 Figura 7. Características ecológicas de Balloniscus glaber......................................... 65 Figura 8. Parque Estadual de Itapuã....................................................................... 67 Figura 9. Morro Santana........................................................................................ 69 Figura 10. Isópodos terrestres do Parque Estadual de Itapuã................................... 71 Artigo I Figura 1. Total number of individuals of terrestrial isopods captured monthly at Parque Estadual de Itapuã, from May 2004 to April 2005....................................... 105 Figura 2. Isopod spatial distribution (Morisita‟s index of dispersion) in Parque Estadual de Itapuã................................................................................................... 107 Figura 3. Biomass of Atlantoscia floridana and Balloniscus glaber at Parque Estadual de Itapuã...............................................................................................................
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