Contents

Contents Section 5 A Living Landscape

Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 5.1 Communities Management Plan 2004-2009 5.2 Tourism and Recreation (A shared responsibility for a very special place) 5.3 Transport and Access 5.4 Education and Information Foreword Section 6 A Protected Landscape Section 1 Introduction and Vision Section 7 Appendices 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Our Vision For 2030 Appendix 1 List of Consultees Appendix 2 Consultation Results Section 2 A Landscape of National Importance Appendix 3 Policy Citations Appendix 4 1998 Management Plan Review 2.1 What is an Area Of Outstanding Natural Beauty? Appendix 5 Local Transport Plan and Quiet Roads 2.2 Solway Coast AONB Appendix 6 Glossary 2.3 The Statutory Management Plan Appendix 7 Acronyms 2.4 The Consultation Process Appendix 8 Bibliography 2.5 The Government Framework with regard to Solway Coast AONB 2.6 Progress since 1994 2.7 Review of the first Management Plan Figures

1. Topography

C o n t e n tSection s 3 A Unique Landscape 2. North West Protected Landscapes Section 4 A Special Landscape 3. Landscape Types

4.1 Landscape Heritage 4.2 Cultural Heritage

Page 1 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place Foreword

FOREWORD

I am delighted and honoured to commend to you this far sighted vision and the far which they all belong? It is alive and reaching strategies which have been developed to realise it, in cooperation with an well, despite all the knocks. It will emerging partnership involving all of you, individuals, volunteers, statutory bodies, take more than the ravages of foot towns, villages, landowners, schools and many special interest groups. We have and mouth, the closure of railways all one thing in common – a love for our Solway Coast and Plain which has been and factories or the proliferation handed down to us from those who went before, which we now hold in trust and of drugs to see it off. Our land on which we intend to hand on to future generations, not only intact but enhanced, with the contrary will be here long after the magic preserved and prosperity secured. us and it is our duty to preserve and enhance it as best we can and It is a fine vision, and it will take more than words to get there but we now have the ensure our children and theirs enjoy road map and I must pay tribute to all our friends and partners, to officers and to all it, understand it and cherish it as of you who attended meetings and returned questionnaires, and specifically to the much as we did and do. Staff Unit for all their energy and dedication which has gone into the preparation of this first ever statutory Management Plan for our Solway Coast Area of Outstanding The excellence of the Staff Unit Natural Beauty (AONB), exactly forty years to the month since it received its and its leadership, the dedication designation. The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 has placed a statutory and enthusiasm of the 80 strong duty on us, which ensures that the plan and its implementation will be closely Solway Coast Community Volunteer supported and monitored. Group which has just been honoured with the 2003 Cumberland News Countryside Community Environment Award, and the collective wisdom of a multi talented Joint Much has been said and written about our landscape, which never fails to inspire Advisory Committee should ensure that this comprehensive framework for action with its ever-changing moods and light, the big skies and low plain so influenced provides each one of us with the means, the direction and the inspiration to play a by the seasons and the tides. I have carried with me since childhood, the sights, realistic part in making this vision a reality. We have a shared responsibility for the the sounds, and the smells, the dialect – the very feel of this haunting secret world future of this very special place.

F o r e w o– wherever r d I have gone and its hold and pull have only increased. How can you ever forget the spring of the marsh turf and the smell of the pinks; that millerthumb nest in the Old Junction; the fun and games in the dunes and on the banks; the eerie silence of the Holme and Black Dub; snow-capped Criffel; the ‘Calley’ Railway, hounds and hares all over the place; the bike rides to Bowness and Port; mushrooms from the Bill Jefferson OBE Grune to Rockcliffe; swimming all the way down from the West Beach to Allonby and in the Waver and the Wampool; brummelling, spud-bashing, rose-hip picking even skating on the Tarns. But never far away, and often within sight – that Solway Coast and its tides, casting that spell on all of us. And what of all the villages, hamlets and lonely houses, all with their characters and individuals deeply rooted in the land to

Page 3 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place Section One

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.5 This Management Plan attempts to unravel the special characteristics that when combined make the Solway Coast so evocative and unique. It deals with a wide 1.1.1 This, the second Management Plan dedicated to the future of Solway Coast range of subjects from wildlife conservation to socio-economics with an overriding Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), seeks to provide the foundation stone focus that anchors everything to landscape quality and its conservation. for the future prosperity of its nationally important landscape. Within the landscape lies the heart of a unique character. It is steeped in a rich and long history, it contains 1.1.6 Before dealing with the various subjects it is worth considering where we are a wealth of wildlife and habitats which are of international and national importance, it and where we came from as the managing Partnership of Solway Coast AONB. Much embraces a broad canvas of architectural and settlement styles and, when all of these detail is given in Section One of the plan about the history of management and the elements are brought together into its rich patchwork, it supports and fulfils the life of structure of the managing partnership but what the reader must understand is that its wild, domesticated and human populations. the Partnership is extremely young (see section 2.3), is finding its feet, and that a wealth of baseline data needs to be assembled within the first two years of this plan 1.1.2 The Solway Coast is in itself an evocative title; it conjures up pictures of wind, to provide strong arguments about the protection, restoration and enhancement of storm, tranquillity and calm. The landscape character of the Solway Coast is also about the AONB. this dynamic, climatically driven element that changes minute-by-minute, hour-by-hour. A low coastal plain is always dominated by ‘big skies’ that create a stunning and ever 1.1.7 The publication of this, the first statutory Management Plan for the Solway changing backdrop to the landscape. The tidal influence within the estuary provides Coast AONB comes in the same year as the 40th Anniversary of its designation as an a further dynamic that occurs twice daily and transforms the sand and mudflats and AONB. For 32 of these years the area had no formal management except a planning saltmarsh landscape that in turn drives the spectacular movements of bird-life around interest in its protection from the three local authorities who have the statutory the estuary. Under the influence of weather and tide the coastal landscape is being remit for its protection. The AONB came under part time management eight years eroded and created, adding to its unique and constantly changing character. ago (1996) under the auspices of Solway Rural Initiative (SRI). Only two years ago (2002), under guidance from the Countryside Agency (CA) was a comprehensive 1.1.3 Further inland, the farming community has created a patchwork of fields and staff unit formed (four full time dedicated staff) and this staff unit was placed under hedge boundaries, drainage ditches and settlements. Within this patchwork are the the ‘umbrella’ of a Joint Advisory Committee (JAC) formed six months later (2002). remnant areas of lowland peat bogs that have withstood land improvement and peat harvesting and are now under sympathetic management and are once again growing 1.1.8 The development of the draft of this Management Plan, and its subsequent and thriving because they can retain their precious rainwater. stakeholder and public consultation, could not draw on the luxury of statistics dedicated to the area that lies within the AONB boundary, although data sets do 1.1.4 The Solway Coast AONB is undoubtedly a special place and its special qualities exist for the three local authority areas. However, the plan identifies strengths and must be encapsulated into a document that describes its present needs and conveys, weaknesses and addresses the shortfalls in our knowledge to create a set of needs through a vision, what the area will be like in 2030. Simply, the aspirations of this and developments that will provide the foundation of our project led outputs over generation delivered to the next. the next five years. The first two years of plan implementation will create a wealth of

Introduction & Vision data about the present condition of the AONB; this pioneering work will culminate in actions through projects to deal with the varied and diverse subject matter.

Page 5 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section One Section Page 6 Page Introduction & Vision reviewed remain concerning agenda for 1.2.2 changes 1.2.1 2030 FOR VISION oUR 1.2 full communities The aspirational ue ad asd ie ae noe by enjoyed are mires raised and dunes summer.late and early during sand Saltmarshes, taken is silage not and is over-grazed, Pastureland way. traditional a in mixed with age standard hedgerows trees that species are managed mixed or walls cobble have boundaries field All returned. have practices traditional and sustainable more that way a such in diversified has Farming condition. good in land all with quality high extremely of is landscape The • the generation visions Solway The Landscape anchored Solway and in to local dynamic the justify and policies. below and to Coast future Coast circumstances, should to visitors. provide their set its nature This of AONB AONB position publication out be a a geographical means seen how of sustainable by Partnership management changes as as the 2030. that the date. our AONB lead once This ultimate area. future in Subsequently will local, document will published, gives planning work for goal. look regional, today’s the toward and for must landscape, plans a a Management national feel specific managers also an must if it achievable take and its set were be of wildlife, into of international adapted Plan the objectives 2030. account cannot area vision local It and is a are recovering historical levels of biodiversity. They support a greater biodiversity than biodiversity greater a biodiversity.support of They levels historical recovering are people and due to current sympathetic management and a variety of restoration projects, oaie fod eec ad ad riae cee hv be r-eeoe to re-developed wildlife. been and have agriculture schemes both drainage of land needs and regimes the defence management flood to Land Localised sympathetic wildlife. are of areas species natural migratory on and resident wide a supporting of turn in range habitats of range large a encompasses Firth Solway The Heritage natural • give and maintain volunteers, infrastructure. and and landscapes to regard with advice officers education rangers, of inclusive service management countryside AAONB. the of sector western the within land common the natural. looks and Aof infrastructure much protects manages both Trustand that owns way sympathetic a in defended been has warming global to due erosion edge Coastal schemes. restoration and techniques management land effective to due before ever 25 years. 25 past the over quality high exceptionally an to improved landscape of areas include extended to been has boundary years. AONB 25 The past the over AONB the within created been have Reserves Nature Local New Twelve Solway. the to returned have species bird breeding new 8 years 25 past the In bodies. conservation and managers land between grown has partnership strong waders. Afor habitat breeding create to wet of marginal pasture have been allowed to re- areas funding, Environment the of Agri- support With mires. raised within water retain Section One

• Cultural Heritage and consultancies. Services are delivered to settlements through an integrated ‘mobile services and market unit’ run by local people. The diversification of farm incomes has The story of the Solway Coast is well known and respected through the provision of created employment within rural areas and traditional farming practices have founded access to sites with quality interpretation and visitor services. Landscape evolution and drive a local rural skills base. Local people are being employed locally and are through man’s endeavour is the connecting theme that has created a context for visitors beginning to have an adequate supply of local housing through new initiatives. Village to stay and explore the area. All conservation areas have been protected and restored pubs are thriving through the development of Solway produce menus, as are village through AONB driven grant schools through the provision of opportunities for young families. The local wild schemes and design guides. shellfish gathering operation enjoys the cooperative approach to gathering and Hadrian’s Wall Path National marketing Solway produce along with its employment and economic benefits. Trail has had its 500,000th walker and has just celebrated its position as a world leader • tourism and Recreation in sustainable tourism. The local Haaf Net fishery enjoys its Solway Coast has regained its position as a traditional seaside destination, with status as a Heritage fishery and most visitor activity centred on Allonby and Silloth. Windsurfing, sea angling adds much to the local colour of and kite flying all have national centres within the AONB. Passive recreation the area. The town of Silloth has has grown due to the marketing and implementation of ‘Quiet Lanes’ where been included within the AONB cyclists, walkers and horse riders enjoy the tranquillity of the area. Tourism on the merits of its Victorian related businesses have grown to heritage and high quality built include stables, cycle stores and environment. Fortified church at Newton Arlosh repairers and outdoor clothing outlets. Hadrian’s Wall Path National Trail has had no impact on the landscape but • Communities has provided an opportunity for new visitors to see the AONB and all its Villages look and feel part of the AONB through high quality signage treasures. New visitor attractions have and appropriate infrastructure. Developments over the past 25 years grown including local produce markets have been sympathetic to the local vernacular style. Rural businesses and the annual country fair rivals the have developed without compromising the integrity of settlements. larger national shows in terms of visitor Redundant buildings have been brought back into use. A range of new numbers. Visitors come all year round buildings has been built in an eco-friendly way that is not discordant to see the seasonal bird spectacle on within the landscape. There are thriving rural business partnerships the Solway but especially in winter. Introduction & Vision delivering economic growth through traditional crafts, IT-based products Bird watching tours are provided by Burgh-by-Sands local shop

Page 7 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section One Section Page 8 Page Introduction & Vision oa shos n clee ue h ae a a as area the area the of status the use understand fully and resource colleges and schools Local activities. community-based other and art interpretation through carnivals, through AONB the within local managers, people and land visitors. Communities celebrate their part by especially understood, well are Coast Solway the of qualities special The Information and education • replaced. is infrastructure damaged the of sustainability the transport network, maintain where problems are identified and surveys Annual gains. aesthetic securing thus been made to park cars away from the frontages of houses within certain settlements, vehicle service that local forms the nucleus for small-scale a street and village green markets. though Provision has settlements into brought are Services visitors. locals and both benefiting people, local of voice the through provision transport public bespoke the manages Transportnon-existent, Local Partnership The landscape. the with in or fitting key low and traditional is lighting street and their schemes, have traffic own villages traditional, is signage Highway area. the throughout classified are Lanes’ ‘Quiet and standard, high a to maintained is network Way of Rights The t • area. other any of to experience AONBs the prefers market tourism the coveted locally of sector outdoor the traditional the that of shown has survey Oystercatcher Award. Arecent recipient 500th its with Green flourish Solway to The continues destinations. Scheme Coast of Awards family Solway Cumbrian thea of through part forming marketed image brand is recreation and Tourism businesses. local ransport and Access ransport The Solway Coast Discovery Centre, Silloth-on-Solway Centre, Discovery Coast Solway The as a gateway to the AONB and much information can be obtained from it. Colleges and role its in continues Centre Discovery Coast Solway The Park. National the side along interpretation the AONB is well known, it is respected, but above all it is understood. is it all above but respected, is it known, well the is interpretation AONB and education Through packs. student and teacher by driven visits field associated its and Centre Discovery the both through them to available resource the enjoy schools It information 1.2.3 objectives. delivery

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How the Management and Delivery Our Shared Vision for 2030 Plans Combine

The Management Plan 2004-2009 The Delivery Plan Turning Aspirations into Objectives Turning Objectives into Sustainable Outcomes

Objectives Objective Validations Solutions Actions Milestones Timescale/Priority

The objectives have been The validations contain the The solutions turn the The actions deliver the A milestone is a measure of This breaks down the derived from both the initial issues raised during the objectives into individual solutions in a way that the delivery of actions. actions into set timescales research as a basis for the consultation periods and are pieces of work or parts of a breaks down the process into and prioritises project plan, and the statutory, laid out within the context of larger project that drive the individual and measurable initiation. stakeholder and public the AONB. They collectively delivery process. pieces of work. consultation. underpin the all-inclusive objectives.

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Page 9 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place Section Two

2.1 WHAT IS AN AREA OF OUTSTANDING NATURAL BEAUTY? The primary purpose of designation is to conserve and enhance natural beauty. 2.1.1 The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 provided for the 1 designation of National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs). In pursuing the primary purpose of designation, account should be taken of the Following this initial legislation 50 years ago, AONBs have received piecemeal needs of agriculture, forestry, and other rural industries and of the economic and management and a range of management solutions driven by local authorities. 2 social needs of local communities. Particular regard should be paid to promoting In 2000 the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (CRoW) created legislation for the sustainable forms of social and economic development in which themselves better protection of AONBs. This new Act consolidates and strengthens the 1949 conserve and enhance the environment. Act concerning AONBs, reaffirming the purposes of designation, and confirming the powers of local authorities to take appropriate action to conserve or enhance the Recreation is not an objective of designation but the demand for recreation should be natural beauty of AONBs. The following are the objectives of the relevant sections met so far as this is consistent with the conservation of natural beauty and the of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 with regard to AONBs: 3 needs of agriculture, forestry and other uses.

Section 82 reaffirms the primary purpose of AONBs; Section 84 confirms the powers of local authorities to take appropriate action to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of 2.2 tHE SOLWAY COAST AONB AONBs; Section 85 places a duty on all public bodies and statutory undertakers 2.2.1 The Solway Coast became an AONB in 1964 and it has survived relatively to ‘have regard’ to the ‘purpose of conserving and enhancing unchanged in landscape character ever since. The AONB covers an area of 115 sq the natural beauty of the area of outstanding natural km and follows 59km of the Cumbrian coast between Maryport and Rockcliffe. The beauty’; AONB is located on the Solway Firth estuary on the border between England and Section 89 creates a statutory responsibility for local authorities and Scotland (see Figures 1 & 2). The designated area is split into two separate sectors conservation boards to produce and regularly review AONB by the exclusion of the town of Silloth. Both sectors are primarily agricultural management plans. in character and are remote from large towns and conurbations. The area’s international importance for bird life, its value for plant and animal habitats and natural features, together with its wealth of important archaeological and historical features, underpin its international, national, regional and local importance. 2.1.2 The primary purpose of AONB designation is conservation of the natural A Landscape of National Importance beauty of the landscape. Government confirmed in July 2000 that since the landscape qualities of National Parks and AONBs are equivalent, the protection 2.3 tHE STATUTORY MANAGEMENT PLAN being given to both types of area by the land use planning system should also be equivalent. The purpose of AONB designation is as follows: 2.3.1 Within the CRoW Act (2000) Government has placed a duty on Local

Page 11 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section TwoSection Page 12 Page A Landscape of National Importance Figure 1. Topography Section Two

Authorities to produce a statutory Management Plan for all 37 English AONBs by technical officer steering group under the umbrella of the Solway Coast AONB Joint March 2004. Advisory Committee (JAC).

