University of Groningen

What is natural? Haydar, Deniz

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Download date: 24-09-2021 Appendix I to Chapter 4: The scale of cryptogenesis, in: Deniz Haydar (2010) What is natural? The scale and consequences of marine bioinvasions in the North Atlantic Ocean. Dissertation, University of Groningen, 184 pp. ISBN 978-90-367-4396-9 ISBN 978-90-367-4395-2 available at http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/science/2010/

Appendix I in the North Atlantic Ocean, excluding disjunct amphi-Atlantic species (see table 4.2). species distribution category depth habitat comments references Enterogona

Aplousobranchia

Clavelinidae

Archidistoma productum S Wales, Roscoff EU shallow on Laminaria 1 (Milne-Edwards, 1841) Clavelina lepadiformes W Norway to Adriatic, Azores, EU lower shore -50m on seaweed, shells stones introduced to South Africa, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Müller, 1776) Knysna and Port Elizabeth in S Africa Madeira, and Azores. Not on African Atlantic coast Clavelina nana Roscoff EU infralittoral-deep on Laminaria , snails, gorgonians 1 Lahille, 1890 water

Pycnoclavella aurilucens SW England, Ireland, Brittany, EU lower shore -50m on hydroids, sponges, Balanus 2, 4, 6 Garstang, 1891 perhaps S to Mediterranean crenatus

Didemnidae

Didemnopsis Brittany EU lower shore on rocks among Laminaria 6, 7 translucidum digitata , exposed, close to water Lafargue, 1968 level

Didemnum albidum Spitsbergen, N,W,S Norway, Iceland, ARCT lower shore -300m stones, shells, other ascidians Arctic species, ranging further S on 8 (Verrill, 1871) Jan Mayen, Faeroes, E Greenland, NE American coast. Didemnum Davis Strait, Baffin Island, NE N polare Hartmeyer is closely related, America S to Eastport Maine, if distinct. Sometimes considered a Murmansk, White Sea, Siberian Sea, subspecies of the deep-water Bering Strait species D.albidum Didemnum coriaceum Plymouth, Helgoland, Skagerakk, EU shallow stones, rocks, algae. All kinds of only larvae differ from D. 6, 7, 8 (Von Drasche, 1883) Faroes, W Norway, Mediterranean substrata. candidum . According to 7 ubiquitous cosmopolitan. D. helgolandicum in 8

Didemnum fulgens Brittany, SW Britain, Mediterranean EU <40m stones, algae, all kinds of 4, 6, 7 (Milne-Edwards, 1841) substrata

Didemnum lahillei Spanish Atlantic coast, Mediterranean, EU shore-50m on stones, in caves Northern specimens recorded for 5, 6, 7 (Hartmeyer, 1909) Azores this species are not D.lahillei

Didemnum lutarium Casco Bay, Maine to S of Cape Cod AM shallow piles, shells, stones, sponges, further N replaced by D. albidum , S 9, 41 (Van Name, 1910) large ascidians by D. candidum . Originally described as subspecies of D. candidum Didemnum maculosum W&S British Isles, elsewhere through EU 10-28, 120-150m stones, rocks, algae. Very distinct from D.candidum ? 5, 6, 7 (Milne-Edwards, 1841) Mediterranean, Red Sea, Azores?, common on bryozoans, on according to 7 ubiquitous possibly other warm S&W coasts, gorgonian Eunicella . On rocky cosmopolitan extensive further distribution sea floor Didemnum polare N Norway ARCT shallow 10, 40 (Hartmeyer, 1903)

Didemnum protectum Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean EU shallow wooden stakes, Cystoseira , 7 (Daumézon, 1908) coralligenous floor

Didemnum ramssae N Norway ARCT shallow 10 Marks, 1996

Diplosoma lafargueae Galicia EU 9m rock only record is species description 11 Vazquez, 1993

Diplosoma migrans Helgoland EU shallow on Laminaria holdfasts, other colonial organism, moves by 11 (Mencker & Ax, 1970) algae, rocky shore extending and anchoring the tunic

Diplosoma singulare Brittany only EU shallow on fronds of red algae rare species, few collections 6, 7, 11 Lafargue, 1968

Diplosoma spongiforme W coasts British Isles, Brittany, EU Laminaria zone- all substrates but usually on rigid 6, 7, 11 (Giard, 1872) Mediterranean 40m substrates

