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jpr/policy debate Jewish life in Europe: Impending catastrophe, or imminent renaissance? November 2013 jpr / policy debate November 2013 Institute for Jewish Policy Research Jewish life in Europe: Impending catastrophe, or imminent renaissance? Jonathan Boyd There is much debate over the future of Jewish Dr Jonathan Boyd is Executive Director of JPR. A specialist life in Europe. Some Jewish commentators, in the study of contemporary Jewry, he is a former observing rising levels of antisemitism and Islamic Jerusalem Fellow at the Mandel Institute in Israel, and has extremism, maintain that Europe is becoming held professional positions in research and policy at the an increasingly treacherous place for Jews to JDC International Centre for Community Development, the live. Others, witnessing changing modes of Jewish Agency for Israel, the United Jewish Israel Appeal Jewish identity and the emergence of innovative and the Holocaust Educational Trust. He holds a doctorate forms of Jewish communal activity, argue that in educational philosophy and lifelong learning from the Europe offers a fertile environment in which University of Nottingham, and a BA and MA in modern Jewish life can thrive. And, in the midst of this Jewish history from University College London. The editor debate, demographers bring data about Europe of The Sovereign and the Situated Self: Jewish Identity and which demonstrate that the nature of both the Community in the 21st Century (Profile Books, 2003), his Jewish and wider populations is undergoing most recent reports include: Immigration from the United significant change. Kingdom to Israel (JPR, 2013, co-authored with Laura Staetsky and Marina Sheps); 2011 Census: Initial Insights This policy paper examines these hypotheses and about the UK Jewish Population (JPR, 2012, co-authored assesses their veracity. In doing so, it brings new with David Graham and Daniel Vulkan); Home and Away: data into the discussion. In 2012, after winning Jewish Journeys towards Independence. Key findings a competitive tender from the European Union from the 2011 National Jewish Student Survey (JPR, Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), JPR, 2011, co-authored with David Graham); Child Poverty and working in partnership with its multi-national Deprivation in the British Jewish Community (JPR, 2011); team of Associate Fellows and the global research and Committed, Concerned and Conciliatory: The attitudes agency Ipsos MORI, undertook a pan-European of Jews in Britain towards Israel (JPR, 2010, co-authored survey of Jewish perceptions and experiences with David Graham). He is series editor for JPR’s studies of antisemitism. The findings have now been on Jewish life in former communist countries in Europe published by the FRA. The data comprise arguably (supported by the Rothschild Foundation (Hanadiv) Europe), the largest dataset ever gathered on Jews in and director of the JPR academic team that undertook the Europe, and shed new light on our understanding 2012 FRA study of Jewish perceptions and experiences of of contemporary reality. antisemitism in Europe. Introduction motivation for Zionism, which set in motion one of the most significant developments in all of Jewish history – Europe holds a unique status in Jewish history. For the establishment of the State of Israel. centuries, it played host to the intellectual heart of Jewish life, and provided the backdrop for many of the In Jewish consciousness, however, much of this history greatest Jewish cultural developments in the realms of has been overshadowed by Europe’s greatest atrocity and Jewish art, music and literature. It was the cradle of shame – the mass annihilation of its Jewish population by the Enlightenment, the continent which produced the the Nazis and their collaborators in the Holocaust. Jewish philosophies of Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant, Descartes visitors to Europe today, whilst drawn to the majesty and and Locke, and the region that, over the course of a grandeur of its great cities and cultural monuments, often century, emancipated the vast majority of Jews in its cannot fail to be overwhelmed by the remnants of Jewish midst, thereby allowing them legal and political access destruction that seem to litter the landscape. Synagogues to mainstream society. It witnessed the emergence of deserted and demolished, cemeteries left derelict and in Hassidut, and gave birth to denominational Judaism – decay, entire communities devastated and destroyed. Jewish modern Orthodoxy, the Reform, Conservative, Liberal history is ubiquitous in Europe, but its horrifying chapter and Neolog movements – as well as a haredi reaction in the twentieth century has left an indelible mark on the against all of these. And it provided the setting and Jewish mind. Many Jews in the world today appear to see jpr/policy debate Jewish life in Europe: Impending catastrophe, or imminent renaissance? November 2013 and experience Europe as the great Yiddish poet Avraham the