2.3.2 The Management Plan for the Solway Coast AONB is a key strategic document that will assist in coordinating all those involved in the management, use and enjoyment of the area. The Countryside Agency have set out guidelines for Solway Rural Initiative Local Authorities Countryside Agency Joint Advisory Committee the ‘new’ Management Plans in their publication Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (Advisor, Employer (Member, Officer and (Gov Policy, Officer & (Managing Committee) (A Guide) published in 2001 (CA23). It describes the following broad elements to & Host) Funding Support) Funding Support) produce a successful plan, i.e. one that:

Technical Officer AONB Manager Steering Group (Core Funded) (Advisor) • Highlights the special qualities and the enduring significance of the AONB, and the importance of its different features; • Presents an integrated vision for the future of the AONB as a whole, in the light AONB Staff Unit of national, regional and local priorities; (Core Funded) • Sets out the agreed policies incorporating specific objectives which will help secure that vision; KEY • Identifies what needs to be done, by whom, and when in order to achieve these Project Delivery Staff ...... Employer (Project Funded) outcomes; ––––––––––––––––– Funder & Advisor • Identifies the means by which objectives and actions will be reviewed.

Diagram 2: AONB Partnership Structure 2.3.3 The three local authorities, Allerdale Borough Council (ABC), Carlisle City Council (CaCC), and Cumbria County Council (CCC), the Countryside Agency (CA) The JAC is made up of all those with an interest in the area. They include Local and Solway Rural Initiative (SRI), a voluntary sector organisation, have agreed, Authorities, Parish Councils, Community Groups, Statutory Agencies and other through a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) signed in 2002, that the Management public and voluntary sector organisations. The JAC was set up and constituted in Plan should be produced and delivered by the AONB staff unit with guidance from a 2002 and comprises 28 seats: A Landscape of National Importance

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Stakeholder Consultation June 2003 provided another opportunity to consult widely on the draft, with an 2.4.2 Three rounds of meetings were held with each group (15 meetings), with audience of over 100 delegates who took part in an afternoon of workshops based comments and discussion recorded from each session and used in the compilation around the proposed policies and objectives of the plan. Again, feedback was of the first draft of the Management Plan. Policies and objectives were also identified recorded to enable its inclusion in the next draft as appropriate. (See Appendix 1 for as a result of the stakeholder meetings and were circulated within the first draft list of organisations consulted.) sent out for comment in April 2003. The first draft also included a template for the Delivery Plan. Public Consultation 2.4.4 July 2003 saw the launch of the public consultation stage. Five thousand Partnership Consultation copies of ‘The Solway Coaster’, a new free newspaper for the Solway Coast 2.4.3 The Solway Coast AONB Joint Advisory Committee Annual Conference in AONB, were distributed and was dedicated purely to the draft Management Plan. The ‘Coaster’ contained a questionnaire with consultees being asked to record their views on the significance of the policies and objectives that arose from the first rounds of consultation. Towards the end of the ten week consultation period, meetings were held in Silloth and Bowness-on-Solway to provide further opportunity for comments. The general consensus indicated that the draft plan contained no omissions. The questionnaires received, provided a clear prioritisation mandate as each was scored as to its relative importance within the whole plan.

Public Consultation Results 2.4.5 From the Policies and Objectives drafted and published in the ‘Solway Coaster’ the responses received produced a list of perceived priority. In priority order, they are: A Landscape of National Importance Management Plan consultation at Bowness-on-Solway

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Section Two

and enhancement of AONBs lies with the District and Local Authorities whose 2.6.3 From 1998, following the establishment of the National Association of AONBs boundaries lie within the geographical area designated as AONB. This Management (NAAONBs), the Countryside Agency and the NAAONBs provided joint advice to Plan has been compiled on their behalf and as such incorporates their policies. The Government regarding future funding and governance for AONBs. This advice was relationships between strategic partners, with a stake considered by Government and resulted in a new package in the future of the AONB, are defined and articulated for the better protection and management for all AONBs. through their own relevant policy citations in However, in order to qualify for the enhanced package, all Appendix 3. AONBs went through a Governance Review in 2002.

2.6.4 The Review produced the following outcomes: 2.6 PROGRESS SINCE 1994 • Four core staff positions were created, they 2.6.1 In 1994 Solway Rural Initiative produced a include: ‘Statement of Intent’ for the future well-being of Solway Coast AONB and committed the partnership AONB Manager of Cumbria County Council, Allerdale Borough AONB Projects Officer Council, Carlisle City Council, Solway Rural Initiative AONB Development Officer and the Countryside Commission to the following AONB Administrator; objectives: • Establishment of a 28 member Joint Advisory 1. The appointment of the first AONB Officer. Committee; 2. To work towards the publication of the first Management Plan for the area. • Core funding committed by the Partnership for six years (initially) to be reviewed after three 2.6.2 The AONB Officer was appointed and years. employed by Solway Rural Initiative in spring 1996 and publication of the Management Plan, following 2.6.5 During the Governance Review period the new wide consultation, was delivered in autumn 1998. staff offices and JAC meeting rooms were developed The ‘Unit’ was managed by the funding partnership. as part of the Solway Coast Discovery Centre (AONB In 1999 the partnership decided to work toward the Gateway Site) at Silloth. Silloth lies outside of the AONB establishment of a Joint Advisory Committee (JAC) boundary but is at the centre of the AONB (see Figure 2). to oversee the work of the staff and steering group. A Landscape of National Importance

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Some has plan and been were

for all of Restoration project at Mawbray Banks SSSI Banks Mawbray at project Restoration Section Three

3.0 A UNIQUE LANDSCAPE Waver, Holme Low, Holme Abbey, Kirkbride, Oughterside and Allerby and Rockcliffe. 3.1.1 This section of the plan concentrates on a range of facts and figures that • 20% of the population is aged under 16. describes both the environment of the AONB and its social and economic status in • 8% of the population is aged 16-24. statistical terms. The information is not exhaustive and represents information that • 26% of the population is aged 25-44. has been gathered with respect to the boundaries of the AONB. More work needs • 23% of the population is aged 45-59. to be done, on many fronts, to refine and add to this data in order to measure the • 23% of the population is aged 60 and over. effectiveness of the present plan. As pointed out within the introduction, the first • The Mean household Income for the AONB is £25,133 and the Median goal of this plan is to create a document concerning ‘the State of the AONB’. From Income is £19,785. This is the lowest of the North West AONBs but this we can target our projects more effectively. ranks the Solway Coast as 25th out of the 37 English AONBs. • The economic activity of working age people within the AONB (16-64) The Region is: 3.1.2 The North West Region consisting of Cheshire, Lancashire, Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Cumbria covers around 14,170 sq km. Of that area 4,177 sq Part Time Employees 12.49% km or 29 per cent of the region is protected landscape either designated as National Full Time Employees 34.75% Park or Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (see Figure 1). The region has over Self Employed 17.86% 1,000 km of coastline. Unemployed 2.41% Full Time Student 1.57% The AONB Retired 15.75% 3.1.3 The Solway Coast AONB lies within the boundaries of Carlisle City Council Student 2.51% which covers 12 per cent of the designated land area and Allerdale Borough Council Looking after home/family 5.57% covers the remaining 88 per cent. In total the AONB covers 115 sq km or 11,500 Permanently sick/disabled 4.94% hectares, within this area agricultural land covers 7,420 hectares or 65 per cent of Other 2.15% the total, this includes salt marshes. Raised Mires cover 1,077 hectares or 10 per cent, the remaining 25 per cent covers areas such as settlements, sand dunes, • 63% of households are within 4km of an ATM machine. rivers and highways. The AONB extends along 59 km of coastline, just over 5 per • 61% of households are within 4km of a Bank or Building Society. cent of the North West region’s coastline. • 63% of households are within 4km of a Doctor. • 41% of households are within 8km of a job centre. Socio-Economic Profile • 49% of households are within 4km of a library. 3.1.4 Socio-economic indicators for the AONB comprise the following: • 55% of households are within 4km of a petrol station.

A Unique Landscape • 75% of households are within 2km of a Post Office despite there only • A total population of 8,736, which is the fifth smallest of the English being four within the AONB boundary. AONBs. • 77% of households are within 2km of a Primary School. • There are 13 Parishes: Allonby, Beaumont, Bowness, Burgh, • 59% of households are within 4km of a Secondary School Crosscanonby, Hayton and Mealo, Holme St Cuthbert, Holme East • 53% of households are within 4km of a Supermarket

Page 19 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Three Section Page 20 Page A Unique Landscape

Figure 2. NW Regional Context Section Three

Figure 3. Landscape Types A Unique Landscape

Source: Solway Coast Landscape Assessment

Page 21 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Three Section Page 22 Page A Unique Landscape be is protected tourism such 3.1.5 Agriculture still seen is Agriculture unsettled There • Farm • Farm • Farm • These • Farm • Farm • 29% • 30% • 28% • 11% • 5% • 53% • the as cannot landscape being primary 133 9% hectares: total 19% hectares: 35% hectares: 28% hectares: 100 and lowland dairy. be following in in of in

9% hectares: of in in in of of accounts measured area

rural a holdings holdings 1990. holdings through were holdings 1990, of holdings holdings of holdings 1990. 1990. 1990. holdings holdings holdings period in cattle

of 33% 12% 22% 21% 1990. economic holdings holdings the 129 so the and of 12% sustainable for greater in in in in a grow in less foot

cover AONB. farm 50 grow farm are instability. 20 decrease 5 2002 2002 2002 2002 isolation 65 sheep.

in

and to

temporary than to driver to potatoes. holdings per beef. turnip. farm 2002 7,420 than

rear

and and and and 100 mouth 20 50 5 cent farming of for because hectares 3%. the within of grass. epidemic land-use area practices. of which the the along in AONB contribution within 2001 accounts The with in and farming the tourism. 2002. as for AONB such made Cattle grazing on the marshes the on grazing Cattle There community 65% However, and should to of were the the as 3.1.6 ature Conservation Facts and Figures and Facts Conservation Nature The 75% • 19% • 7% • 7% • 20% • 28% • Of • AONB employment 6379 of of of of of of contains holdings holdings holdings holdings holdings holdings people within a are grow of are are grow grow wide working set agricultural permanent rough wheat. winter spring aside. array grazing. regional reflecting habitats. The • Upper There • Silloth Bowness River Salta Glasson age barley. barley. of holdings. grass. within nature Areas Mosses Marshes Scientific within AONB. that including SSSI of area Total * hectares*; Banks – hectares;

16,165 importance its

the

Moss Upper

of conservation international, Eden Solway – Sand are

AONB, 188

hectares*; Moss Conservation are

Interest

and – six

hectares; Common Dunes 45 Tributaries Solway

Candidate

– Flats

1,276 for Sites hectares; 226 South (SSSIs):

and and wildlife hectares; designations national

or

of Flats (cSAC).

Mawbray

20% Marshes – – Special Solway Special

2,485 find and and and 806 Section Three

• The Upper Solway Flats and Mosses are a Special Area of Conservation Grey Partridge. (SAC) and a RAMSAR site, a designation given to wetland sites and of • English Nature High Priority Species within the AONB are the international importance for birds. Oystercatcher, Curlew, Little Tern, Ringed Plover and Skylark. • There are 16 County Wildlife Sites: • The Isle of Man Cabbage is a Nationally Scarce Plant Species. Red Rocks, Rockcliffe (Sandstone Cliffs) Sea Brows (Grassland Slope) Key Built and Historic Environment Facts and Figures Bank End (Wet Meadow) 3.1.7 There are other sites and buildings of importance that are not quantified here Maryport to Allonby Coast (Dunes) but will be subject to a full survey under the ‘State of the AONB’ Project. Allonby (Ponds and Scrub) Cowgate (Marshy Grassland) • There are eight churches founded in the pre medieval period. Brownrigg Pond (Freshwater Pond) • There are seven settlements with conservation area status. Skinburness Great Gutter (Tidal Creek) • There are 49 Scheduled Monuments including: Saltcoats Pond (Pond) 16 x Settlements Newton Arlosh (Disused Railway) 12 x Towers Kirkbride Aerodrome (Wetland) 9 x Milefortlets Kirkbride Railway Line (Grassland) 4 x Roman Defences Low Flood Fields (Heath and Carr) Drumburgh Track (Grassland and Scrub) Bowness-on-Solway Nature Reserve (Gravel Pits) Bowness-on-Solway Churchyard (Lichen Habitat). • There are three Tree Preservation Orders: Marsh House, Burgh by Sands Dykesfield Castletown House, Rockcliffe. • There are four Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological Sites (RIGS): Beckfoot – Submerged Forest Rockcliffe – Sandstone Outcrop Swarthy Hill – Drumlin and raised beach profile Dubmill Point, Allonby – Raised beach profile.

A Unique Landscape • There are three Nature Reserves: Campfield Marsh – RSPB Bowness-on-Solway – Cumbria Wildlife Trust Rockcliffe Marsh – Cumbria Wildlife Trust. Edward I Monument, Burgh Marsh • BAP Priority Species within the AONB are the Natterjack Toad and

Page 23 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Three Section Page 24 Page A Unique Landscape related the used 3.1.9 3.1.8 T but Summary ourism Facts and Figures and Facts ourism especially AONB The No and There • There • Port Mawbray Dykesfield Burgh Bowness-on-Solway Boustead Allonby 3 There • 1 The • 1 1 1 1 There • infrastructure integrated tourism boundary facts within AONB. footpaths within in Solway x x x x x x Silloth-on-Solway. Roman Moated Medieval Roman Viking Saltpans. and

Carlisle. surveys Gateway

are the are the by are within and can are Coast figures Sands seven ‘Objective Hill in 159 AONB. Cross

no be Forts Camp Site as 11 the Abbey have

various Discovery measured.

km Tourist such site caravan 13 Conservation provided of

been Parishes. for Validations’ only bridleways sections Information

the Centre carried sites physical here

AONB Areas

of –

within have and that out is the

Centres tourism located – within public within follow

been

plan The the the AONB: and each Statistics’source: is of addressed our objective

under Cyclists at Cyclists Allonby statements statistics.defra.gov.uk magic.gov.uk finest-net.countryside.gov.uk Farmstats, defra.gov.ukFarmstats, ‘State of the within AONB’ the

next Project. section. The data set is incomplete Section Four

4.0 LANDSCAPE HERITAGE

Landscape and habitat are inextricably linked, and 4.1.1 dunes between Mawbray within this section an attempt has been made to deal with Banks and Silloth have those elements that are landscape topics and those which been designated as a Site are based on habitats. Both natural and man-made landscape of Special Scientific Interest elements are dealt with in turn, creating a set of objectives (SSSI). The sand dunes are for future management and a set of solutions to deliver an important breeding site those objectives. The process is both validated with regard for the rare Natterjack Toad. to the broad objectives and the solutions are set against the Cumbrian shores provide a priorities identified during the consultation process. refuge for a third of the UK population. 4.1.2 The Solway Coast AONB lies wholly within the ‘Solway Basin’ Landscape Character area (Countryside Character, 4.1.4 Within the Volume 2, 1998). It consists of a broad coastal plain fringed eastern end of the AONB, by the low, rugged and relatively remote coastline of the saltmarshes are backed by Solway Firth, with open panoramic views to the Dumfries and agricultural land reclaimed Galloway coast and inland to the from both saltmarsh and High Fells of the Lake District. lowland raised mires. Marsh flowers Extensive salt marshes lie The Solway Coast AONB 4.1.3 between Skinburness and contains a rich wealth of special Rockcliffe, the seaward edge being characterised landscapes created by the by dendritic creeks and low soft river cliffs. The interaction of human activities bright green of the salt marsh dotted with the pinks and natural processes. (The and whites of native marsh plants, contrasts widely geographical distribution of with the grey and sandy colours of the estuary. the landscape types are shown Looking north, the foreshore of the Solway Firth is in Figure 3.) To the west, sand dominated by large expanses of intertidal mudflats and pebble beaches are backed broken by a shifting network of minor channels with by sand dunes. These in turn the salt marsh behind. These are habitats which are

A Special Landscape make a transition to the more designated as SSSI and cSAC. The mudflats and stable dune heathland. This dune salt marsh are both important for supporting huge system is valuable throughout its numbers of waders and over wintering wildfowl length for nature conservation giving them the designation of RAMSAR and SPA. and two extensive sections of the Sand traps at Wolsty Banks SSSI The presence of wildfowl adds greatly to the zone’s

Page 25 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 26 Page A Special Landscape the Bowness of at AONB. mire cover are the is land land 4.1.6 Solway 4.1.5 natural as international colour ‘mosses’ distinctive Agricultural bog, some these open banks Mires, stone remoteness are character hedge

rectilinear Salta

Glasson a remnant pastures. bounded

becomes in at to Further Behind

of small known

faced rare trees. hedge or a Britain. and The Plain.

a character, the the

Moss

large ‘kests’. to national

Common type villages enclosures prevailing contrast habitat,

raised and heart texture land The Cumberland

human raised and importance Collectively Moss trees. by locally more The are the

inland, tract wilderness. of agricultural drainage occupies Raised the

immediate of and

all acting mires mires

undulating

mire peat endeavour. with

Broadleaved and and and and

the south fragmented fields as date of in towards the as they back ditches, expansive the westerly a become land coastal backdrop form and largest the to Dairy of parts medieval woodland is the the inner small winds larger fringe, managed cattle area Cattle grazing on the mosses the on grazing Cattle area AONB most to of or the streams, a that times, of and the of graze landward extensive collection is is more the the mainly throw low-lying typified bound restricted thus saltmarshes in AONB, dramatic low improved or linking boundary as area of by by skew wind- plain pasture. similar containing small fences, mainly of views the intact the is swept pasture create fields Solway of relatively local sites The of to or the lowland the a hedges shelterbelts. hedges and field a hedges across AONB, fields, number landscape feeling coastline. many flat pattern raised with that and and and the the of of of or ‘stints’ little ‘natural intensify a are plans. create Solway landscape, characteristics in It 4.1.7 Marshes, received, change has competent land key tern, The

a Most managed (grazing area) factors Coast, heritage’ patchwork agricultural and in Sand to

and of lack the name to management certainly the presents such in ‘turbary’ rights Dunes are scale

to of of forming land but of retain the

also as large-scale production habitats of based a and outside AONB, deserves.

the few. a (rights things the complex much a or Agricultural natterjack sense on habitats and are its of to would headage

of are flora, The industrialisation private wildlife extract the of and its taking place of subject intricate significantly toad, traditional interesting fauna, land some or ownership peat refugia in number place. sand are the geological of for of mosaic across survey all Solway character the burning leek, backdrop.