Leptoclinide faeroensis W Norway, Arctic-boreal, only in ARCT intertidal-2000m possibly deep-water species 2, 6, 7, 8 Bjerkan, 1905 Cornwall in British Isles Lissoclinum aureum Murmansk, Franz Josef Land, ARCT 20-1000m stones, shells Arctic species, reaching farther S 8, 9, 12 Verrill, 1871 Siberian Sea, Spitsbergen, Iceland, NE on NE American coast America S to Massachusetts

Lissoclinum perforatum W Scotland, S&W coasts British Isles, EU shallow Laminaria , rocks, on ships fouling of ship hulls in harbors 2, 6, 7 (Giard,1872) Brittany, S Norway, Mediterranean, sublittoral-30m down to bathyal zone according to Azores 7

Lissoclinum weigelei Brittany, Mediterranean, Azores EU 5-30m under rocks, in crevices 5, 6, 7 Lafargue, 1968 Polysyncraton bilobatum Brittany EU sublittoral -40m stones and rocks similar to D. fulgens 6, 7 Lafargue, 1968

Polysyncraton lacazei Mediterranean, Brittany, English EU shallow sublittoral rocks, seagrass beds 6, 7 (Giard, 1872) Channel

Trididemnum cereum Arctic to W&S British Isles, Norway, EU lower shore-200m stones, algae 6, 7 (Giard, 1872) Brittany, Mediterranean

Trididemnum delesseriae Brittany EU 20-30m red algae, on supple algae such 6, 7 Lafargue, 1968 as Delesseria sanguinea

Trididemnum tenerum Arctic, S to Skagerrak in Europe and AMPHI lower shore-200m stones, algae apparently circumpolar, most 8, 9, 12, 13 (Verrill, 1871) Cape Cod in N America, Spitsbergen, records from Atlantic coasts Bear Island, Faeroes, Iceland, Greenland, Murmansk, Siberian Sea, Alaska, Sea of Okhotsk Polycitoridae

Distaplia clavata N Norway, Spitsbergen, Iceland, E & ARCT lower shore -500m 8, 9 (Sars, 1851) W Greenland, NE N America S to Massachusetts

Distaplia livida N Norway, Spitsbergen, Murmansk ARCT 20-300m other ascidians, algae 8 (Sars, 1851)

Distaplia rosea Scotland S to Mediterranean, Wales EU 0-100m stones and shells 2, 4, 6 Della Valle, 1881

Eudistoma capsulatum Virginia to W Indies AM shallow 9 (Van Name, 1902)

Eudistoma roseum Galicia EU intertidal overhanging rocks, fissures, first European species in this 14 Vazquez & Ramos-Espla, crevices, Balanus sp., rhizoids of 1993 Laminaria Eudistoma vitreum Arctic. N & W Norway, White Sea, ARCT shallow water stones, shells, other ascidians 8, 9 (Sars, 1851) Spitsbergen, Iceland, Faroes, W & S (occasionally), Greenland, Newfoundland mainly rather deep - 800m Polycitor searli Plymouth EU 8-10m rock crevasses only record is type specimen 2, 6, 40 Kott, 1952

Polyclinidae Aplidium argus Scotland, S and W coast British Isles, EU lower shore- under boulders and overhangs 2, 4, 6 (Milne-Edwards, 1841) France shallow water Aplidium coeruleum Roscoff, Mediterranean EU shallow only one record from Roscoff 40 Lahille, 1890

Aplidium constellatum Maine to Florida, Hawaii, Caribbean AM lower shore -37m rocks, stones, piles in wharves introduced to Hawaii 9, 12 Verrill, 1871

Aplidium crispus Norway ARCT shallow only one record 15, 40 (Huitfeldt-Kaas, 1896)

Aplidium densum S Norway S to Mediterranean, W EU Laminaria zone- rocks 4, 6, 16 (Giard, 1872) coasts British Isles 50m

Aplidium elegans English Channel, Brittany EU shore and shallow stones, rhizomes of Zostera 2, 4, 15 (Giard, 1872) water <15m

Aplidium mutabile Bear Island, Iceland, N&W Norway, ARCT 20-500m stones 8, 9 (Sars, 1851) Greenland, Murmansk, Barents Sea