tremendous weight of the Holocaust to reinforce that Sutzkever once imagined we would: like “the dark scream narrative, not to mention the tendency within Zionism to of your past, where skulls of days congeal in a bottomless negate the Diaspora as a whole,3 we should probably not pit”, that leaves us with a memory resembling “an old be surprised that much of what is written today about the buried city” and where our “eternal gaze will crawl, like future of European Jewish life is cast in negative or even a mole, like a mole.”1 Seventy years have passed since his apocalyptic terms. As the historian and political scientist words were penned in the Vilna Ghetto, but they still Diana Pinto has argued, “After the near extermination of resonate, and in any assessment of European Jewish life European Jewry, most Jews in the world were convinced today, we should be cognisant of the extent to which our that Europe had become, after Auschwitz, the equivalent perspective is clouded by the shadow of this relatively of post-1492 Spain: a continent with a spent Jewish past no recent history. longer harbouring significant Jewish life.” Furthermore, Pinto argues “the very term ‘European Jews’ was associated in Zionist minds with Jews who had all but forfeited their “In any assessment of European Jewish life today, we should be cognisant of the extent to which our identity through the folly of assimilation, or with curbed, perspective is clouded by the shadow of this relatively at times sycophantic, ultra-religious Jews who had gone recent history.” to the gas chambers as sheep to slaughter. For Zionists, Europe and the Jewish people were incompatible.” As for American Jews, they “shared, along with so many The case for such cognisance is not simply because of the immigrants to the New World, a similar reading of Europe Holocaust. The demise of European Jewry can be traced as a continent of intolerance and injustice.”4 back to several decades before the Nazis even came to power. From the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in Reading popular articles about European Jewry today, 1881, Jews began to flee Europe. While economic factors many authors appear to be drawn to contemporary or certainly informed these waves of migration, antisemitism historical incidents and research findings that reinforce was a major factor. Confronted with violence and pogroms, these positions. Time may have moved on, and the destined to live under the swathe of nationalist and fascist memories become more remote, but the trauma of that governments that swept across the continent prior to history still seems to reverberate in ways that are both the Second World War, not to mention the communist conscious and unconscious. In the past few months alone, governments that overlapped and followed, increasing headlines include “The bleak prospects for Europe’s numbers of Jews felt compelled to leave. Europe was simply too dangerous a place in which to live. Where they “Much of what is written today about the future migrated to was informed by other pull factors – economic of European Jewish life is cast in negative or even prosperity above all, and Zionist fervour certainly played apocalyptic terms.” its part. Yet, irrespective of where they ended up and why, the push factor was always significant: Europe was the site of prejudice and persecution; somewhere to flee from in the Jews”,5 “Antisemitism hits new record in Europe”,6 “Jewish face of pogrom, discrimination and genocide. religion is under attack in Europe”,7 “Jewish life in Europe ‘dying a slow death’”8 and “Are 150 million Europeans antisemites or dangerous idiots?”9 Each of these assesses The impending catastrophe European Jewry’s future through the lens of antisemitism hypothesis 3 The concept of “shlilat ha-golah” (negation of the Diaspora) Of the 13.8 million Jews in the world today, as many as was a central part of classical Zionism, and whilst considerably two-thirds trace their ancestral origins back to Europe weaker today than in the past, continues to inform contemporary and the Russian Empire.2 Thus, for the vast majority of Zionist thought. Jews in the world today, the accounts of their ancestors 4 Diano Pinto, “A Third Pillar? Toward a European Jewish surviving or fleeing persecution in Europe constitute Identity.” Text of a lecture given at the Central European part of their family story, and therefore an important University, Budapest, Jewish Studies Lecture Series, March 1999. 5 P. David Hornik, “The Bleak Prospects for Europe’s Jews”, component of their personal historical narrative. With Frontpage, June 26, 2013. See: http://frontpagemag.com. 6 Itamar Eichner, “Antisemitism hits new record in Europe”, 1 See: Avraham Sutzkever (1943) “How?” in: Sutkever, A. (1991). YNet, June 24, 2013. See: http://www.ynetnews.com. Selected Poetry and Prose. Translated from the Yiddish by 7 Sam Sokol, “Jewish religion is under attack in Europe”, Barbara and Benjamin Harshav. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: Jerusalem Post, May 8, 2013. See: http://www.jpost.com.