Taken alter and of has important species animals of

heather, the this or common and giving relatively secluded have and that international special, makes a absence of those restore needed scenic wild in Coast. these

fuel).

emerging AONB, special although turn Loss

unique local,

geophysical

characteristic rail this

rather components remoteness

varying it oystercatcher

left Raised unique beauty.

these to

grazing of management

a which of communication and

landscape

national, help character. the this quality

character timeless

than pressures management main the

recognition landscapes

Mires, landscape variety, unspoilt, Whatever are maintain,

enhance qualities features, rights acreage

AONB AONB of of roads either

with

Salt and and and The and has

the the or or of to is Section Four

4.1.8 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), should underpin an estuary wide initiative to tackle sea level change, coastal processes and will link to the recommendations of both shoreline management plans for England and Scotland. Under the auspices of the Solway Firth Partnership, the Solway Coast AONB will provide input to any future decision making processes. A Special Landscape

Whooper swans over the Eden Estuary

Page 27 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 28 Page A Special Landscape effective from Our Characteristics Key Herit Landscape a Estuarine • Fragmented • Dense • Victorian • Rich Limited • • Flat • Medium • Primary • Raised • whole. vision the migrating hedge for mires, variety Once built our for pasture. to work historic, landscape environment this gently banks. of network of beaches, woodland to transport high

coastal building has waders baseline large intertidal areas undulating cultural been nature age of can fields dunes, resorts, and highly routes cover. through styles of has in

be conservation mudflats relatively and enclosed wildfowl. achieving partly been lowland pebble managed on and small archaeological to rectilinear established achieved materials. the

intact and beaches by market plain, the number rivers, windswept value.

vision salt raised intensively using pattern towns

and we streams heritage. of marshes, we peat hedgerow can the sandy hedgerows and must of actions then managed roads bogs, and villages.

shores. first with move ditches trees and or within set

and lowland wintering predominantly Considerable lanes. towards about needs stone the natural collecting raised to faced

our and be vision known and a cultural wide in in a order quantitative range heritage to of measure information sections way. effectively (Sections about whether the Flailing hedges Flailing 4.1 landscape and our 4.2) work of character the has plan. improved of In the order AONB. the to measure landscape Everything how as Section Four

Objective LH1: Recognise and protect those parts of the landscape that contribute to the overall identity and character of the Solway Coast AONB, including all the landscape areas, intertidal mud flats, traditional buildings and farmsteads.

LH1 Objective Validation Changing agricultural practices in both grassland management and animal husbandry have had an impact on plant communities, on the habitats of nesting birds and on the visual character of the Solway farmland.

Hedgerow neglect and removal, drainage of wetlands and ponds, lack of appropriate planting of new native woodland and management of existing farm woodland.

Natural regeneration of woodland on raised mires alters the physical and ecological characteristics of such areas. (This is largely due to anthropogenic lowering of the water table, although a natural bog would have sparse birch cover.)

Highly managed river systems and the problems of eutrophication threaten the mosses and wetland habitats.

Caravan sites and development between Silloth and Maryport and the increase in the popularity of the Solway Coast to the day visitor has increased recreational pressure on the foreshore. Damage to the dune system from the misuse of four wheeled drive vehicles and unrestrained parking is evident.

Coastal erosion, deposition and the rise in sea level is recognised as a long term cause of change. Recent erosion of the soft raised beach between Mawbray and Maryport and of the sand dunes has resulted in the commissioning of research on sediment transport and the preparation of a strategy for coastal flood management.

Development pressures include small but significant proposals for residential development in a number of the villages, and in isolated locations in the open countryside, in which local vernacular styles have not been adopted. This includes pressure for further ribbon development. Conversion of agricultural buildings to non agricultural uses, e.g. residential, alters the character of farmsteads and villages.

Derelict former airfields at Anthorn, Kirkbride and Silloth have either been developed or are under consideration for development and the communications station and wind farm developments have an impact on the character of the area. A Special Landscape

Anthorn communication masts

Page 29 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 30 Page A Special Landscape Solutions To • Promote • To • Promote, • Enhance • To • Identify • Promote • Promote • Develop • AONB. enhancement the assessments undertake consider consider AONB. and awareness greater an the increased maintain the implement enhanced extending landscape a using schemes. common extent public and a awareness of consistent the of restore awareness the methods awareness, by land the setting repairing boundary MoD survey, the of to methodology of landholdings rural, local and monitor understanding damage the involving of understanding AONB, landscape the farmed landscape. AONB and and landowners, and and character mitigating and guidance to character views a encompass scheme enjoyment of to of the the PCs, and to the to Solway to help effects countryside, maintain from remove EN, of Silloth, manage the NT, it, Coast of Solway when etc, redundant existing Wedholme local change. to landscape resisting considering assess Coast distinctiveness intrusive structures Flow, landscape. developments its by biological development Drumburgh developments. achieving and in development roads. and which AONB Moss and landscape would landuse NNR wide plans, detract and coverage potential. change County landscape from proposals of this landscapes local management character landscape on sites adjacent adjacent plans character to and the to Section Four

Natural Heritage

Key Characteristics:

The coastal margin or foreshore is composed of rocky scaur areas with gravel spits surrounded by mud and sand-flats that are intersected by river and creek channels. Sandy beaches are linear and are usually backed by shingle and pebble ridges. Exposed bedrock ‘new red sandstone’ outcrops are very localised and only occur in two areas.

Grazed saltmarshes dominate the inner part of the estuary with some areas defended from inundation by the sea creating coastal grassland. Active sand dunes, truncated by coastal highway consist of mobile dunes, dune heathland and dune grasslands.

Low cliff features occur along the coastal edge where boulder clay drumlins, salt marshes and sand dunes have been eroded by wind and tide.

Once extensive raised mires are screened by birch woodland. Some of the mires are active and retail their boggy character whilst others are drier and have a heath-like appearance. All of the mires have been modified through agricultural land claim.

Agricultural land consists of rough and improved pasture enclosed by a broad range of field sizes and patterns. A mixture of hedgerows, stone walls and modern fences provide field boundaries, some are paired with steep sided drainage ditches. Hedgerow trees and small deciduous woodlands occur in small pockets. The land topography varies from flat to mildly undulating throughout the area.

Our vision for natural heritage can be achieved through clearly targeted Agri-Environment schemes both within and adjacent to the AONB. Landowners will be encouraged to re-wet

A Special Landscape land that will provide for wildlife and create new habitat. Land drainage and flood defence will be encouraged to work together to provide mutual benefits. Local communities and voluntary groups will be encouraged to adopt land as Local Nature Reserves as the culmination of individual restoration projects. Greater access and education with regard to natural heritage will be developed. The Eden Estuary

Page 31 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 32 Page A Special Landscape Objective of The and undertaken objective Car car contain is health, in line Grazing beach The NH1 invasion. litter main vegetation Drystone rights CRoW barbed birds The Most could Mussel Associated to 2003, the parks. parking measurement extraction travelling western dunes find and constraint of at bjective ValidationObjective be three of material) Act, litter, wire. fishing the high and the is access resolved a walls, Common present for Thus, a communities are balance part animals since with SSSIs track-ways NH1: dune do sector particularly fires, tide nature people of subject is of and mainly not for but there the sand a and 1997 areas an of with the and existing local graziers between T of managing fall would further their dunes conservation gorse o secure sympathetic management and Local and management sympathetic secure o unattractive cause a the SSSI is and to damage because in the and within valuable are and economic important a a activities disrepair, Solway problem also gravel introduction in range has are vehicles extraction, has disturbance who relatively maintaining large the the the linear to impose begun been of habitat wish dunes of from Coast view the remit stands 44 the is activity, method to of are destructive generally the hectares identified strips SSSIs. and stable dealing hazards to at even the of a attractive of of AONB and and to it resume Mawbray constraint. enhancement of the from a any beach as wildlife, which of gorse of on ‘Ranger’ foreshore buffer and a coast. with management in of marginal of statutory has for a the valuable activities the grazing small has features high-speed SSSI are is will Banks, possible at a to mussel and undertaken dunes This

Elsewhere, thin or naturally least previously the become between is scale potential of Countryside rough undertaker. habitat on ribbon staff would such adjoining of and this five are beds of designation the the is traffic the resources, a a future grasslands colonised as unofficial narrow not Dubmill and need by fire dunes major of field taken coast need for ad dune coastal several considered pasture along risk. preventing dune Highways Management hoc management careful boundaries managing place concern. and coastal are system. Point as Conversely car by car the as fires. and sand groups. extend constrained open land. for gorse. parks the planning parking, B5300 and Department, wetland good strip. There its agricultural None dune At as AONB access The to Officer. Silloth. from encroachment for along They present ature Reserve status for the for status Reserve Nature it This coast the gorse practice. Around areas is of is intersected scrambling and its areas Unit by farmsteads damaging piecemeal the B5300 land. have has this removal road management, the bushes are Allerdale there usage. car does mixed 85 stretch adjacent Any enjoyed Fly volumes comprise also with parks per onto is by with tipping not and to fencing enforcement provide There at implications a important regard golf cent fragile of Borough along have widespread Mawbray cyclical quads historic other to and coast. due courses, is of is the of of protective extra to less this also dune gorse speed dune the to management and eastern unfenced Unrestricted habitats Council cutting access and the of stretch replenishment a dunes for staff habitats. bikes, problem habitats pasture problem and the of time Allonby. management nesting traffic edge resources law within across and windblown for of stock. are required walking, coastline for and natterjack works of of of Cumbria in recreational registered on South Some the importance, habitat, the the unofficial under the English hard of the Banks and mussel resolving within travelling dunes beach coast as hawthorn have unfenced are (man grazing County toads. olway Dunes coast line. coast Dunes Solway its would which Nature grazing official, car will access road, this material at been spread fishing made) such certain this people, parks, be is lead Council area which hedges B5300 and replaced provides rare proposed apart commons. as to issue. will coastal activities now to needs the these locations. tracks dune on encourages and a coast decrease have often from (with pressure the beach Also, by advice related heath to defences. provide and in coast. no and road. the barbed However, cater gapped increasing with the and These legal dunes. one and the on other problems on present coarse The The for the roosting dunes the wire at extent A dune staff remit and groups the

implementation erosive erection main particularly Mawbray no wildlife erosion fences grasses new strung time. by Delivery grassland. grazing to of of sites issue, locals, have maintain environmental valuable designation. pressures. management of The which constructed and through for and fencing important therefore, no has Plan. problem visitors, shifting wading A formal of scrub these catch

dune been base The the by to Section Four

Solutions

• To create a ‘Landscape Trust’ consisting of land owners, graziers/commoners, Allerdale Borough Council, the AONB Partnership, Local Community and relevant Parish Councils to lead as a single body. • Restore and maintain dune habitats along the AONB coastline. • Promote the provision of coordinated, consistent and high quality conservation and give funding advice to farmers, landowners and managers. • Set up a grazing scheme within the AONB managed land in consultation with the Landscape Trust. • Maintain and enhance populations of rare and uncommon species present. • Develop appropriate site management to safeguard the dune habitat. • Promote the uptake of land-based skills such as dry stone walling and hedge-laying to farmers, landowners and land managers, through open days and funded courses. • Restore unnatural erosion within dune areas where appropriate, using sand trapping and other techniques. • Allow safe public access and public appreciation and interpretation. • Further sand dune conservation by using sites for educational and scientific study. A Special Landscape

Boardwalk through the dunes at Wolsty Banks Restoration project at Mawbray Banks

Page 33 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 34 Page A Special Landscape habitat restoration throughout the saltmarsh system saltmarsh the throughout restoration habitat Objective input There Management possible. The NH2 committees improvements and for comprehensive the of wildfowlers On was roosting Associated Disturbance tiering The The wildfowling. high around the height summer marshes marshes appointed shooting to bjective ValidationObjective is effect more tides site no waders of 1000 habitats and site with NH2: management of and Wildfowling are extensive is tides. in for can of for for wildlife due the conservation years. walkers ranger in minimal. nature the feeding wildfowl be nature Cumbria winter. To Solway T to include notable dangerous o work with salt marsh guardians, owners and users to create coordinated and complimentary management regimes and regimes management complimentary and coordinated create to users and owners guardians, marsh salt with work o the sea This on marshes or conservation (CRoW ponds conservation management The statements seaward warden is They the level Coast grazing for brackish exception carefully regime. AONB marshes 2002-2004. change Act for can places such AONB system edge widgeon regime 2000) also are pools The produced is as controlled of have will for can at currently lie of working be Rockcliffe, the and marshes for Further about has in the the and be be a in been RSPB an the major much the marsh inexperienced created kept a by ditches 10-8,000 unbroken problem, through in salt being liaison made autumn English are on partnership could problem under Burgh, marshes the Campfield subject a in undertaken through vegetation and years plants the the be and and coastal Nature. review Newton to done due monitoring upper South winter. to other dogs ago. farmers with are the other Marsh. to ribbon to to type by Arlosh more marsh The can the implementation tides than Solway provide ensure Monitoring a recreational by Hadrian’s and As outcome number be with from salt that and ‘worrying’ and areas. well an habitat Wildfowlers’ that good HCT, tolerant provided Rockcliffe soft issue Skinburness as of of These is the Wall infrastructure. the mud being activities these bodies structure that

of to sheep national than marsh Path numerous by ground and are different marsh

grazed sites Association, the including those and frequently National there as such enjoyed committee by RSPB and such in nesting cattle. the at Also, parts the Agri-Environment the are as international the marshes English Trail little at Herpetological birdwatching, east by three an who better of back Campfield birds and wintering ideal the to has to distinct regulate provide of the Skinburness Nature, are information marsh on been breeding the AONB the wildfowl shot Marsh wildfowl, marsh. walking, done vegetation schemes. Conservation are tide upper and Environment over is sea habitat tables. and would to monitor required. marsh interests This by marshes breeding washed provide and seasonally the The zones has for allow even to South Trust their Agency, grazing natterjack the created in access. for between waders corresponding the mushroom the west. activities is longer Solway at public carried Solway is RSPB, Rockcliffe. three However, All and managed May toads periods of Wildfowlers to picking. ground and separate out CWT, and the access are and to annually minimise marshes access The June, maintained, than by high, AONB great nesting the private habitats AONB others Association and middle crested marshes is and and are the needed passerine to Unit landowners a due the grazed and and occurrence feeding Conservation and newts will marsh when to landscape enhanced by who low the and work birds. the wildfowl in the marsh. have variation committee. and have the graziers of with dangers Further Officer types. spring marsh a where illegal been very This and and in , Section Four

Solutions

• Promote the provision of coordinated and consistent high quality conservation and funding advice to farmers, land-owners and managers. • Improve appropriate signage for access to the marsh, and interpretation and infrastructure for the marshes. • Support the existing wildlife management networks and establish new ones where appropriate, to promote information exchange and cooperative working. • Consider a survey of degradation of the saltmarshes including tipping, signage overload, seats, car parks and carry out an enhancement project. • To investigate access problems in the salt marshes and possible conflict of interest with nature conservation and wildfowling when ‘open access’ is adopted, and progress solutions where necessary. Objective NH3. To work with the ‘Peatlands for People Project’ and encourage the implementation of existing designated wildlife area A Special Landscape

A wildfowler on Newton Arlosh Marsh

Page 35 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 36 Page A Special Landscape Solutions agreements. management local and plans management The areas with At mires Over practices Northwest A private that has The ValidationObjective and

new the reduced interpretation, Solway acts outcome raised the out in project To To • • To • present landowners. less as past between of Region mires a Coast sight the favourable is screen. ‘Peatlands 20 SSSI. time that original years and like create provide help by is 1948 providing the very rich area The open mind. much provide and raised condition for lowland in and few ‘Peatlands and appropriate water, Lowland Raised People’ 1978. a work acres over promote resource mires management mires fen/carr as and mires

80 aims are Raised for are Sites per investment from in to access People’ AONB to only in cent and favourable people of restore good Mires. its Special enjoyed reed by

based solutions original project and condition number. through the For has beds. Scientific education condition South by thousands interpretation. been is 95,000ha very looking The their for are carried Solway mires colonised Salta few Interest. wildlife and opportunities of to of people mires most out and redress have years, Moss and ‘Wetting to Duddon by been have in and conserve the history. fringing in this the line remains are subject taken within Up’ UK and raised very with

birch to old the create on just to of mires the secluded degraded mires a its and man-made mosses heath-like 6,000ha. interesting raised designation alder as and healthy putting areas and woodland in mires. Of drainage, condition. doing other walks the and is the as proving remaining so sustainable plants reclamation large Thirty-two successful have areas 11,415ha features slowly for per have Bog myrtle and heather growing on Glasson Moss Glasson on growing heather and myrtle Bog marginal with cent of been been of mires work our of accumulating designated the pasture landscape in still Solway’s England, ongoing and as and into peat about raised National by to domes extraction re-create English 58 mires per Nature of Nature, have cent the thick for Reserves habitats is hundreds been peat. found RSPB, lost Habitat associated with within CWT of to years. these other loss and the Section Four

Objective NH4: To promote the restoration and management of traditional farm settlements, farmland, land management techniques, field boundaries, ponds, orchards and woodlands.

Objective Validation

Agriculture on the Solway Plain has made numerous changes over the years to become more efficient and remain economically viable. These changes have often been to the detriment of landscape conservation.