Aplidium nordmanni SW British Isles, S to Mediterranean EU lower shore, stones, rocks. Between 2, 4, 17 (Milne-Edwards, 1841) shallow water Laminaria

Aplidium pallidum Arctic, S to English Channel in AMPHI lower shore-200m more on algae than stones, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12 (Verrill, 1871) Europe, Rhode Island N America, especially on algae and Zostera Spitsbergen, Iceland, Faeroes

Aplidium pellucidum Massachusetts to Florida AM shallow sandy bottom mixed with shells, 9 (Leidy, 1855) stones, gravel, in swift tidal currents

Aplidium proliferum Shetland Isles, British Isles, English EU lower shore-50m rocks, shells, sponges 2, 6, 8, 17 (Milne-Edwards, 1841) English Channel to Mediterranean

Aplidium punctum S&W British Isles, W English EU lower shore-40m rocks, stones, algae, rock 2, 4, 6 (Giard, 1873) Channel, Brittany crevices, sponges, anemones Aplidium sagresensis Portugal EU 5-18m exposed, rocks 17 Ramos-Espla, Turon & Vazquez, 1993

Aplidium spitzbergense Spitsbergen, Iceland, Greenland, N & AMPHI shallow-100m stones, shells rare species 8, 9, 13 Hartmeyer, 1903 W Norway, Bear Island, N America S to Massachusetts

Aplidium stellatum Massachusetts to Florida AM shallow attached to stones, gravel 9 Verrill, 1871

Aplidium turbinatum W Norway to Mediterranean, rare in EU lower shore-200m rocks, stones, algae 2, 4, 6, 8, 15 (Savigny, 1816)

Aplidium urgorrii Galicia EU 3-15m cords in mussel culture 15 Vazquez, 1994

Aplidum glabrum Arctic, S to Cape Cod and Isle of AMPHI tidal-400m associated with Ascidia obliqua , 8, 9, 13 (Verrill, 1879) Skye, Greenland, Iceland, hard gravel, stony bottoms, also Spitsbergen, White Sea, Siberia mud or sand with stones, shells

Polyclinum aurantium W Norway to Mediterranean, Faeroes, EU lower shore to rocks introduced by ships from Europe to 2, 4, 5, 8 Milne-Edwards, 1841 British coasts, Azores 100m, mainly Azores shallow sibiricum Arctic EU shallow 40 Redikorzev, 1907

Synoicum beauchampi Brittany EU doubtful species. 40 (Harant, 1927)

Synoicum diaphanum Portugal to Cape Verdes EU shallow 40 Sluiter, 1927

Synoicum incrustatum N & NW Norway, Bear Island, White ARCT 24-256m stones and shells distinct species, but resembles 8 (Sars, 1851) Sea several other northern species, particularly S. sabuliferum

Synoicum pulmonaria Arctic S to English Channel in Europe AMPHI 20-600m hard sandy bottoms, on stones, might be circumpolar; there is 2, 6, 8, 9 (Ellis & Solander, 1786) and Maine in N America, Spitsbergen, shells doubtful difference with S. Iceland, Greenland jacobsoni and S. derjugini .

Synoicum turgens N Norway, Spitsbergen, Hope Island, ARCT shallow S. irregulare is a poorly known 8, 40 Phipps, 1774 Bear Island species from Bering sea, which is similar and might be identical to this species Synoicum vibei Denmark EU shallow 40 Lützen, 1959

Phlebobranchia Ascidiidae

Ascidia callosa W Norway, W Sweden, Barentsz Sea, ARCT shallow-300m stones, rock, shells Circumpolar species. Rare in 8, 9, 12 Stimpson, 1852 Iceland, Spitsbergen, Faeroes, Europe, more common in N Greenland, NE America S to Cape America. Cod, Bering Sea, Alaska, British Columbia, Puget Sound, Asia Ascidia conchilega W Norway to Mediterranean and EU lower shore- stones and shells 2, 4, 6, 8 Müller, 1776 Black Sea, British Isles, Faroes >1000m

Ascidia dijmphniana White Sea, Murmansk, Kara Sea, ARCT shallow-300m sand, mud, hard bottoms 8, 9 Traustedt, 1886 Nova Zembla, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea, W Greenland