The underlying geology of the Solway Coast is primarily glacial drift deposits that are rich in clays. These clay deposits are badly drained and this has created a trend towards artificial land drainage to make new pasture whether it is marginal or of a higher grade.

Large areas of important habitat have historically been lost through the drainage of peat mires and the claiming for pasture of areas of salt marsh, such as in the vicinity of Calvo, Newton Arlosh, between Whitrigg and Dykesfield and at Rockcliffe. Recent losses have occurred with changes to more intensive systems of farming notably through the switch from hay to silage making and through the use of herbicides and fertilisers to improve yields of grass and arable crops. This has had the dramatic effect of reducing wildflower and grass species diversity originally present in old hay meadows with a corresponding loss of wildlife (butterflies, birds, mammals, etc.).

The small fields in the AONB are not ideally suited for modern farming methods and machinery, and there is the concern for the removal of hedgerows and the traditional sandstone gate ‘stoops’ to allow use of modern equipment.

The management of hedgerows and hedgerow trees is of vital concern for nature conservation interests and BAP targets. Around 70 per cent of hedgerows are not species rich and dominated by hawthorn. The use of flail cutters on hedgerows during early autumn is of great concern as it reduces a hedgerow’s potential as a feeding area for wintering birds. Flail cutters are also indiscriminate and take out valuable tree saplings which would enhance the wildlife potential as well as the aesthetic value of the hedgerow. Although many farmers and landowners regularly maintain hedgerows by cutting and/or laying, there are many examples of gapped and badly managed hedges. Uncut hedges are generally seen as ‘bad housekeeping’ but in fact provide a vital habitat for declining species. Hedges cut on a rolling three-year programme will allow ample bird/insect and small mammal habitat, ‘whilst being kept in check’. Likewise dry stone walls provide an over wintering habitat for invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and small mammals.

Solutions

• To carry out a hedgerow survey with regards to the new Hedgerow Regulations. • To promote the uptake of current and future incentives, embodied in specific Agri-Environment

A Special Landscape schemes, which encourage farmers and landowners to conserve and enhance the landscape. i.e. arable buffer strips, winter stubble retention. • Identify, support and improve existing highway verge management for nature conservation. • To promote the skills of traditional Cumberland hedgelaying through introduction of competitions and land-based courses. Sandstone gateposts near Beaumont

Page 37 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 38 Page A Special Landscape for wildlife, recreational provision and to combine flood defence and land drainage practices to help create new wetland areas. wetland new create help to practices drainage land and defence flood combine to and provision recreational wildlife, for Objective importance. Elsewhere, extremely fertiliser of progressively The 5 NH

to Much of The reverse The The Good carry bird restoration control AONB Environment wetland bjective ValidationObjective and this on Agricultural run-off scarce NH 5: wetland is this insect of major For crossed been habitat silage or important and example, with T Agency reinstatement loss species o engage farmers, landowners and Parish Councils in a scheme to create water retention within the AONB to provide habitat meadows drained loss Practice. effluent has few and of of certain been work wetland open are creating bordered bankside to and have now improve lost with water of brackish slurry habitat. been actively village due a village by vegetation. spectacle areas pasture to lost contamination a ponds pond land large promoting communities. and and drainage for and although even number water The brings the ditch ditches fewer conservation courses is visitor. wildlife to of also substantial environments improve reed streams are of Land generally into beds. concern managed measures pasture. the and management areas Reeds community are have the and to of known This major reduce are and been requires farmland now process an at to degraded water for flood the otter contain confined vigilant all are RSPB courses to has study risk crossed enjoy. for breeding had and, monitoring. to Nature wildlife was mire a of The therefore, major by undertaken the Reserve edges colonies AONB open value rivers effect Farmers and drainage through usually Unit at Waver, of on along drainage Campfield has natterjack should wet impoverished intensive restored ditches the Wampool, meadows ditches. Rivers be provides toads. encouraged of management, five Waver potentially throughout Eden These as village the a and wildlife and habitats only to ponds Esk. Wampool. great comply nutrient the large habitat. AONB. Wetland since provide wildlife scale with enrichment 1996 The Defra for and habitat initiative habitat and a habitat wealth codes from wish has to is Section Four

Solutions

• Influence the work of the Environment Agency with regard to flood defence works throughout the AONB. • Promote good practice with regard to water management to land owners and farmers through advice on Agri-Environment schemes. • Seek to create large wetland areas through drainage management and landscaping within semi improved agricultural areas. • To provide help and advice to Parish Councils with regard to village pond reinstatement and improvements. A Special Landscape

A slurry tank The Eden Estuary

Page 39 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 40 Page A Special Landscape planting shelter belts, growing ‘in hedge’ standards and planting stands of native broadleaf woodland. broadleaf native of stands planting hedge’and ‘in standards growing belts, shelter planting Objective Only 6 NH between occurs trees generally The The of Woodlands little flat decline Woodlands, Overplanting of a additional cover The distinct the Burgh mosslands greatest AONB few if small in AONB bjective ValidationObjective any within in remaining appropriate Calvo by and numbers hedgerows planting. between areas H 6: NH only are Sands, concern in could the attractive are poorlymanaged. are and addition available occur of AONB. T characteristically trees through Abbeytown, woodland however, Maryport radically B by 2030 through 2030 by AONB the within cover tree more cent per 20 provide to scheme a in farmers and landowners engage o locations. with trees. as feature. to and Trees for trees small the age Tree tree woodlands alter and currently now harsh in in at and Trees plantations groups and hedgerows Silloth the Anthorn the occur The only neglect, lacking climate hedge AONB elsewhere area’s supports have emphasising is in and characteristically the of in planting is the between include, remaining woodland character, become their hedgerow mixed AONB near landscape fine in this lack Campfield hedgerow and coniferous beech, farmsteads together Skinburness important section whilst of trees their management becomes ash, almost future with inaction and Farm tree would landscape deciduous and sycamore, in the and correctly individual specimens devoid more on management, churches appear Rockcliffe would AONB is the and open. features of woodland Cardurnock blackthorn, age reinforce trees inappropriate trees result should and It structure. that ofbirchand is is either in these due due more important in the the at also a to to hawthorn Peninsula, Priesthill as hedgerows. less feeling areas variable No, their exposure, be both part carefully attractive to or scarcity should of of achieve in few, willow and north in and a terms a character whole although relatively Trees younger oak. considered be occur in of scrub fringingtheraised and the of considered the Beaumont also farm the correct interesting as AONB. trees mature and new form area’s scheme, groups for in landscape. have balance interesting Most its and as pines thinning character landscape. in ability priority been or around association of growing as of the planted and The community both to wind and areas mire areas. trees Castletown ‘absorb’ replanting sheltered Grant individual on exposure. sculpted and to are with the target

schemes, tree as or mature coastal churches No commercial drumlin individual mature to House trees avenues planting. The both ensure or edge remaining and through at over trees replacement area and Rockcliffe continued projects. such small The at mature farmsteads. to continue Silloth woodland the low as Cumbria copses. section those north lying with tree and and are to Section Four

Solutions

• To promote the management of hedgerows to achieve BAP targets and landscape value. • To promote the improved management for conservation, and recreation, where appropriate, of farmlands, hedgerows, ponds, orchards, woodlands. • To promote the uptake of current and future incentives, embodied in specific Agri-Environment schemes, which encourage farmers and landowners to conserve and enhance the landscape. A Special Landscape

Wind-blown beech trees near Cardurnock

Page 41 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 42 Page A Special Landscape on enhance, and human influence what in written fortlets. 4.2.3 4.2.2 4.2.1 Heritage Cultural 4.2 This Roman then 10,000 cultural Skinburness/Causeway Hadrian’sWallHeritage World the patterns industrial as archaeological Wall. and the the peat, Sand how landscapes runs follows Today’s created Hadrian’s The Cultural case Solway years influences forts history. associations relict of it Dune conserve on and in evolved. historic of landuse association the the at ago it Solway Solway military Coast. Whilst sites Coast Beckfoot monuments will Heritage landscape Cardurnock It still Wall up on or is environment enrich surviving and and with restore, the Coast Coast, until in structures, important Military Head. contemporary with and way the landscape can social its the and landscape it and the coastline adjacent Maryport we the of is The appreciation. as Zone be present reveals is first not necessary history, must that life. find-spots, commons earthworks wall revealed multi-faceted designated has in Site colonisers The this agricultural between first crossing order together is how day. use, been folklore, to historic understand Management and through In human a Evidence palaeo- to such or great designated area order to Beaumont enjoy and the Moricambe with following ruins arts understand both land environment as then World endeavour extent embraces associated to both environmental it, and as farms its of to make follows a Plan Maryport well distinctive man’s the as Heritage greater literature. and landscape determined Bay a and last decisions man’s as encapsulates has Bowness-on-Solway World also a to Roman influence historic ice zone field understanding the Grune and Site left characteristics activities deposits has age Heritage features physical its by includes of overlapping boundaries, towers on important Point at Hadrian’s signature historical buildings includes what around man’s from, such Site. and and and and the to of Roman fortlet on Swarthy Hill near Hill Allonby Swarthy on fortlet Roman Section Four

Cultural Landscape Heritage mid 7th century it was under the control of the Northumbrians, a people of mixed Anglian and British origins. However, there is little evidence of their presence apart Prehistory from place names such as Burgh (fort). The Solway Coast landscape is relatively young at around 10,000 years old only existing since the last ice age. Following this, the first colonisers were the hunter- Viking gatherers of the Mesolithic (middle stone age) period. These people were nomadic The Dark Ages were followed by the occupation in the 9th and 10th centuries of and evidence for their existence is very scarce within the Solway area. Next came Irish-Scandinavians (Vikings), perhaps with the acceptance of the local inhabitants. the Neolithic period (new stone age) and with it came the first forms of farming. This again created changes in settlement pattern and farming practices. It also brought the first permanent settlements. Bronze Age activity, mainly in the form of burials and metal hoards, is evident in several parts of the AONB. During Medieval the Iron Age farming became more complex and trading patterns were established. Under William and Henry I, medieval baronies were formed with the AONB lying During this period a tribe of ancient Britons called Carvetii were responsible for in the barony of Allerdale from the Wampool south-eastward and the barony of much of the archaeological evidence we find today. Burgh-by-Sands to the North. The Monastic period was established shortly after the Norman Conquest and Holme Cultram Abbey (Abbeytown) was founded in Roman 1150 by the Cistercian monks. The monks had extensive holdings on both sides of The Romans arrived in the area in 71-72 AD and then advanced into southern the Solway, but within the AONB they created the greatest level of change/ human Scotland. It is their influence and military management that provided the largest influence on the landscape. impact on the Solway landscape over the next 400 years. The Roman subjugation of the Carvetii created local trade to develop and new settlements to be established Post- Medieval to supply the Roman military presence. Under the Emperor Hadrian, about 122 AD, The era of peace came to an abrupt end in 1296 when the Scots invaded. In the instructions were given to build a stone military defence wall from Corbridge to 14th century the characteristic contribution to the landscape were the fortified Bowness-on-Solway. Free standing towers and mile-fortlets extended along the towers of Newton Arlosh and Burgh-by-Sands churches. Today there is the modern coast from Bowness-on-Solway to Maryport with major garrison forts at Beckfoot monument to Edward I, the ‘Hammer of the Scots’ who died on Burgh marsh in and Maryport. Although the wall is no longer visible west of Carlisle, its stone is 1307 on one of many expeditions to Scotland across the Solway waths. Between very much in evidence in local buildings, such as Drumburgh Castle. Today the this date and 1603, when the union of the Scottish and English crowns took place, western end of Hadrian’s Wall forms the most important monument within the area border reiving took place with continual raiding and fighting over the border and and its associated corridor or military zone. The wall has been designated a ‘World the ‘Debatable Lands’. Heritage Site’ and as such is very well protected from abuse and development. Industrial Period The Dark Ages In 1823 a new harbour was attempted at Port Carlisle, which was to link with a canal A Special Landscape After the Romans left Britain at the beginning of the 5th century until the latter part to Carlisle and then to Newcastle. However, the port was not successful and the of the 12th century, the Solway suffered a series of invasions and colonisations canal was filled in to become the bed of a railway. The railways were the legacy of shifting from Britons, Anglians, Scandinavians, Scots and Normans. During the the 19th century, but are now all dismantled. 5th-7th century the area belonged to the British kingdom of Rheged, but by the

Page 43 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 44 Page A Special Landscape still In Century 20th landscape. the scale the old uses influences 1940s hangars the Modern came communication on are the farming the still construction landscape used techniques masts for character local of at airfields Anthorn over industries, of the the at which last Silloth, area. and 40 dominate the years Kirkbride Ministry have the and surrounding had of Anthorn, Defence smaller Fortified church at Newton at Arlosh church Fortified Section Four

Objective CH1: To protect, maintain and where appropriate promote a greater awareness of the AONB’s Cultural Heritage.

CH1 Objective Validation

Much of the archaeological heritage of the Solway Coast is either unexcavated or has been subject to reuse of materials. To bring the history of the area to life one must look further than the individual monuments and seek to describe what lies below and above the surface of the landscape.

The most important monument within the area is the western end of Hadrian’s Wall and its associated corridor or military zone (Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site). The policies and actions outlined within its current Management Plan (2002-2007) are fully endorsed and underpinned by the Solway Coast AONB Partnership.

Other sites of interest are not so clearly defined as Hadrian’s Wall but are no less important as historical monuments. The influence of the Cistercian Monks at Holme Cultram (Abbeytown) and the remains of the Abbey can act as a focus and much can be revealed through the identification of village names, settlements and other sites as being associated with Holme Cultram.

Roman Period Hadrian’s Wall Corridor, Mile Fortlets, Roads.

Viking Period Haaf Netting (living archaeology), Hog Back Gravestones.

Medieval Period Holme Cultram Abbey, Place names and buildings, Salt Making, Field Systems, Drainage Systems, Road Network.

Industrial Period Canal System (now derelict), Railway System (now derelict).

This suite of interest allows for a broad-brush set of interpretation and the spatial context of the remains creates a wide geographical area of interest.

The monuments themselves must be conserved and maintained to provide a set of high quality sites, in terms of their fabric, the visitor infrastructure and their interpretation.

This high standard should also be identifiable as being part of the interpretation of the Solway Coast AONB and will link individual sites with others across the area. The

A Special Landscape archaeological/historical period should be themed and coded with regard to the interpretation, thus giving the visitor both orientation and a theme to follow.

The AONB partnership will support the future well-being of the local Haaf Net fishery with regard to its heritage value.

Page 45 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Four Section Page 46 Page A Special Landscape Solutions To • To • To • To • To • To • To • value links and exhibition without. interest. within as developers, create develop signage produce, create link create, seek seek to and the interpretation other agreements a its a interest. AONB. and upgrade special a and context planners with official memorandum sites. its information local associated planning and for status with to and communities, the provide the others landowners as interpretation of guidance to story literature. a understanding help ‘Heritage a with underpinning high distinguish a booklet Thatched cottage at Drumburgh at cottage Thatched the higher to standard Fishery’. of secure development the (support) with standard villages sites the of public partners, Solway visitor with with of within of access village regard villages the infrastructure to Coast help the local to infrastructure to AONB Discovery sites their Haaf of from period Net at heritage sites fishery Centre those such and of Haaf netting on the Solway the on netting Haaf Section Five

5.0 COMMUNITIES

Background

5.1.1 Higher priority is now given to the needs of local communities in Cumbria and protected areas. The Solway Coast AONB is a living and working landscape, therefore, we must balance the requirement for a sustainable, prosperous local community with the conservation and enhancement of the AONB.

5.1.2 This Management Plan is not a strategy for tackling social and economic needs, but it will enhance the work of others and share in the delivery of those needs where relevant to the purpose of the designation. Landscape 5.1.3 Within the geographical area of North Allerdale a strategic market towns partnership has been created called Burgh-by-Sands village Post Office the North Allerdale Partnership (NAP). The Solway Coast AONB Partnership has identified this organisation as being crucial to the delivery of socio economic objectives within the AONB. The NAP and the AONB Partnership will jointly deliver projects and funding with regard to the AONB. The social and economic needs of the Solway Coast AONB include:

Services, (Shops, Pubs, Post Offices) Transport Health Care Training Opportunities Employment Rural Broadband Micro Business Support A Living Village Waste Recycling Village effluent treatment. Bowness-on-Solway

Page 47 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 48 Page

A Living Landscape Five health all basis. Councils The transport the catch the aspirations, increased good to currently influential creates homesteads. people provide Over Facilitiesand Services On FishingIndustry The VillageInfrastructure The Farming Businesses Businesses There Communities of village ago is dependant

a the them services

main this, wild

large built services to farming

the

practice

figures

tourism It

are care,

green some

are

problems local fishery is for the

environment past topic especially happening.

and

rural linear farm 12 without

serviced

on

a on

which

English within training,

community

available planning from

and villages These

permit. villages

social five

in

season. for

the

to

activity is incomes

tract the

a regeneration

harvested in

to

in doubt should date such the

single

in

the side services satellite

ten through terms management

Once

accommodation Currently

of

being

within

the within

Market authorities to within

Commercial

of

fishermen. case years,

land

is

an and of

residents

production form vehicle

their

of

in probably

the

essential created

the Solway

in dwellings

this

running environmental place such the both

of Towns

services a part through this

foundation, Solway

Allonby AONB

sustainable commercial

AONB. with where

communication of

as

are Mussel the application of

business Coast as

the

of the provide

along service

health the and the have

regulating

extremely that community

Firth, Parish recently within

it

most overheads fishery Farmers

stretches Parish

views

tourism settlements

stocks whilst

each the an

gains

care,

way. centre. the essential

for such

villages important

Plans is

important

coastal

as

and

of those Plans

commercial

have non

order varied

others

A

must are

should

and have

needs

information as the the

for could

new

will Whilst through

discriminatory, have manufacturing,

monitored

over about

varies services service community finding

process. early

should

fringe

be

also

economic in also

share mussel

role

analysis. go be

terms

encouraged

been most 125

19th hand

been the 40 harvesting

work kept to considerably

and

it

provide provision must architectural

play to difficult

acres. Solway inhabitants.

fishery Vital by of of eroded

Century,

to

the is in when depleted driver with

Other

their the

CSFC

in be a therefore, linked hand.

have Villages

rural

a

the minimum,

In

businesses

stakeholders

to

and

enhanced.

regulating

Coast of

within firm provision.

considerably, considering

within services

Bowness-on-Solway,

get

overall from

thereby

mussels for

been hinterland.

via

styles. over helped

These foundation

to

Initiative

example,

AONB

the a

any Solway those

service

decimated the

typical therefore

community

include

AONB. order

In

giving

Some

Most within larger fisherman to is

past to new

fact

will built

governed create from

In

and

secure

Coast

for

coastal Port centres

will

town

the

act them services communities Silloth provision villages planning decade.

around

making the will village

recently

undoubtedly

case on Carlisle. of and

AONB,

that

services

development a embrace

a however,

the

by the highway.

to and sustainable management

provide

are industry

post

of are

applies

have proposals. services Cumbria AONB

for Parish

through Allonby Silloth

neighboured

This as still

children

offices are such

the services

no

it control

However,

the being

and

and

to Plans situation supports

not

there

sustainable, such

needs

Sea

of

are local as

factory CSFC

best This

to

each others a settlement through tool

council,

lost

public

the tourism local-based

Fisheries process feature provided is

industry.

possible will of by

that

also

a owner has for and jobs, fishery closures

local built number

about

hopefully houses.

play a enables

created police, a and

oriented, it exists.

permit

but

creates

based

around

service is people within will Committee

plans much

areas

25

essential mussel

would will on

of have

This

smaller

childcare,

Any

them

must secure

the a other but

also their

farming. for more

income and they and to range

encourage

an

situation

development old fishing lie local their

to

encourage be

own that

(CSFC),

for help settlements

will affinity

villages

within

effectively the airfield direct

of granted

all

and library

tourism, individual Village

this undoubtedly

settlement.

find economy. long-term

village age

has

with

the

fishermen influences

trend

a and site. solutions and

groups

etc

wide a individual

establishment one.

rural of

and

either however, styles significant are

any

hamlets. holdings. be the can

integrity Solway

range

However, will

located hinterland

reversed. be

fisherman

through village

a

and to be with the

related stop

enhanced

villages areas

provided this

of

Some landscape mutual

impact

Coast This varying

and

within environment users the

dates

the is this

Solway and only village

wishing

character is on

environmentally to

of AONB

establishment

on

benefits.

means probably

by

the to

produce through

vary a attributes. include the containing

village

seasonal use

we new

settlement

inland

Coast

villages

to from will

all

should a

that of

tourism gather

Services

individual mobile

our single a communities

encourage enjoy.

the

Roman AONB

area

village Some

CSFC mature

basis.

have greatest

of

individual

be

damaging or mussels

facility village initiatives of It links.

town.

subject will such

design villages

is

times a have the farms, Both

stocks.

unique without both

work

challenge

It

AONB. and perhaps

green Solway as

villages. by is the

the around

processes

to statement;

the

caravan and schools,

have

the as alongside

hand

This

local vernacular visitor ability doubt

spaces.

environmental

such the This

integration

Coast

on

a 2,000

in

means must needs

traditional

extension

sites

and to a that the libraries, provides situation

that this

weekly

Parish AONB record Public

years apply

most local style

both

and that and

are will

of Section Five

Objective C1: To work with partners to promote the sustainable social and economic development of the AONB.

C1 Objective Validation

Parish Councils and their associated communities are currently being encouraged to produce a Parish Plan. These plans will set the agenda for communities within the AONB and will cover most of their socio-economic and recreational needs inclusive of a Village Design Statement.

Solway Coast AONB will support NAP and Solway Rural Initiative in the Solway Treasury, a keep money local initiative, and will market it through service providers. Solway Treasury asks visitors and residents to purchase goods from local shops and markets. This creates a sustainable local economy and can contribute to local landscape benefits, e.g. brash waste from woodland coppicing used to create sand trapping hurdles along the coastline. Recently this scheme has been promoted in greater North Allerdale but the tourist base for this area is centred on the Solway Coast and the level of understanding and participation in this scheme can be developed within the AONB for the combined benefit of both local business and the local environment.

Traditionally Solway villages stage an annual carnival event usually managed, funded and organised by the local communities. Solway Coast AONB Unit will endeavour to provide a greater awareness of the AONB through these village festivals. Landscape

Solutions

• To provide encouragement to the Market Towns Initiative through working closely with the North Allerdale Partnership and appropriate partners, with regard to the AONB. • To create a Solway Coast transport strategy sympathetic to the needs of both local people and visitors. (See also Transport & Access, Section 5.3.) • Retain and enhance the provision of, and access to, facilities and services as part of programmes to promote the conservation and enjoyment of the environment of the Solway Coast. • To support the sustainable implementation of a new regulating order with regard to the Solway Coast Mussel Fishery and to encourage sustainable growth of the local shell fish industry. • To incorporate and enhance published and emerging Parish Plans where they are compatible with the AONB A Living designation. • To produce with local communities, a higher standard of village infrastructure such as signage and information. (See also Education and Information Section 5.4.) Carnival day, Bowness-on-Solway

Page 49 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 50 Page

A Living Landscape Five Tourism coastal infrastructure tourism to tourism have doubt Solway visiting parks the the town and the jobs, for substantial walkers a rise generator Wales. Rural landscape. 5.2.1 Background T 5.2

severe the

the

lines rural AONB, in its

of

the create tourism As

tourism and the ourism

popularity

provision

population However,

traditional car

Coast Silloth-on-Solway, is base

and and economy. as

impact.

capacity

greatest of

seen

farmhouses

part parks,

part was

for

income.

local Recreation economy

exists that other is, AONB

example

of as

within of a

of without

the Day

and visitor

access and

exists pull the thriving

to

tourism income As part

cheap users

despite

demise Hotels,

and accommodate

trippers such they area's

for provide the

of

of

base. Recreation the doubt,

to is

and the

the

is which

foreign the seaside

and

make

overall

too

and

tourism

dealt support

coastal the

a

guesthouses, of AONB.

designation

visitor

interpretation.

such

Thirty answer

major

for

make recreation.

the second

obvious

to lies

holidays up with the

economy

resort

rail

generally

as

indeed

towns

is

This more. them at

years employer

a

the

visitor

the to

car in link the contribution only

low-grade traditional supporting

as

much

this

transient 'seaside'

However,

such

has of caravan tourists, heart ago and Without plays

to

but of an North

drive

plan

had and farming

the the the

AONB, on as all

of a

as it the

is

with it

there rural increasingly

does/could

regard

economy is

no

to statutory

recognised

have its

and

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Sand Dune Coast Although it is acknowledged that tourism forms an important part of the local economy, it is also apparent that some current recreational uses, particularly within the dunes are not sustainable. For many years locals and tourists have been enjoying what the Solway Coast AONB has to offer, without damaging the environment. In most cases impact is minimal where recreation involves quiet enjoyment. However, it is almost inevitable that there will be some degree of conflict arising between enjoyment of the countryside and its conservation. The dune coast is the most intensively used recreational area in the AONB. Both the dunes and foreshore are popular with tourists and locals and this has progressively caused adverse effects on the dune habitat, wildlife and aesthetic value. Although the dunes and foreshore are generally used for informal recreation on foot, there is over frequent usage for unauthorised vehicle access. Consequently the South Solway Dunes Restoration Project that began in 2003 aims to achieve a sustainable balance of use between nature conservation, recreational use and landscape quality. The Dunes Coast has proved to be one of the most popular areas with visitors and the problems their vehicles create give a seasonal pressure on the sensitive dune vegetation which, once removed, leaves the surface sand exposed to both tidal and wind erosion. Dune vegetation is not vigorous enough to be able to re-establish itself from one year to the next. This Management Plan seeks to implement a policy of recreational control aimed at reducing the impact of extensive visitor numbers and their cars.

Salt Marsh Coast The Salt Marsh Coast is extremely valuable for its wildlife and sensitive habitats and as such noisy recreational pursuits are highly incompatible with it. Much of the Salt Marsh is common land, yet it does not have unrestricted public access as a means of minimising such disturbances to the area. By routing cycle and walking routes away from the more

Landscape sensitive areas, more passive tourism can be encouraged, and interpretation provided as to the reasoning behind such a move. As with a lot of issues within the AONB, information is key to the education of both local people and visitors as to the fragility and value of our habitats.

Hadrian's Wall Path National Trail The opening of the Hadrian's Wall Path National Trail in May 2003 has given the AONB Management team the added responsibility and duty to monitor the impact that increased visitor numbers may have on wildlife, farm businesses and the possible threat to the tranquil lifestyles of the villages lying on the trail route.

Raised Mire In terms of vegetation and wildlife, the raised mires are sensitive habitats. Tourism and public access has to be finely balanced and at levels that will not compromise the future of the mires. Access to the mires is varied, some have no access routes whilst others such as the RSPB's land at Bowness Common is available throughout the year through the existing Rights of Way network.

Agricultural Land Within the AONB, the agricultural zone is currently little affected by tourism and recreational usage, and as such potential does exist for careful visitor management that would ultimately benefit both the visitors to the area and also the farmers. Bed and Breakfast accommodation is not in abundance within the AONB, and combined with the attractiveness of

A Living the area to tourists who come for scenery, wildlife and history, this would provide an opportunity for farm based accommodation and recreational activities. Existing footpaths through farmland currently only receives local use and by combining these old tracks and minor lanes there is an opportunity to develop horse riding and cycling which would encourage small scale farm activity holidays.

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A Living Landscape Five with AONB Landscapes. with AONB T& Objective could no of Solway live, Centre. infrastructure The Event AShowcase Any Furniture Countryside The Services and Facilities Visitor The for Opportunities Managing and Providing ValidationObjective T&R1 say playing the such North cyclists information Tourist first the provision Solway Solway area work have Allerdale be a Coast Until and purpose route staged significant geared and Information no Coast other Coast the must great of is to AONB, enjoy want too facilities over built Centre visitors R up such AONB has be 1: To facilitate appropriate levels and types of recreation and sustainable tourism which are compatible compatible are which tourism sustainable and recreation of types and levels appropriate facilitate To 1: need dangerous. part a the for cycle 3-4 it Centres implemented purpose a users would opened through tourists in and area for number days is path the visitor well countryside expect can benefit wholly and conservation built Solway on in these and used of August fully information. the be in cycle path small promoted recreational within both a by centred information Solway participate. Rural way services a scale 2002 the large the and that Initiative between AONB around Coast. The routes there AONB annual economic number is activity within centres By AONB not was in A Silloth-on-Solway to although initiating commissioned events

discordant Silloth, Recreation cycle terms Solway have and runs no suffers and regeneration major route wide such of high the Allonby in some there Coast awareness from addition with risk range visitor already standards as is form a AONB a and village of the Maryport, study that lack plans of facility being through landscape. Maryport exists of user and is of is fetes Country of in for traditionally co-ordination relatively subject to 2000, maintenance, recognition, groups. between the Silloth shops, interpret and to Solway Fair to boost carnivals. to sparse, and Many post look Silloth unwanted a encompassing the in market tourism. Carlisle and Coast offices at promotion, the of Solway except the and also However, these planning AONB. town development countryside on and The Maryport the Coast for people the and other signage cycle path local agriculture, the The and the boundaries. AONB has newly as outlets economy are whole findings provision furniture part of the and local and would opened cycle capacity area countryside of within facilities of There and/or provide the in of – this routes hug does terms recreational signs, gateway 260 local report is to the along regular not information mile considerable absorb and of recreation villages. coastline between litter have income will site Cumbria the the users facilities. bins, a drive to routes. promotion a large showcase the about generated and who car opportunity our Cycle AONB, visitor Residents An commerce parks, solutions. are where example of Route, the familiar event influx. the cycle over seats, three to to Solway and visit but its where enhance under tourism of with towns duration. fences, cycling this town within Coast the the the is and and councillors the that it. area people branding enthusiasts gates. The Discovery There its provision would walkers, and role event This who are be as of in in

Section Five

Solutions

• To identify the types of visitors to the AONB and in doing so develop and maintain a strategic understanding of recreation and access activity and management needs and priorities. • To measure the impact of tourism on fragile environments by monitoring erosion, disturbance and abuse. • To monitor and measure the impact of Hadrian's Wall Path National Trail. • To minimise any damaging impacts of recreation activities and facilities or tourism development within the wider countryside. • To promote and support environmentally sustainable management of sites used for recreation including historic landscapes. • To help maximise the benefits of sustainable recreation activity to local communities and the rural economy. • To promote responsible behaviour by all visitors to the countryside. • To develop strategic recreational opportunities to strengthen links between town and country. • To promote awareness of the AONB through the initiation of a showcase event for the Solway Coast. Landscape

Above: Walkers near Dykesfield.

A Living Left: Inside the Solway Coast Discovery Centre, Silloth-on-Solway.

Right: Sea fishing near Crosscanonby.

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A Living Landscape Five Solutions marketing tourism sustainable through AONB the promote to and AONB the strategies. for brand tourism sustainable a create To T&R2: Objective of The Sustainable scheme in fringe. and this offer Within Tourismfor Businesses Scheme Green Audit The Image & Branding ValidationObjective T&R2 accepted success. part information plan AONB towns Solway the Solway the through To • Promote • To • To • To • To • To • will specialist is The as AONB and is to be Coast a perfect Solway overcome and Coast destination 'Solway also enhanced Board diversification). Recreation a would visitor landscape enhance provide create continue create number identify provide AONB for Coast Greens this the but also the and in and a of themed will is employment enjoyment its long-standing the promotion opportunities provision with sustainable AONB provide caravan further well own Award support endeavour very its known right walks many developed nature through the Scheme' parks of of infrastructure of on as impetus sustainable as information problem to attributes tourism the and the is of and for a both the sustainable what distinct whereby Solway parks to cycle chalet farm for Lake enhance provide in we brand is longer recreational conjunction themselves. landscape routes still to development have parks District based Greens individual visitors marketing not the for tourism stays needs have that recognised number National the recreation but Awards with within pursuits Some parks through been encompass to AONB marketing little for be other to of Park. the the developed are of support packaged effort visitors as Scheme such the the and area. sites strategic and given a Consequently tourism has parks as Solway strategies. the have using through passive accommodation incentives riding, been and over (Environmental natural partners have and these it given the Coast made the walking, adopted been recreation recreational there past and Solway parks to polish. who over create Discovery designed 50 is cultural cycling, share whilst by extremely the years. A Audit) Coast (sustainable destination

brand shelterbelts Cumbria years activities the providing in birdwatching, heritage These Centre Green to an same image to limited tourism environmentally develop except Tourist businesses Audit. of aspirations. such an and of farm of trees marketing a incentive the related green, by etc. through and as and those AONB. A walking present make

range The wild, are to of businesses sensitive with local lessen the asked image a attractive of a and contribution traditional Solway definitive guided outlets. their way to cycling. of provide the within and Coast whilst visual tours View from Blue Dial, near Dial, Allonby Blue from View seaside Solway brand to above the the for others area traditional impact and the AONB AONB. aspirations. Coast all on have image user a on a rewarding regional through the AONB thresholds/gateways would a of landscape. significant Solway the is visitor provide and destination undersold, area. national Coast impact spend This One the AONB visitor has of and is to scale. within along the paramount their been as objectives with has the the such sites. achieved much a villages coastal range is to This not its of to Section Five

5.3 TRANSPORT AND ACCESS

Background 5.3.1 The rapid growth in road traffic over the last few years and the continued growth expected in the future bring with it the inevitable increase in road development works, congestion, noise and disturbance to rural areas. The overall approach is to encourage more people to leave their cars at home and to cycle or walk to school, work, shop and for leisure by placing increased priority on them through infrastructure development, promotion and publicity. The Solway Coast AONB has a

Landscape network of highways and byways with the highest grade being 'B'. This is confined to the B5300 coast road running from Silloth to Maryport. The remaining highways are C grade or less. They could all be classified as 'country lanes' and as such they have a distinctive character. The lanes also have a historical and cultural significance as drove roads, links to settlements, military roads and estate perimeters. The verges, hedge Snow on road near Beaumont kests and the hedges themselves have a traditional Solway character. Ditches are also a feature of some of those lanes especially A local transport route in the low lying areas where deep ditches are used to drain land and to create flood relief channels due to the tidal influence on low lying land. Some lanes are very winding with Local Transport Plan many blind bends whilst others are straight and were probably established during Roman 5.3.2 Of specific local relevance to this Management Plan is the Local Transport Plan (LTP) military occupation. This network goes through all of the places of interest within the AONB A Living prepared by the Highways Authority. Cumbria County Councils LTP contains objectives and and as such it is seen as a resource for recreational activities. policies that are relevant to Solway Coast AONB, they can be found in Appendix 5.