Ascidia mentula W Norway to Mediterranean and EU lower shore - rock, stones, shells, hard or soft 2, 4, 6, 8 Müller, 1776 Black Sea, Orkneys and Shetlands, >200m bottoms British Isles

Ascidia obliqua Arctic waters from Siberian Sea to W AMPHI shallow-1000m rock, stones, shells widely but irregularly distributed in 2, 8, 9 Alder, 1863 Greenland, boreal waters of Arctic and northern regions of both Scandinavia and N North Sea, N hemispheres America S to Massachusetts

Ascidia prunum Shetlands, Greenland, Arctic Europe, AMPHI shallow-400m stones, rock, shell, hard or soft 8, 9, 12, 16 Müller, 1776 Asia, Kara Sea, N America S to bottoms Massachusetts and British Columbia

Ascidia tritonis Faeroes, Bay of Biscay EU shallow 40 Herdman, 1883

Ascidia virginea Spitsbergen, Bear Island, S&W EU shallow-400m stones and shells fouling 2, 4, 6, 8, 18 Müller, 1776 Norway, W Sweden, Faeroes, Orkneys, Shetlands, English Channel, W British Isles, Mediterranean, Sea of Marmara Ascidiella scabra W Norway to Mediterranean, Faeroes, EU lower shore-300m algae, shells fouling 2, 4, 6, 8, 18 (Müller, 1776) British Isles, North Sea,

Phallusia mammillata British Isles (possibly further N) S to EU lower shore-180m attached to stones, often in 2, 6 (Cuvier, 1815) Mediterranean muddy/silty situations Psammascidia teissieri Roscoff EU shallow interstitial 19 Monniot, 1962

Cionidae

Ciona fascicularis Norway ARCT shallow 40 Hancock, 1870

Ciona gelatinosa Arctic, Bay of Biscay EU shallow 40 Bonnevie, 1896

Ciona intestinalis very wide occurrence many parts of AMPHI lower shore- stones, piers, algae, common in fouling. species complex: species a: 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, (Linnaeus, 1767) world, all coasts, almost cosmopolitan >500m harbors cryptogenic, worldwide, and 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, species B: amphi-Atlantic 23, 24

Corellidae

Chelyosoma Spitsbergen, N Norway-White Sea, ARCT shallow- >500m shells and stones further S on NE American coast 8, 9, 12, 13 macleayanum Iceland, Greenland, Arctic waters, NE Broderip & Sowerby, N America S to off Massachusetts 1830 Corella borealis Shetlands-Faeroes, Spitsbergen-Kara ARCT 50-459m Arctic species. One specimen from 8, 9, 12 Traustedt, 1886 Sea, Greenland, Baffin Island Coast, Massachusetts, rare species off Massachusetts

Corella eumyota NW France, England, Ireland. EU subtidal introduced to Europe, first record 3, 25 Traustedt, 1882 Southern hemisphere: South Africa, 2002. Namibia, Antarctic, Tasmania, S Australia, S America, Tristan da Cunha Corella halli English Channel EU shallow 40 Kott, 1951

Corella parallelogramma W Norway S into Mediterranean, EU shallow-200m stones, shells, Laminaria 2, 4, 6, 8 (Müller, 1776) British Isles

Corellopsis pedunculata Siberian Ice Sea, Spitsbergen, ARCT 18-144m rare 8, 9 Hartmeyer, 1903 Aleutian islands

Dextrogaster suecica S Norway, S Sweden EU 4-25m interstitial in gravel only from two locations 8, 19, 40 Monniot, 1962

Diazonidae

Diazona violacea W&S British Isles, W Ireland S to EU 30- 350m 2, 6, 26 Savigny, 1816 Adriatic Perophoridae

Perophora japonica Atlantic France, English Channel, EU shallow Sargassum muticum associated, introduced to Europe. Current 27, 28, 29 Oka, 1927 Netherlands also grows on other weeds, distribution unclear sponges, other ascidians, hydroids, oysters Perophora listeri S&W British Isles, S to Mediterranean EU lower shore-30m stones, algae, hydroids 2, 4 Forbes, 1848 Pleurogona

Stolidobranchia

Molgulidae

Bostrichobranchus Gulf of St Lawrence to Florida AM 0.5-220m unattached, upon/buried in mud 9, 12, 13 pilularis or sand (Verrill, 1871)