Page 55 A shared responsibility for a very special place Section Five

Bus Services Cumbria County Council operates only about 10% of registered rural local bus services with a small Quiet Lanes percentage operated by other neighbouring authorities. The rural local bus network consists of Quiet Lanes is a broad term used to describe a concept where appropriate traffic calming and mainly commercial services linking the main towns in Cumbria. Other rural routes operate only a few design measures have been taken to enable better shared road use by cyclists, horse riders, trips a day or only part week. The relatively low frequency of these services makes it very difficult for walkers and other non motorised users. The term 'Quiet Lane' refers to a network of several roads. both locals and visitors to coordinate with other modes of transport for greater access to the AONB Quiet Lanes must not disrupt the economic life of the countryside or prevent motorised vehicles and beyond. This encourages the use of the car and brings with it landscape impacts. such as delivery vans, farm machinery, or emergency vehicles from going about their business. However, through-traffic will be dissuaded from using these networks as short cuts or ways to avoid Cycling, Walking & Riding heavier traffic. Traffic calming measures are likely to involve changes to Increased cycling and walking should be seen as a key element in solving verge maintenance, soft landscaping and introduction of local waymarking the problems caused by increased car use – high levels of congestion, air if appropriate to the area. Care will always be taken to enhance the local pollution and noise. It is also a way of developing a sustainable approach character and distinctiveness of the area and, as traffic speed and volume to tourism and recreational activities. By encouraging cyclists into the area, creates a danger and disturbance to the landscape, the Quiet Lanes economic benefits will be brought to local communities along the cycle initiative addresses this. Landscape routes through visitor spend in tourist attractions, local shops, restaurants To create a Quiet Lanes network a strategic approach must be taken to pubs and accommodation. Potential cyclists are deterred by the threat of keep through traffic on major roads. Lower speed limits to calm traffic theft or vandalism. This can be reduced by the provision of sensitively through villages could be put in place as part of this wider approach. Any designed cycle parking facilities across the AONB at appropriate sites. attempts to manage speed will require careful planning with the local police force. Solway Coast AONB has a range of leaflet guided circular walks the text of which conveys the special character of the protected landscape. This is The AONB is criss-crossed with quite narrow but open roads; most are further enhanced by information within the Solway Coast Discovery Centre designated as C quality or less. The roads themselves tell an interesting (gateway site). Furthermore, information is held on Hadrian's Wall World historical story and as such their use by walkers, riders and cyclists should Heritage Site and the Hadrian's Wall Path National Trail both of which be encouraged. The Quiet Lanes initiative is a perfect tool to effectively emphasise and extol the need for visitors to be aware that they are within manage motorised traffic with its associated awareness signage that tells a protected area. At the present time the status of Rights of Way network drivers that more vulnerable users may be using the road. This initiative within the AONB is good quality having benefited from the recent Parish will be essential to both the success of the Hadrian's Wall Path National Paths Partnership (P3) initiative. The Solway Rambles guidebook Trail and any future walking and cycling routes within the AONB. Further information on Quiet Lanes can be found in Appendix 5. Encouraging Cycling and Walking

A Living Physical activity is one of the key determinants of good health, and cycling can help protect against heart disease, strokes, diabetes and certain types of cancer. Even a small amount of cycling can lead to significant health benefits, including better cardio-vascular fitness, improved balance and co-ordination, reduced stress and greater psychological well-being. Cyclists and pedestrians also absorb lower levels of pollutants from traffic fumes than other road users. As for the dangers of road traffic, doctors and government health experts have concluded that the benefits of cycling outweigh the risk of injury.

Page 56

A shared responsibility for a very special place Section Five

Objective T&A1: To conserve and enhance the AONB by ensuring safer access for residents and visitors to, from and within the area.

T&A1 Objective Validation

Public Transport Public transport is very basic in the area at the present time and falls short of a comprehensive service. Sustainable tourism may provide and enhance public transport services as witnessed through the successful “Hadrian’s Wall Bus” service. This model could be followed to incorporate the 'Solway Coaster' bus service. The AONB will work with the LTP to improve the public transport network within the area.

Quiet Lanes Quiet Lanes could be linked to new public transport infrastructure such as local buses on new routes, which may be able to carry bicycles for the visitor. If we can encourage visitor use of public transport throughout the AONB during summer, the revenue generated may be able to sustain services for the local community throughout the year, thus providing essential public transport linking the AONB with the market towns and the City of Carlisle in a sustainable way and it reduces pollution, damage and disturbance to the landscape.

Car Sharing Landscape Solway Coast AONB would also benefit from travel to work car-sharing schemes and will fully support the new initiative running throughout North Allerdale, again reducing pollution, disturbance and damage to the landscape.

Rights of Way Network All rights of way within the AONB will be audited every five years with a view to upgrading and replacement of worn out infrastructure, this work will be undertaken in partnership with the Highways Authority, Parish Councils and landowners.

Open Access Open access is confined to areas of either registered common land or open country. Registered common land is confined to the coastal strip and includes sand dune areas that have been squeezed by the B5300 coast road between Maryport Golf Course and Beckfoot. The saltmarshes of Skinburness and Border, with a narrow strip at Angerton, are included as are a small area of West Common and saltmarsh adjacent to Bowness-on-Solway. One small area of land between Drumburgh Moss and Glasson is also included.

Open Country is confined to the raised mires of Bowness Common, Glasson Moss and the edge of Drumburgh Moss National Nature Reserve. The Open Access initiative will be implemented whilst taking into consideration habitat damage and wildlife disturbance. Information will be extremely important to the success and environmental sustainability of the process. A Living

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A Living Landscape Five Solutions To To • • To • To • To • To • To • enhance promote protect ensure help implement support create the the the environmentally the a AONB smooth a Highways Quiet quality Solway landscape Lanes implementation of Coast Authority the sustainable Initiative environment Transport from in the the within of forms Open upgrading damaging Strategy by the reducing of Access AONB travel, sympathetic impacts and throughout to the particularly maintenance encourage impact of highway to the of the alternatives vehicle a needs of AONB, greater improvement the Public of traffic including level both to the on Rights of locals schemes roads car. safety recognising of and within Way for visitors. and walkers, network villages the developments sensitivities equestrians within in the the AONB. in of AONB. transportation. and some cyclists. species to human disturbance. Section Five

5.4 EDUCATION AND INFORMATION The Exhibition at the Solway Coast Discovery Centre

Background 5.4.1 Anyone out and about within the AONB should, if possible, be made aware that they are within a special protected landscape and be given the reasons why it is so special. Information is at the heart of education and this must provide a clear and consistent message of quality and protection. Landscape A Living Seed planting at Mawbray Banks

An AONB boundary sign near Kirkbride

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A Living Landscape Five Come • Go • Many • The • Part • Visitor • The • Leave • Use • It • Feel • to… residents and visitors the wish We Take • Access • to… able be to residents and visitors the wish We Its • The • that… learn to residents and visitors the wish We Get • Feel • Enjoy • Feel • is uniqueness on home a AONB multitude habitats the of privileged confidence concerned account of sense discovering back sanctuary to management the the sites’ the visit to AONB’s is AONB’s to AONB’s of of some

a related of resources layers the has to being the unique for interpretation in areas be AONB. the the of AONB the been appeal key is of fragile part sites. in the AONB. management an place. health and man’s a sites in recognised UK's of special, important are is the habitats sensitive the its easily of influence fragile and way rarest Solway remoteness its unique, information habitats. they and part are of by and sites plants, the has Coast local, under safely. were of should managed alone. AONB. caring forged birds and national designed and on threat be air the for and its the understood, of area. and the site. people. and animals. seclusion. landscape to AONB. in be international decline used. respected we as see a designations. result today. and of nurtured. industrial, agricultural and residential development. Section Five

Objective E&I1: To provide information across the AONB to provide passive and active messages to both visitors and the local community.

E&I1 Objective Validation

We can deliver education at two distinct levels; they are passive, where the recipient digests information that is educational by unconsciously reading messages, and active, where the recipient seeks to educate themselves through a positive approach to the information available. Both types of information uptake can be delivered using the same media both through information panels, leaflets, events and through visiting information sites such as the Solway Coast Discovery Centre.

The Solway Coast Discovery Centre in Silloth-on-Solway was born following the publication of the last Management Plan for the AONB in 1998. Within the document it was recognised that the area, which was little known, needed a flagship/gateway site to reveal many of the hidden secrets that the landscape of the Solway Coast had to offer both visitors and locals.

The Centre and its exhibition provides a fascinating tour of one of our most beautiful Cumbrian landscapes with reference to its heritage both natural and cultural, its people both living and gone, but most of all it celebrates the hand of man and especially farming in the evolution of one of the most beautiful places in England. The exhibition then links the visitor to the leaflets and guidebooks that we have produced. The exhibition appeals to both young and old and is designed both as entertaining and educational. The Discovery Centre will

Landscape also be used as an education resource covering national curriculum subjects and will be part of an emerging schools pack.

Any profits made from the Discovery Centre are put back into the sustainable management of the Solway Coast AONB. In this case the visitor pays, but does so in a very constructive way, unlike schemes that charge for coastal car parking, for example, where the visitor does not receive any messages about the fragility of the area they are visiting.

Solutions A Living • To provide educational material to visitors, locals, schools and colleges through the Solway Coast Discovery Centre and other interpretation and literature provided by the AONB and its partners. Opening of the Hadrian’s Wall Path National Trail

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A Living Landscape Five Objective E&I2: To provide themed and comprehensive information across the AONB using a range of media. of range a using the AONB across information comprehensive and Tothemed E&I2: provide Objective and or The Sub Network. Solway ValidationObjective E&I2 to within monastic, both visitors The standard The to Further At routes Other make this the information, extol fact area Hadrian's branding interpret potential the heart approach and to Coast to the that both has the Solway stay agricultural, this, distractions of area the need and a will AONB in any Wall within is we Gateways vast and terms Solway more assessed Coast be inform. have interpretation for Path wealth important as has the Roman visitors of will interesting. Discovery a a Coast National area a The content include result wealth embrace range of as development to for and landscape/habitat within to is should for be Tullie of longer and the designated of Trail Centre. other Solway aware heritage leaflet the this impact production. has House be visitor periods themes. context Furthermore, that unobtrusive guided been of Coast sites, it as an Museum for is they a of types AONB developed Natural creating to AONB longer nationally circular linkages time create are and and in within (up information wide periods is routes Carlisle on walks, a the the and should to throughout important series interpretive the a a incredible Solway will stories protected week) of the landscape and blend of time is cover text held trails the landscape Coast with to its thus plan diversity into of habitats, further Senhouse area. on length explaining their which and Discovery creating the Hadrian's would own local enhance local is using of conveys geology, probably ensure species Museum specialisation longer and environment. environment. 'Limits Wall Centre. the making the that wildlife, World enjoying stays not in visitor of special The this Maryport. enough Acceptable interesting and Heritage being New freshwater Centre There information experience. this character greater to and unravelled wealth This are secure will Site Change' a enhanced many enjoyment. signpost and network series is and of We must not a the other the vibrant day other have of whereby duplicated be protected would visitors Hadrian's access walks by related at 115 partners day. and the be and sq each and heart will sustainable landscape. and themes. further km Wall cycle within locals be piece is to of Path undertaken produced work enhanced our rides. These Solway toward of This National themes. local infrastructure with Historical proposed is to a economy, Coast and by further within series an Trail, the the appropriate AONB routes Tourist the of packages enhanced both establishment put more 'stories' AONB in of that will Information place, must which consistency cover have will or with by be sub information emphasise be encourage of a reference Victorian, revealed remit themed brands. it Centre paths and to Section Five

Delivery Plan Solutions

• To develop an AONB wide interpretative plan that encompasses the aspirations of partners who also have a remit to interpret and inform within the AONB. • To produce and install on-site interpretation. • To produce leaflets and guidebooks. • To use the AONB Website to deliver our message and present our product. Landscape A Living

Boundary sign near Crosscanonby

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6.0 A PROTECTED LANDSCAPE

6.1.1 Threats to landscape quality and its functional integrity are all too obvious in today's world of new technologies, developments in agriculture and aquaculture, sea level rise predictions due to global warming and general solutions to infrastructure development. This Management Plan cannot ignore the possible threats to the Solway Coast AONB from a plethora of potential external development pressures. These pressures can come in the form of new physical structures, pollution and abstraction or loss. To help safeguard what we hold dear today, an AONB Policy guidance framework that is compatible with the two local plans encompassing the area and the Cumbria County Council and Lake District National Park, Joint Structure Plan is set out below. Section 85 of the CRoW Act (2000) places a duty on all public bodies and statutory undertakers with regard to potential landscape impacts.

Section 85 places a duty on all public bodies and statutory undertakers to 'have regard' to the 'purpose of conserving and enhancing the natural beauty of the area of outstanding natural beauty'. Landscape The following set of policy guidelines are not comprehensive but cover a range of potential issues and real issues over the past five years. They are AONB wide and not specific to any given area. The present managers feel the need to protect from future negative developments through this process. It was agreed that these policy guidelines should be part of the statutory management plan for the AONB rather than a separate policy document. The validations that underpin the policy guidelines should be considered within the context of a special landscape and the restoration, conservation and future protection of those special qualities outlined in Section 3 of this plan. A Protected

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A Protected Landscape Six proposals. development interest common to regard with mechanism suitable other or agreement border cross a establishing to view a with Partnership Firth Solway the of auspices the Tothrough work Agreements Partnership Cross-border D1: POLICY GUIDELINE POLICY VALIDATION without development such National process from and A

significant shared adverse a range recourse through Scenic drainage weakness of impacts of two Areas impacts which to 30-turbine the basin whether (NSAs) it exists views was could across reached, in they of occur would wind that the be the farms that English also a physical, we large firth are believe be on to beyond part affected a Planning Scotland. single chemical, that of the our site by cross-border Authorities, landscape developments influence. Scottish on erosional Crown developments has planning Recently or beauty Land otherwise.

already in within England. of agreements (2003) Solway set the have With a Scottish a precedent. Coast decision regard no must requirement territory AONB to be by Scottish In developed the is the of Scottish encapsulated to the light landscape consult Solway to of Executive protect this in Firth designations, decision England within both (Robin to the countries allow and and views Rigg) two the the as Section Six

POLICY GUIDELINE VALIDATION

D2: Renewable Energy Of the many forms of renewable energy Wind Energy arguably poses the greatest threat to the landscape integrity of the Solway Coast AONB. The physical presence of wind clusters (2-6 turbines) and wind farms (>6 turbines), can have an adverse impact on Promote awareness and full the landscape or seascape. Whilst Solway Coast AONB Partnership supports the development of, and use of renewable energy consideration of the landscape resources it would argue that any infrastructure should be sited within an appropriate setting. Policy R42 in the Joint Structure Plan setting of the AONB, and views clearly states: to and from it, when considering renewable energy developments "Within the Lake District National Park and AONBs, wind farms will not be permitted…" adjacent (visual envelop) to the AONB. 4.3.2 However, areas of search for onshore wind farm development have been identified within the Joint Structure Plan. A tract of land to the landward side of the AONB has been identified as an area of search and as such the integrity of the landscape setting of the AONB may be adversely affected by it. Landscape D3: Wireless Telecommunications Telecommunications masts are the legacy of modern electronics based communications. The masts are essential for transmission and reception and work as part of a national network. To provide maximum coverage of any given network, masts must be positioned Promote awareness and full to maximise their coverage or efficiency. consideration of the landscape setting of the AONB, and Solway Coast AONB lies within a low lying coastal plain, and at present it is served by masts outside of the designated area that views to and from it, when are sited on higher ground overlooking the coast. However, future developments in telecommunications technology may change this considering telecommunications situation. developments within and adjacent (visual envelop) to the A new technology, 'Broadband Internet', is being developed within and adjacent to the AONB. This technology requires both satellite AONB. receiver dishes and distribution masts. The distribution masts work on the 'line of sight' principle and based on local topography can range from 10-50m high. This new technology will be dealt with in the same way as general telecommunications. D4: Overhead Telecommunication Wires

Overhead telecommunication wires within settlements should be subject to grounding where A Protected this is possible, whilst taking full regard of the natural and historic environment on which this initiative may impinge.

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A Protected Landscape Six environment. historic or natural the on impact unacceptable an have would lines overhead where expected be will lines of grounding The the AONB. of landscape the on impact adverse no have will route chosen the where acceptable be only will lines telecommunication and power overhead upgraded or New,replacement D6: impinge. may initiative this which on environment historic and natural the of regard full taking whilst possible, is this where grounding to subject be should settlements within lines power Overhead Supplies Electricity Wire Overhead D5: Electricity POLICY GUIDELINE POLICY eplacement Lines Replacement VALIDATION within Grid low The undesirable Whether settlements, upgrading along The An option voltage Solway Company. long with the these distance AONB. is may telecommunication and within Coast the to These ground provide power/telecommunication are overall The a AONB cross-country operated protected 'local' wires them an policy is opportunity criss-crossed lines (put and by guideline lines landscape. them the serve their supplies could regional associated to underground), settlements, is ground be by lines to would ground a achievable electricity network cross them. poles come isolated them however, open New of distribution detract at under overhead at low country, power farmsteads the the cost. these from earliest cost line companies, power run In the criteria. developments open of and possible parallel landscape grounding supply other countryside However, and to opportunity. lines, infrastructure roads, not character is should prohibitive and the the many field high telecommunications be grounding of such lines boundaries grounded voltage the with as area exist regard wastewater of system and as and wires or to a as ditches their matter the run lines. within such existing treatment maintenance by of The or are the settlements course. are lines National seen system. works within are as or Section Six

POLICY GUIDELINE VALIDATION

D7: Coastal Erosion and Defence Solway Coast AONB has a 'soft' coastline stretching throughout its entire length with the exception of the sandstone outcrop at Red Crags, Rockcliffe that stretches for about 0.5 kilometres. Soft refers to the unconsolidated nature of the sediments making up the To work with statutory coastal edge. The sediments range from inter-tidal silts and sands within the eastern sector of the AONB to sand and shingle beaches undertakers to provide the best within the western sector. possible solutions for coastal protection. Their design and The whole area is subject to both active erosion by wind and water and active accretion by the same means. Any soft coastal standard should have low or environment is dynamic by nature and as such must be monitored and managed according to the overriding environmental conditions negative landscape impact, that prevail. provide a base for future natural colonisation and should not Solway Coast AONB has been subject to the National Shoreline Management Planning process and as such has a prescription for impede access to the foreshore. the future monitoring and management of the coastline. The Shoreline Management Plan (St Bees Head to Sark Foot) has a range

Landscape of five options for coastal protection:

1. do nothing 2. do minimum 3. hold the line 4. advance the line 5. managed retreat.