Eugyra arenosa NW Norway to English Channel, SW EU 20-100m unattached in sand, shell gravel unattached 8, 30 (Alder & Hancock, 1848) Ireland, Roscoff, S Brittany, or mud Mediterranean

Eugyra pedunculata Arctic. Barents Sea, Spitsbergen, ARCT mud or sand, also stones. 8, 9 Traustedt, 1886 Murmansk, White Sea, Kara Sea, Greenland

Eugyrioides glutinans Greenland, Iceland, N Norway, ARCT shallow-300m, sand gravel or mud probably circumpolar, and some 8, 9, 30 (Müller, 1842) Aleutian Islands, Sea of Japan sometimes records from California below1000m Eugyrioides islandica N Norway, Iceland EU No info found for this species (Millar, 1974)

Gamaster dakarensis S of Brittany, Dakar EU 30 Pizon, 1896

Molgula arenata Cape Cod to New Jersey AM 6-46m buried in sand fouling 9, 12, 18 Stimpson, 1852

Molgula bleizi Brittany EU shallow-30m rock, Dendrodoa , algae subspecies M. bleizi typica and M. 4, 30 (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877) bleizi gravellophila

Molgula celtica S Brittany EU 100m fine sand one record only. Smallest molgulid 30 Monniot, 1969 known (1.5mm), very distinct Molgula citrina Iceland, Spitsbergen, Arctic S to AMPHI stones, shells, algae, piers, other 8, 9, 12, 30 Alder & Hancock, 1848 English Channel in Europe and ascidians Massachusetts (Rhode Island?) in NE America Molgula complanata Arctic, Spitsbergen, White Sea, S to AMPHI lower shore-500m rock, stone, shell, crevices, subspecies M. complanata 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, Alder & Hancock, 1848 Massachusetts in NE America and to depressions, rocky or sandy azorensis 30, 32 Brittany in Europe, Azores bottom

Molgula echinosiphonica N Brittany EU shallow boulders Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877

Molgula griffithsii Siberia to Greenland, Bering Sea, NE ARCT shallow-400m shells algae etc, soft and hard circumpolar, further S in NE 8, 9, 12 (MacLeay, 1825) N America S to Georges Bank, bottoms America and N Pacific Aleutian Islands, Korea

Molgula herdmani NW Norway, Spitsbergen? ARCT shallow-deep known only from type locality 8 Bjerkan, 1905 (18m) and possibly from Spitsbergen (very deep)

Molgula hirta Sweden ARCT 4m interstitial only known from this location 19 Monniot, 1965

Molgula kiaeri S Norway and Skagerrak, off Galicia EU 90-120m, 519m soft bottom with shells and only known from original 8, 26, 30 Hartmeyer, 1901 stones description and a few specimens in Bergen.

Molgula kolaensis Kola ARCT shallow 40 Arnback-Christie-Linde, 1928

Molgula mira Trondheimsfjord, Faeroes ARCT (Arnback-Christie-Linde, 1931)

Molgula occulta N Norway to Mediterranean, Marmara EU shallow-100m sand, mud, gravel, unattached unattached 8, 30 Kupffer, 1875 Sea. Abundant on all European coasts

Molgula oculata Shetlands, NE England, English EU lower shore -80m sand or gravel, unattached on unattached 8, 30 Forbes, 1848 Channel, Brittany, Bay of Biscay soft substrates

Molgula provisionalis Nova Scotia to Maine AM shallow among eel grass roots, under included in M. manhattensis by 9, 12, 13 Van Name, 1945 stones European authors

Molgula retortiformis Arctic from Siberia to W Greenland, S ARCT shallow-200m shells, stones, algae ranging farther S on NE American 8, 9, 12, 13 Verrill, 1871 to Massachusetts in N America, coast Alaska, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk Molgula robusta Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts AM 15-24m unattached on mud or sand very local, included in M. 9 (Van Name, 1912) manhattensis by European authors

Molgula romeri Spitsbergen, Nova Zembla, Murman EU down to 45m 8 Hartmeyer, 1903 coast, White Sea

Molgula simplex S&W Britain, Scotland, Ireland, EU shallow 5-10m on hydroid, unattached rare species 30 Alder & Hancock, 1870 English Channel, Roscoff, Brittany, Bay of Biscay Molgula siphonalis Arctic. Spitsbergen, N&W Norway, ARCT shallow-300m gravel, shells, stones, sand, piers 8, 9, 12, 13, 30 Sars, 1859 Faeroes, Iceland, Greenland, Barents Sea, White Sea, S to Maine in NE America, Bering Sea Molgula siphonata North Sea, British Isles, Sweden to EU 20m distribution not well known 30 Alder, 1850 Calais

Molgula socialis Atlantic coasts from Skagerrak to EU intertidal covers large areas, under stones very abundant species 30 Alder, 1863 Spanish coast, very rare on British and on algae, on shells Isles

Molgula tubifera White sea to S North Sea, not past EU 20m fouling 18, 30 (Orstedt, 1844) English Channel

Rhizomolgula globularis Arctic. Siberia to Greenland, Baffin ARCT shallow-72m sandy or muddy bottoms with circumpolar 8, 9 (Pallas, 1776) Island, Labrador, Alaska, Bering Sea, stones Sea of Okhotsk

Pyuridae Boltenia echinata Arctic S to NE England and Scotland, AMPHI shallow-350m other ascidians, hydroids, worm- 2, 8, 9, 12, 13 (Linnaeus, 1767) NE America S to Rhode Island, tubes, stone, shell circumpolar

Boltenia ovifera Greenland, Bering Sea, Kamchatka, ARCT shallow-500m stones, shells, rocks 8 (Linnaeus, 1767) Sea of Okhotsk

Bolteniopsis prenanti Roscoff, off Brittany, Gibraltar, EU 35, 340m, 370 26, 31, 32 Harant, 1927 Azores

Cratostigma intermedia Galicia ARCT shallow in crevices, strong tidal currents, 33 Vazquez & Ramos-Espla, rocks, on Cystoseira baccata 1993 and rhizomes of Laminaria

Cratostigma regularis Mediterranean, other European EU shallow 40 Monniot, 1963 distribution? Halocynthia pyriformis Spitsbergen, Bear Island, NW Norway ARCT shallow-200m rock, sand, stones, shells now seen as distinct from N Pacific 8, 9, 12, 13 (Rathke, 1806) S to Bergen, Iceland, Faeroes, White H. aurantium Sea, Barents Sea, W Greenland, Arctic N America S to Maine

Heterostigma reptans Bergen, Bay of Biscay, off Brittany EU 4m, 235m gravel and sand, interstitial 8, 26, 34, 35 Monniot & Monniot, 1963

Heterostigma separ Roscoff, Nova Zembla, Strait of EU 4-26 m gravel, sand, shell fragments, cryptogenic 26, 34, 35 Arnback-Christie-Linde, Gibraltar (Mediterranean) fouling 1924

Microcosmus claudicans British Isles, Brittany, English EU shallow-40m rock and stones 2, 4, 6, 8, 36 (Savigny, 1816) Channel, Portugal. Mediterranean

Microcosmus glacialis Arctic S to SW Norway, Kattegat?, AMPHI 1-800m unattached, sand, gravel, shells 8, 9, 36 (Sars, 1859) and S to Newfoundland, White Sea, Davis Strait, Greenland

Pyura microcosmus W&S British Isles, S into EU lower shore and stones, shells 2, 4, 6 (Savigny, 1816) Mediterranean, not in North Sea shallow

Pyura squamulosa British Isles S to Mediterranean, not EU lower shore- rock, stones 2, 4, 6, 8 (Alder, 1863) on North Sea coasts shallow

Pyura tesselata W Norway S to Dakar, Mediterranean, EU lower shore-560m stones, rock, other ascidians 2, 4, 6, 8, 26, 32 (Forbes, 1848) Azores, not in North Sea

Styelidae

Botrylloides aureum Arctic S to Trondheim in Europe, NE ARCT shallow-800m stones, other ascidians rare species, mostly in deep waters 8, 9 Sars, 1851 N America S to Maine, Spitsbergen, Iceland, Nova Zembla, SW Greenland

Botrylloides leachi N Norway S to Mediterranean, Black EU lower shore-100m algae, rock, stones 2, 4, 8 (Savigny, 1816) Sea

Cnemidocarpa annectens Greenland ARCT 64-180m doubtful species, only three 9, 31, 40 Hartmeyer, 1921 specimens.