Within the AONB all of these options are recommended for different areas. In general, along the western sector hold the line and advance the line has been recommended. The main driver for this pro-active protection is the flood and erosion threat to the B5300 coast road. The road has squeezed the natural sand dune defence of the coastline and as such it is more vulnerable. The options that have been implemented over the past four years are gabion baskets buried below the existing eroding low cliff line to minimise visual impacts and to provide areas for natural re-colonisation by dune plants and sand trapping. Both methods have proven effective and are providing a bed for natural revegetation.

Within the eastern sector flood defence is managed by the Environment Agency. Recently work has been carried out at Skinburness marsh and Burgh marsh whereby the flood banks have been strengthened and new infrastructure provided. Neither option is environmentally sensitive and its primary purpose is to protect small areas of re-claimed saltmarsh converted into rough pasture. Any A Protected future work in these areas should be open to a rigorous assessment of the merits of managed retreat.

Page 69 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place Section Seven

Appendix 1 David Sibbitt ...... Cumbria Association of Headteachers David Ingham ...... Cumbria County Council List of Invited Consultees Duncan Fairbairn ...... Cumbria County Council Bob Edgar ...... Cumbria County Council Andrew Tegg ...... Allerdale Borough Council Mike Smith ...... Cumbria County Council Richard Evans ...... Allerdale Borough Council Pat Ackred ...... Cumbria County Council Terry Rourke ...... Allerdale Borough Council Richard Newman ...... Cumbria County Council Vikki Turner ...... Allerdale Borough Council John Hetherington ...... Cumbria County Council Ben Brinicombe ...... Allerdale Borough Council Alan Waters ...... Cumbria Education Joe Mumberson ...... Allerdale Borough Council David Dobson ...... Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee David Thomas ...... Allerdale Borough Council Graham Kennedy ...... Cumbria Tourist Board Jeffery Gardner ...... Allerdale Borough Council David Harpley ...... Cumbria Wildlife Trust Maureen Rourke ...... Allerdale Borough Council Simon Humphries ...... DEFRA Jim Musgrave ...... Allerdale Borough Council Bob Timmins ...... DEFRA Tony Markley ...... Allerdale Borough Council Henry Conn ...... DEFRA Bill Douglas ...... Allonby Parish Council Alistair Maltby ...... Eden Rivers Trust Bill James ...... Bank Mill, Beckfoot Michael Young ...... English Nature Jim Eldridge ...... Bowness Community Group Stephen Preston ...... English Nature James Graham ...... Bowness-on-Solway Parish Council Dave Keddy ...... Environment Agency Anne Pattinson ...... Burgh Marsh Committee Ian Wrigley ...... Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group Duncan Dobson ...... Burgh by Sands Parish Council Ian Brodie ...... Friends of the Lake District Tony Jackson ...... CAPITA Jack Ellerby ...... Friends of the Lake District Richard Irving ...... Cardurnock Marsh David McGlade ...... Hadrian's Wall Path National Trail Don Taylor ...... Carlisle City Council Paul Austen ...... Hadrian's Wall World Heritage Site

Appendices Peter Messenger ...... Carlisle City Council Jane Brantom ...... Hadrian's Wall Tourism Partnership Chris Hardman ...... Carlisle City Council Robert Richardson ...... Holme St Cuthbert Parish Council Mark Hudson ...... Carlisle City Council Wilson Wise ...... Holme St Cuthbert Parish Council John Bell ...... Carlisle City Council Bill Jefferson OBE ...... Allerdale Borough Council John Collier ...... Carlisle City Council Jenny Gallagher ...... JAC – Bowness Parish Council Paul Walker ...... Carlisle City Council Bill Johnstone ...... JAC – Silloth Town Council Susan Harrison ...... Country Land and Business Association Rachel Newman ...... Lancaster Archaeology Unit Ruth Parker ...... Countryside Agency Jacqui Raw ...... Learning Skills Council David Hortin ...... Countryside Agency Janet Connolly ...... Mawbray Community Group Rosemary Budd ...... Countryside Agency William Bell ...... Newton Arlosh Marsh Committee Roland Trafford Roberts ...... Countryside Agency Debbie Keir ...... North Allerdale Partnership

Page 71 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 72 Page Appendices Seven Sue Kerry Norman Chris Hugh Fausto Peter Phil Steven Dennis Margaret Jonathan Ella Roger Brian Alan David Sue Norman Bill Marjorie Susan Florence Brian Richard Pat Bill Rachel Allison Knowles Allison Reddy Fraser Gallagher Lightfoot Nash Miles Hodgson Batey Thompson McPhee Cusack Blackledge Roberts Dalloe Previtali Hetherington Newman Hewitt Jennings Holton Hammond Littleton Hammond Snaith Dennison ...... Western Oughterside South North Lake Solway Rural Solway Port Port Skinburness Solway Solway Silloth Silloth Silloth Silloth District Senhouse West Carlisle Carlisle and Development Voluntary Scottish Haaf Solway Oxford Wildfowlers Rural Rural Solway Silloth Allerby Tullie Tullie Ramblers Tourism Tourism Tourism Development Business Silloth Tourism Netters Community Community Marsh Archaeology Initiative Initiative Firth Roman Natural House House Action Primary Parish Rural Town Action Action Action Programme Association Partnership Association Association Association Partnership Committee Museum Museum Museum Heritage Cumbria Initiative Director Director Agency Council Council School Group Group Group Group Group RSPB RSPB Unit Section Seven

APPENDIX 2

CONSULTATION RESULTS

What do you undertake most frequently within the AONB? What contributes most to the natural beauty of the AONB?

1 Cycling 10% 1 Salt Marshes 26% 2 Sand Dunes 15% 2 Walking 36% 81 69 1 5 3 Farmed Landscapes 14% 72 71 3 Birdwatching 11% 4 Raised Mires 13% 2 6 5 Mud Flatts 10% 4 Visiting Attractions 15% 7 6 Archaeological Features 5% 63 8 9 7 Hedgerows 5% 82 5 Fishing 2% 3 10 8 Trees 3% 54 11 6 Looking at wildlife 16% 12 9 Views 3% 13 10 Settlements 2% 4 5 7 Spoilt responses 8% 11 Coastline 1% 4 14 93 12 Mix of sea & coast 1% 8 Swimming 1% 13 Sunken Lanes 1% 9 Horse riding 1% 14 Incomplete responses 1%

What do you value most about the AONB? what can we do to best protect and enhance the AONB? 1 Scenery & Views 39% 1 Support sustainable farming 22% Appendices 7 2 Wildlife 17% 1 68 101 118 6 2 Raise awareness of the AONB 23% 92 3 Historic Features 4% 2 1 83 7 4 75 4 Visitor Attractions 1% 3 Support Rural Communities 15% 6 5 91 5 Peace & Quiet 19% 3 4 Promote appropriate tourism & recreation 13% 6 Rural Life 10% 5 Improve public transport & rural services 12% 7 Market Towns 0% 56 44 82 6 Develop landscape enhancement projects 13% 8 Cycling 1% 4 19 Walking 7% 7 ICZM 1% 53 37 102 10 Pubs 2% 8 Incomplete responses 1% 11 Incomplete responses 0%

Page 73 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 74 Page Appendices Seven Cumbria County Council County Cumbria The compatible". broadly are policies their that ensure to wish will who authorities several of area the cover where AONBs important other and farming groups, interests amenity to Advisory encourage a coordinated approach to and Joint their management. This will be authorities especially up local setting together of bring to practice Committees the endorses of Government administration the the although for arrangements AONBs statutory special no are There uses. other and forestry agriculture, of needs the and beauty natural of is conservation that the as with far consistent so recreation for demand the meet to used be should areas these though designation, their of objective an not is recreation of promotion the that from in Parks differ National AONBs control. development and plans local and structure their in objective this reflect should is authorities Local designation landscape. the of of beauty objective natural the primary of conservation The Parks. National as legislation same the under and means same the by designated are (AONBs) Beauty Natural Outstanding of "Areas National Framework National Policy 3 Appendix The PPG7, for (2000). recent protection defined bodies The the 1949 Local relationships legislation have The management Section below Planning Countryside Citations Solwayregarding through Framework Countryside regard through 4.7 through between the Policy is to and as provision Act AONB – their Local – follows: Guidance placed the maintenance Environmental strategic own objectives Countryside Authority of policy a a non-statutory statutory (PPG) partners, citations. Plans when of Quality and AONBs with management with discharging Rights regard duty and a within stake on Economic of Coast AONB to local Way their their AONBs plan in the authorities Act duties. by boundaries. and future 2004 (2000) is Social encapsulated of and to requires the be Development Furthermore, that responsible AONB, all further public within are Part In in District qualities within

be will Proposals to: relation in assessed Programme'. Characterisation Landscape 8 Figure Historic in 'Cumbria Map' the 'Landscape the and by defined as landscapes Cumbria's of features and ''Development and land use change should be compatible with the distinctive characteristics From in Parks protection…'' equivalent given be should National and value landscape their of terms to equivalent are AONBs that confirmed has guidance ''Government Section of ER5 and Guidance…'' Planning ER2 Regional Policies with accordance in protection, of level strongest the afforded be must importance international or national of being as designated features and ''Areas "Development Importance National of Landscapes 11Policy – of Cumbria normally a plan addition…" undeveloped addition 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 6, Policy the that 'Caring Joint Openness, remoteness and tranquillity.and remoteness Openness, Biodiversity features, ecological networks and semi-natural habitats, and habitats, semi-natural and networks ecological features, Biodiversity Historic patterns and attributes and patterns Historic Public access and community value of the landscape the of value community and access Public The character of the built environment built the of character The Scale in relation to the landscape and features and landscape the to relation in Scale Visual intrusion or impact or intrusion Visual Locally distinctive natural or built features built or natural distinctive Locally 6.4, of County be County includes to the E33, states: permitted. Structure the and for landscape open Council 'Landscape of the present other the Cumbria: countryside Environment', Plan following Particular (CCC) is land of Joint 2001-2016, the Character', use policy Structure National regard currently and changes Section coast, with Deposit will it Parks, Plan regard is reviewing detrimental 6.3 be the noted Plan, is states: paid lakes AONBs to the that: all its to May emerging and landscapes to Joint the and the 2003. other protection Structure Plan present the new sensitive Heritage of national Cumbria characteristics and locations, Coast enhancement (1991-2006), importance and will Lake and and not Section Seven

In addition, development and land use change detrimental to the distinctive character 2. There is no detrimental impact on the designated areas identified in Policy E31 or of landscapes designated as of County Importance will not be permitted, except where within their settings that are detrimental to their character and/or species of national required to meet local infrastructure needs, which cannot be located elsewhere and which or international conservation importance, is sited to minimise environmental impacts and meets high standards of design.'' 3. There is no significant adverse affect on local amenity, highways, aircraft operations or telecommunications, Policy E31, 'Areas and features of national and international conservation importance', 4. The proposal takes all practical measures to reduce the adverse impact on recognised states: landscape, environmental, nature conservation and historical interests, ''Development and other land use changes in areas or features of national or international 5. measures are included to secure the satisfactory removal of structures and conservation importance, or within their settings, and that are detrimental to their remediation of land following cessation of operation of the installation.'' characteristics will not be permitted.” Allerdale Borough Council Exceptions will only be made where: Allerdale Borough Council (ABC) produced its Local Plan in 1999 and it is currently under partial review, however, environmental policies are unaffected by the review. ABC have two 1. There is an overriding need for the development required to meet local infrastructure policies regarding the protection of the AONB, they are: needs which cannot be located elsewhere and which is sited to minimise environmental impacts and meets high standards of design, and Policy EN20 2. In the case of nature conservation, where an over-riding public interest can be "When considering proposals for development within or adjoining the Solway Coast Area demonstrated to outweigh the international conservation interest or, in the case of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the Council will require the protection of its natural beauty. of European Priority habitats or species, where there are human health or safety This will be given priority over all other planning considerations." considerations or benefits of primary importance to the environment.'' This Policy is followed by seven sub-sections that add substance and context to it. With regards to proposals for wind energy development, Part 8, 'Utilising Resources', Policy R40, states: Policy EN21 ''Proposals for wind energy development will be permitted where it is demonstrated that "Development proposals within the Solway Coast AONB which are required as a result of

Appendices they satisfy all the following requirements: an approved management plan will be approved where they accord with the relevant sub- sections of Policy EN20.” 1. There is no significant adverse affect on the landscape character of the area either individually or cumulatively through its relationship with other wind energy Carlisle City Council development, The land area covered by Carlisle City Council (CaCC) is around 15 per cent of the land area designated as Solway Coast AONB. The Council produced their Local Plan in 1997 and has a single policy regarding the two AONBs impinging on their area as follows:

Page 75 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 76 Page Appendices Seven hereafter. Throughout site". alternative an of lack and need national proven is there where permitted be only will development scale Large landscaping. and materials design, siting, appropriate through landscape the of quality and character present the enhance or conserve to seek should proposals Development landscape. the of quality and character present the to detrimental Outstanding of Areas Coast unacceptably be would that Solway development for given be and not will Beauty,permission Natural Pennines North the to adjacent and "Within Beauty Natural Outstanding of – Areas E3 POLICY be dealt with this as plan, they policies impinge other on the than thematic those related content to of Town the various and Country sections Planning described will Section Seven

Appendix 4

1998 Management Plan Review

A review of the existing Management Plan has led to the production of the current Action Plan, which includes the SMART delivery of nine projects.

The 1998 Solway Coast Management Plan divided the AONB into four Management Zones:

• Agricultural Land • Raised Mires • The Salt Marsh • The Sand Dune Coast.

Each of these Management Zones was discussed under Key Topic headings as below:

• Landscape L • Nature Conservation NC • Trees and Woodlands TW • Agriculture A • Settlement S • Cultural Heritage CH • Recreation, Tourism and Access RT&A

Appendices • Information and Interpretation I&I • Coastal Protection CP • Cleansing Management CM • Safety and Emergency Planning S&EP

Page 77 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 78 Page Appendices Seven

. To 7.

. To 4. sensitive enhancement

. To 5. . To 6. examples

most possible. management involvement. Supporting Objectives to Achieve: Objectives Supporting To 1. Objectives the AONB in Habitats Threatened of Understanding Enhance Toand AIM: Manage Our . To 3. habitats

. To 2. threats Treasured outstanding esourceful Land (Wildlife and Visitors can mutually Share and Enjoy the Landscape) the Enjoy and Share mutually can Visitors and (Wildlife Land Resourceful secure promote acquire, encourage identify promote raise and

in management

of the Habitats, uniqueness. Awareness these of

of AONB. the rare where and local enhanced these or future access habitats. and their enable threatened pride feasible, aias habitats. and threatened of needs, wherever ie. sites. our and

the Most non As Ongoing the 2

5 1 2 2

5

Scale Time

L.1, er AONB, years er As years er AONB, years er As years er AONB year er AONB, years

CBP,

local &

Work in involved People

volunteers, media, ongoing above above above L.2, groups, CWT, Officers, SRI, LAs, EN, EN, NC.2, & col, schools, ER. DEFRA. adwes landowners, CBP outes volunteers. ETF EN, LAs, NC.3, EN, SB DEFRA, RSPB, ei. media. B HLF, CBP NC.4, NC.5,

Bodies Funding LAs,

T&W.1,

CCF, CA, N As EN A.1, WE, SRI, CWMET,

L CBP, FLD

A.2, A.3, RT&A.1,

Partners landowners, FWAG,

above

LAs, local RT&A.4, RSPB, &

EN, omnte, outlining communities,

ER Production DEFRA ER, habitats, DEFRA, CWT, W. description CWT. RT&A.5, B, Production CBP, RT&A.6, Enhancement Scheme 2004. Countryside applications Production agreements continuing for 2004. Improvements Access management & work (And landowners Acquisition sites to coverage local Presentations 2005. To Achieve Ongoing. 2004. outlining habitats Production Performance local at access RT&A.7, least by groups involving ongoing) Ongoing. Ongoing. groups, for

2006.

& & all including the & three the publicity, agreed, EN’s All

of of of of of of the contact – & for Stewardship & threatened I&I.3, plans aaeet Partially management five-year ouet Project document five 2003-2004. at habitat considerations, in Scheme, locations permissions volunteers Practical

to PCs, threatened 2003-2010. grant sites, Wildlife least col, Partially schools, cesblt Partially accessibility Review

efes Partially leaflets maps with I&I.4, to with 2003- media type aid he Partially three with support

2006 y by wide & from CP.1

y Partner by & Achieved identified

initial

bid.

proformas work organisations Achieved Achieved. Achieved Achieved Achieved

Discussed in 2000.

completed

completed

with have

for

CA

AONB- been

&

CBP. Section Seven

''Wetland Heritage Project'' AIM: To interpret and protect Heritage Sites within the AONB, creating wildlife and visitor resources, Performance Review and Access for All Trails. Objectives Time People involved Funding Partners To Achieve Achieved Scale in Work Bodies 1. To identify and assess 5 years AONB, volunteers, local HLF, CA, CWMET, EH, EN, CA, PCs, Local Surveys completed by 2002, Project proformas completed, landforms and sites for access people, contractors. EH, ABC, CCC. interest groups, CCC, negotiations with land owners initial work completed for AONB- and development potential. CBP, FLD, NWDA, completed 2008. Funding to wide HLF bid. Discussed with CA ERDP. be in place 2008 2000.