Cnemidocarpa clipeata NW Spitsbergen ARCT 43m bottom of stones and clay one specimen only 8 Arnback-Christie-Linde, 1921 Cnemidocarpa devia Skagerrak, off Galicia EU 80, 662m on coral, pebble only two records, far apart, but the 26, 40 Arnback-Christie-Linde, Skagerrak and Bay of Biscay are 1931 similar in their ascidian fauna

Cnemidocarpa N coast Norway S to Tromso, Barents ARCT lower shore -540m rocky, hard bottoms rare on NE American coast, much 8, 9 finmarkiensis Sea, W Greenland, S to more common on NW American (Kiaer, 1893) Newfoundland, NW coast of N coast and Japan America, Okhotsk Sea S to Japan Cnemidocarpa mollispina Oresund, Barentsz Sea ARCT 27-63m sand or mud only 2 records 8 Arnback-Christie-Linde, 1931

Cnemidocarpa Skagerrak, W Norway, SW Iceland, ARCT 0-660m mostly fairly deep waters 8, 9 mortenseni Davis Strait, Maine to Massachusetts (Hartmeyer, 1912)

Cnemidocarpa rhizopus Spitsbergen, NW Norway, Kattegat, ARCT shallow-200m partly embedded in mud or sand Arctic species. C. cirrata does not 8, 9 (Redikorzev, 1907) Iceland, Greenland, Arctic N America, appear to differ sufficiently to be Siberia distinct species

Cnemidocarpa sabulosa Brittany EU shallow 40 Glemarec & Monniot, 1966

Cnemidocarpa squamata Greenland ARCT shallow 40 Lützen, 1970

Dendrodoa aggregata Arctic from Siberian coast to W ARCT shallow-more than stony to muddy bottom circumpolar 8, 9 (Rathke, 1806) Greenland and Arctic N America, 500m Iceland, Faeroes, N Norway, Bering Strait & Sea, Aleutian Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan Dendrodoa grossularia Arctic, N America S to Gulf of St AMPHI lower shore-600m rock, stones, shells 2, 6, 8, 37 (Van Beneden, 1846) Lawrence, Europe S to Scilly & lower shore-deep Brittany

Dendrodoa lineata Murmansk, Spitsbergen, Greenland ARCT down to 180m one record from Greenland. Rare 9 (Traustedt, 1880) but widely distributed species

Dendrodoa pulchella from Siberia W to NE ARCT shallow-600m stony or shelly bottom circumpolar. Similar distribution to 9, 12 (Verrill, 1871) coast N America, S to Eastport, Maine D. aggregata .

Dendrodoa uniplicata Murmansk, Spitsbergen, Nova Zembla ARCT 30-761m 8 (Bonnevie, 1896) Distomus variolosus S England S to Portugal EU lower shore - rock, stones, algae, especially on resembles Dendrodoa grossularia 2, 4, 6 Gaertner, 1774 shallow haptera Laminaria hyperborea

Kuekenthalia borealis Greenland, Baffin Bay, Spitsbergen, ARCT shallow-1000m, stony bottom 8, 9 (Gottschaldt, 1894) Bear Island, Iceland, Faeroes, N&W Norway

Pelonaia corrugata Arctic S to North Sea in Europe, Nova AMPHI shallow buried in sand and mud circumpolar, only one species in 8, 9, 12 Forbes & Goodsir, 1841 Scotia in N America, Sea of Japan, genus. One record from British Columbia, Massachusetts

Polycarpa aernbaeckae SW Sweden EU 25m clean fine shell gravel, only known from type locality 8, 19 Monniot, 1964 interstitial

Polycarpa comata Portugal, Gibraltar, W North Sea? Bay EU 20-480m sand 38 (Alder, 1863) of Biscay?

Polycarpa errans Morocco, English Channel EU shallow 40 Hartmeyer, 1911

Polycarpa fibrosa Arctic S to Massachusetts and AMPHI lower shore - in sand or mud 2, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13 (Stimpson, 1852) Gibraltar 1000m

Polycarpa gracilis S and W British Isles, English EU 2-200m rocky surfaces, Posidonia , 2, 4, 38 Heller, 1877 Channel, S to Mediterranean detritic bottoms, soft bottoms

Polycarpa kornogi Brittany, Norway, Portugal, EU 10-75m sand 38 Glemarec & Monniot, Mediterranean 1966

Polycarpa mamillaris Bay of Biscay, Galicia, Portugal, EU 10-544m attached to mud or sand, gravel, 38 (Gaertner, 1774) Mediterranean rocks, shell debris, Laminaria haptera

Polycarpa pentarhiza Roscoff, Mediterranean EU shallow interstitial 19 Monniot, 1965

Polycarpa pomaria Spitsbergen into Mediterranean, EU intertidal-519m sand, mud, stones, shells, 2, 6, 8, 26, 32 (Savigny, 1816) Azores common on artificial substrata

Polycarpa pusilla Portugal, Gibraltar, Azores EU 72-556m 38 Herdman, 1884

Polycarpa scuba Azores, Portugal, Galicia, Bay of EU intertidal-1235m, estuaries 32, 38 Monniot, 1970 Biscay, S&W British Isles, English Channel, Irish Sea, Brittany Polycarpa tenera French Atlantic coast, Azores EU shallow 32 Lacaze-Duthiers & Delage, 1892

Polycarpa violacea Portugal, Galicia, Bay of Biscay, EU 5-30m Laminaria haptera, walls, 4, 38 (Alder, 1863) Brittany, Wales? boulders, shell debris, soft bottoms, sand

Protostyela Scotland (original description), EU lower shore -11m on rocks, in Ireland on collectors 2, 39 heterobranchia Ireland of asbestos and cement Millar, 1954

Protostyela longicauda Galicia EU 0-3m on algae 39 Monniot, Vazquez & White, 1995

Psammostyela delamarei W Mediterranean, S Norway EU shallow interstitial cryptogenic. Three specimens in 19 Weinstein, 1961 Norway, species normally occurs in Mediterranean

Stolonica socialis S England, English Channel, Brittany EU lower shore -40m rock and stones 2, 4, 6 Hartmeyer, 1903

Styela coriacea Arctic. N America S to Massachusetts, AMPHI shallow-600m shells, stones, tests other circumpolar 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, (Alder & Hancock, 1848) Europe S to English Channel, off ascidians, wide range of 13, 26 Brittany and Galicia, Greenland, NW temperatures and salinities N America, Sea of Japan

Styela rustica Circumpolar, S to Skagerrak and S to ARCT shallow-400m stones, shells, etc 8, 9 (Linnaeus, 1767) Newfoundland, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Hope Island, E Greenland, Iceland, Faeroes, N Norway

Styela theeli only from W Norway and Skagerrak EU 8 Arnback-Christie-Linde, 1921

EU= restricted to European coasts, AM=restricted to Northeast American coasts, ARCT=only in arctic or sub-arctic waters, AMPHI=with a continuous amphi-Atlantic distribution. References: 1: (Monniot 1970), 2: (Millar 1970), 3: (Monniot et al. 2001), 4: (Lafargue 1970), 5: (Monniot 1974b), 6: (Hayward & Ryland 1990), 7: (Lafargue & Wahl 1987), 8: (Millar 1966), 9: (Van Name 1945), 10: (Marks 1996), 11: (Vázquez 1993), 12: (Plough 1978), 13: (Huntsman 1912), 14: (Vazquez & Ramos-Espla 1993b), 15: (Vazquez 1994), 16: (Berrill 1950), 17: (Ramos-Espla et al . 1993), 18: (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952), 19: (Monniot 1965), 20: (Lambert 2001), 21: (Nydam & Harrison 2007), 22: (Suzuki et al. 2005), 23: (Caputi et al. 2007), 24: (Iannelli et al. 2007), 25: (Lambert 2004), 26: (Monniot 1969a), 27: (Monniot & Monniot 1985), 28: (Bates 2005), 29: (Faasse 2004), 30: (Monniot 1969b), 31: (Costello et al. 2004), 32: (Monniot 1974a), 33: (Vazquez & Ramos-Espla 1993a), 34: (Naranjo & Garcia- Gomez 1993), 35: (Monniot & Monniot 1963), 36: (Monniot 1962), 37: (Lafargue 1970), 38: (Vazquez et al. 1995), 39: (Monniot et al. 1995), 40: (pers. comm. Monniot), 41: (pers. comm. Carlton). References

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