2. To produce an AONB Heritage 2 years AONB Officers, ABC, HWWHS team, HWNT Production of a Heritage Plan, Completed. Interpretive Plan HWNT. including integration of sites and interpretation content and styles 2004 and ongoing.

3. To produce interpretation for up 2 years AONB Officers, volunteers To place on 10 sites an to 10 sites and maintenance regime. contractors, local people. interpretive panel or leaflets, and to manage sites on an annual basis.

4. As above 1 year As above. As above 2004-2005.

5. To create a wetland nature AONB staff, volunteers, Management ongoing 2002- Crosscanonby Carr site opened Reserve and Access for All Trail. contractors. 2010. in 1999, educational visits 2000- 2003.

6. To install x metres of gabions 1 year AONB, ABC, contractors Total length of Saltpans with Gabions placed on site 2000. along the length of the Saltpans. ETF, volunteers. gabions installed 2003.

7. To install new surfaced path 2 years AONB, volunteers, Trail of x metres completed between Saltpans car park and contractors. between the Carr and the Carr. Saltpans car park, with car park upgrading 2010.

8. To purchase 9 hectares of 2 years AONB, JAC, ABC, HLF bid in place, and

Appendices pasture for conversion to reed purchase of the proposed bed, and have HLF in place. site 2010.

9. To install timber dams to raise 1 year AONB, SRI, ETF Dams to be in place by 2010. water levels of the site. contractor.,

10. To plant Phragmites reed bed. 1 year AONB, SCCVG,contractors. Reed bed planted 2010.

11. To create an Access for All 2 years As above, Access for All Trail completed circular Trails around the reedbed by 2010. reserve.

12. To establish connecting trails 1 year As above, Two trails produced Two trails to be produced and to the Saltpans car park, and a and one bird hide one bird hide by 2010. bird hide. on the site by 2005.

Supporting Objectives to Achieve: L.1, NC.1, NC.2, NC.4, NC.5, T&W.1, A.1, CH.1, CH.3, CH.4, RT&A.1, RT&A.2, RT&A.5, RT&A.7, RT&A.8, I&I.1, I&I.2, CP.1

Page 79 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 80 Page Appendices Seven 7.

events/year. . To 5. programme for participate To 4. equipment, create To 1. Objectives

Supporting Objectives to Achieve: Objectives Supporting To 8. 6. To 3. VolunteerCommunity Group Coast Solway the Launch Toand AIM: Create Volunteer(SCCVG) Community Group Coast Solway each training launch Services of . To 2. To To local, Coordinator/ year. the the provide obtain encourage obtain hold provide create contact for dedicated Coordinator. post in project. volunteers. and an AONB necessary necessary a and four of ID, award tools volunteers. diary Community volunteers volunteers safety create Training projects.. for of vnn 3 evening events outes volunteers. rnpr 3 transport funding

a network

and to and 3 to

Initially 1 3 3

RSPB, uig during Scale Time year 3 project coordinator, rolling

er AONB, years er AONB. years er AONB Projects years er AONB, years AONB. years er AONB Officers, year er AONB Officers, years project

schools, a 3 AONB Officers funders/partners

Red volunteers,

LDNP Work in involved People Coordinator. & Development Service. media,

local L.1,

Community Cross. L.2, groups,

volunteers. Cumbria EN, outes volunteers. NC.1, RA, DP, LDNPA, local col, schools, fies Officers oute Volunteer n CA, and & NC.2, CV SCCVG R, SRI, CWT, ie Fire rus groups

C, HCT, NC.4, NC.5,

Bodies Funding

FDL,

T&W.1, CCC, B. ABC, ABC. A.1, aC CA, CaCC A.3, CH.1,

EN,

Partners

CFS, CWMET,

CH.4, LDNPA, SRI, CWT, STC, RT&A.1, CCC, RSPB, PCs, HCT, Red aC Completed. CaCC, RT&A.2, EN, FLD, LDNP. rs Ongoing. Cross RT&A.3,

2002-2003. obtained Van ongoing events 2002-2003 Ongoing for one/month To Achieve

Necessary An Production Performance evening volunteers in Official August volunteers. annual RT&A.5, & trailer for launch in and 2002, volunteers award December each equipment and of Ongoing. obtained RT&A.7, in esetr 50 newsletter, of riig monthly training place with year. the Review

40 cee 81 scheme I&I.2, e July new I&I.4, CP.1, management machine First Centre involvement July Volunteer obtained Newsletters Achieved held interest Meetings events An 2002-2003. Coordinator CM.1 events volunteers annual 2002-August 2003. Aid December through activities groups, newsletter training and 2002. with transport and award and appointed with tool training on schools, workdays 2002-2003. 2002. talks 2002. promotional provided, the database evening use 2003. produced Discovery and given and July local and habitat safety, in 2002. from a

Section Seven

Solway Settlements Project AIM: To enable Solway Coast Villages to represent their AONB uniqueness and encouraging improvements. Performance Review

Objectives Time People involved Funding Partners To Achieve Achieved Scale in Work Bodies

1. To complete the village 2 years Local inhabitants, PCs, CA, ABC, CaCC, ABC, CaCC, CA, VAC, 2002, to have carried out 2000, three pilot villages appraisal/design statements for the community groups, CWMET. PCs, local groups and three meetings with each of preparing appraisals/studies, after three villages. AONB. local people. the three villages to create many local meetings and training. finished ‘wish list’. 2003, to 2003 Burgh village plan have produced three village completed. statements.

2. To liaise with three village 1 year Village school children 2005, to have winning designs schools to design village signage and staff, AONB, ABC. produced from each school.

3. To produce and install 3 sets of 1 year AONB, ETF, locals, 2006, to have erected Allonby completed. village signs. volunteers, contractors. completed village signage.

4. To produce interpretation 2 years AONB, ETF, locals, HWNT, LHI. To have information and signage for Port Carlisle and volunteers, contractors, designs produced. 2004, to Bowness HWNT. have finished panels erected in the village 2005.

5. To produce plans and work for 2 years As above, ABC, CaCC. 2002, to have produced all Five completed. improved village greens and play plans for improvement, to areas carry out remedial work in all villages. Ongoing.

6. To create village walk routes 2 years As above, HWNT. HWNPT, LHI. To establish the route of a Two completed. and leaflets. village walk in three villages,

Appendices with interpretation. 2006 to create village walks with leaflet produced.

7. To sign and protect architectural 2 years As above, EH EH. To produce all relevant Ongoing. and archaeological works. contractors. documentation for sites of interest. 2006 to carry out all work for the preservation of marked sites.

Supporting Objectives to Achieve: S.1, S.2, RT&A.2, RT&A.8, I&I.1, I&I.2, I&I.3, I&I.4

Page 81 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 82 Page Appendices Seven . To 5. and in

panels . To 4. the parks . To 8. To 7. in . To 3. plan. To 1. Objectives and in 2. Solway South Tothe AIM: designate Solway South . To 6. sand-trapping the the the Publish remaining scrub embryo on dunes. above dunes. and remove produce involve restore reduce deliver create the on a dunes. an objectives. coastline leaflet the ones. hurdles trial 150 the natterjack the 3 SSD 3 dunes. hectares interpretation short unes LNR Dunes number local metres of management on and a community sward circular the ol. pools. of of upgrade of ue 20 2004 dunes gorse car 03Mr Contractors 2003-Mar ra areas

ak walk

Scale Time

unes as a Local Nature Local a as Dunes

AONB Officers. Volunteers, contractors.

AONB Officers, residents, Local

fiescnrcos HCT, AONB Officers,contractors Officers, ABC, contractor. AONB Officers, Work in involved People AONB, landowners, PCs,

Volunteers, volunteers, volunteers. landowners, community, ABC, contractors. col. schools. otatr, contractors, local & EN, EN. outes ALSF, volunteers. N EN, N As EN, OB AONB OB AONB, R, As SRI, oa local Reserve

Bodies Funding

As

above. above. above. L. EN, FLD.

As

HCT, As Partners ABC, local As

CaCC.

above. above. above. PCs, community EN. CCC, adwes Completed. landowners, CA, CWMET, rus groups, areas to Obtained path volunteers the consultation, Three and End meetings two car Completed. To Achieve Mawbray 2003. One Completed. Performance Clearing Ongoing clear dunes park to installed car pool leaflet and Completed. panels be gorse park 2003. and SSD Yard permission and restored created by to work. produced clear school 2006. cutting to 2004. to public in group to Newtown be be specified Review have Dec 02 One 2002, in prdd Old upgraded placed iclr produced. Circular n produced. and uut EN, August 2003. from by 03 2002. 2003. e Traffic new 2004. d Corner Rd N Completed. EN, n Three on South in closed Original Delivery Action Achieved Banks. contact Consultation Project. 150 2000, tracks AONB metres pool Two Solway interpretation survey Plan 2003. car with Management Management Plan to Also near to park and erected produced be local with be produced done Dunes in restored contractors Mawbray closed created. local landowners. June 2000. at panels Restoration Sept Plan Plan Wolsty community Feb 2003, 2003. March Yard Castles and 2000. made 2002. with Section Seven

Objectives Time People involved Funding Partners To Achieve Achieved Scale in Work Bodies

9. To increase the awareness of the AONB, contractors Designation of LNR by Threshold signs placed in 2001, SSD as part of the AONB. volunteers, schools. 2005 with interpretation in and current SRI/AONB leaflets. place. Community work with schools and public liaison.

10. To reseed heath areas of AONB, contractor, Seed planting events in Seed collecting July-August 2003. Mawbray Banks and dune grassland. schools, volunteers. September 2003. Ongoing.

11. To eradicate invasive weeds on AONB, volunteers, Ongoing. Spraying, cutting and removing Mawbray and Wolsty Banks. schools, contractor. done July 2003.

Supporting Objectives to Achieve: L.1, NC.2, A.2, CH.4, RT&A.1, RT&A.2, RT&A.3, I&I.1, I&I.2, S&EP.1 Appendices

Page 83 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 84 Page Appendices Seven linking upgrading 1 Production 11. in 2 Construction 12. 0 Produce 10. and . Link 9. appropriate Produce 8. poles To 4. . To 6. To 5. on . To 1. Objectives promote leaflets Design 7. Sunday Supporting Objectives to Achieve: Objectives Supporting To 2. Coast AONB Solway the in Locals and Visitors TransportTofor Sustainable and AIM: Access develop Experience Sustainable Coast Solway The . To 3. bus carriage the bus services. Solway with AONB HWPNT poles. replace install provide monitor liaise introduce in bus by the with the of painted local stop-off and Coast service. awareness hinterland. pathways. with book site AONB. cycle bus

AONB existing the to of produce trains, the panels of CCC AONB shelters. 5 wooden Discovery of need hire points. necessary leaflets 'Solway circular nomto information to and concrete of hp 2 shops at for ra area. 10 nert 2 integrate the oe. poles.

of to yl 2 cycle yl 2 cycle ete Centre ak Dn SRI, Done walks ose' 1 Coaster' facility. walks,

2 2 oe SRI, Done

2 Scale Time ra trial 2

er AONB, years er AONB, years AONB, years AONB, years er Train years er AONB, Contractors. years years er CCC, years er As year

firms. cycle contractors. in Work in involved People Cumbria AONB, L.1, AONB. above. NC.2, AONB. AONB. companies clubs. bus ABC, otatr. CCC, contractors. volunteers, outes RDP, volunteers, volunteers, Cycle opne, companies, RT&A.1, otatr contractors cycle rus Leader II, groups. locally, C CCC ie hire RT&A.2, HLF, RT&A5,

Bodies Funding

RT&A.7, CA, ABC, C, CA, CCC, RF FWAG, ERDF. WT volunteers, CWMT, RT&A.8, I&I.1,

Partners

locals.

I&I.2, CCC, landowners, I&I.3, ECCP, CBP, I&I.4 RA 2006. FRCA, aC Link CaCC,

2003/2004

Identify N/A To Work by Work Work To Achieve Work summer Performance Link Produce Liaison be 2005. up up completed completed completed completed ongoing. with areas facility by 2004. leaflets 2006. HWNT for in or by by by by AONB prdn Ongoing. upgrading Review

a to 2010. 2010. 2010. 2010. oke 10 booklet ei One begin y Ongoing by Solway July Smugglers Initial stakeholder Achieved routes 2003. year discussion Coast in trial identified. Route 2003 meetings 2000 Rambles in with launched MP completed. HWNPT. 2003. launched 2000. Section Seven

Key Topics (Objectives) CH4 Actual and potential damage caused to sites and features of archaeological and historic value. L1 The perceived degradation of aesthetic character along the Sand Dune RTA1 Relatively uncontrolled recreational use of, and access to the Sand Dune Coast. Coast and foreshore causing erosion, disturbance to wildlife and reducing the L2 The need to maintain the landscape of the Salt Marsh Coast. scenic beauty of the area. NC1 Disturbance to wildlife during breeding season and at roosting times by people RT&A2 The need to improve existing tourist facilities and impose information and and their dogs throughout the AONB coastal area. interpretation. NC2 The need to reverse previous loss and damage to habitat along the Sand Dune RT&A3 To mitigate disturbance caused to wildlife by both active and passive recreation Coast. from sea and land. NC3 The previous loss and damage of active raised mires due to drainage, burning RT&A4 The need to improve views of bog vegetation. and peat cutting. RT&A5 The levels to which recreation, tourism and access are compatible with raised NC4 Bringing together manager and user policies for the benefit of nature mire sites. conservation interests. RT&A6 The level of public use of fragile habitats, using ‘Limits of Acceptable Change’ NC5 Fragmentation, reduction and loss of wildlife habitats over an extensive area. approach. T&W1 Lack of new planting, general loss of tree cover and lack of woodland RT&A7 The need for recreation, tourism and encouraged access in agricultural management. areas. A1 The need to prevent or reverse the loss or degradation of traditional field RT&A8 The lack of encouragement to use the public right of way network. boundaries and their visual amenity. I&I1 The need to improve the current understanding of the Area of Outstanding A2 Loss or degradation of wildlife habitat. Natural Beauty. A3 Securing agreements with local farmers/landowners for agricultural practices I&I2 Lack of information and interpretation for sites of archaeological and historical which will ensure the conservation and enhancement of the raised mires. interest. S1 The need to prevent future development which would be unsympathetic to the I&I3 The need to improve information and interpretation along the salt Marsh AONB. Coast. S2 The need to support sympathetic and appropriate standards for development I&I4 The interpretation of historical features on the salt marsh and the interpretation

Appendices and seek settlement enhancement. of the estuary and marsh habitat along with its associated wildlife. S3 The siting and construction of farm buildings, associates structures and storage CP1 The need for a coordinated approach to coastal management which will take elements which are not compatible with the AONB’s landscape designation. into account coastal protection, conservation and amenity. CH1 The need to improve the lack of management of existing sites of archaeological CM1 The regular occurrence of unsightly and potentially hazardous waste, debris and historical interest. and litter in the dunes, on the foreshore and throughout the zone generally. CH2 To work towards protecting the traditional Haaf Net fishery of the Solway SE&P1 The need to improve safety for the general public. Firth. SE&P2 The need to control fire. CH3 The conservation of potential and existing features of historic value. SE&P3 The need to improve the current lack of comprehensive and coordinated maintenance and management.

Page 85 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 86 Page Appendices Seven the N7 Ecological HN17 Areas. Road HN7 environment. Of TransportLocal Plan Local 5 Appendix T19 prepared species T20 Particular T18 objectives T8 problems, T6 To To specific character & & & 2 To T23 2 To T24 2 To T22 of lan P Transport by

attention equestrians and wild safeguard minimise local the Design of policies animals network. Highways relevance the

increase reduce Protection create will

– area the and and that The and be

the Authority. impact public improve and through are the given to plants Council perceived – this

facilities relevant maintain In

transport to will of Management the d Quiet and which provision will Cumbria

roads the be available preparation to dangers undertake

safeguarded. Solway a the highway users. in

County comprehensive National for road to Plan to walkers, Coast all

cyclists/walkers. Roads cyclists/walkers. of passes; network Council’s roadworks is Parks, works AONB, the cyclists,

Local and on and in AONBs LTP they

taking the

the retain

contains Transport safe people are:

highway, and natural fully

the cycling/walking Conservation with the into character…

Plan and protected following account mobility

(LTP) built 268. The in Quiet Roads – The County Council will introduce low mandatory and advisory speed limits speed advisory and mandatory low introduce will – Council Roads County Quiet The 6. The 268.2 This lanes. country on people impaired mobility and cyclists equestrians, pedestrians, encourage and protect to Quiet pedestrians, Lanes Taken terms Developing • Encouraging • Developing Making • Making • • Transport Management A 1 initiative together Roads of its authority quiet prescribed regulations quiet for communities local

cyclists local aims Act communities

would these landscape appropriate lanes. lanes 2000 Plan traffic it it as and a a benefit measures by to authorising place place links a a should now respect to authority horse partnership quiet make the establish and to with

gives where where the regulations national use. lane. be use riders character. for should other Solway a legal may local the cars travel orders complementary a between

types rather local authority local designate status change traffic are Coast in is and consensus relation of easy encouraged environment than authorities to route local AONB speed

expectations the (the for any motorised authorities, to if document term cyclists,

necessary by: orders road any Secretary about to – who Quiet roads managing travel for traffic. walkers, local of and have and which interest Lane such to

designated at of behaviour travel. create aims In designated

lower and descriptions State) and they and summary, groups to local states conserving speeds. horse are be

in may by consistent 'networks' the and favour roads them that: riders. a

as make traffic Quiet local are the as as of Section Seven

Appendix 6 European Water Framework Directive An important European legislation on water quality, requiring all inland and coastal waters GLOSSARY to reach at least 'good status' by 2005.

Agri-Environment Schemes Geomorphological feature Various Government Schemes that promote environmentally friendly farming, including Landform shaped by the physical and chemical interactions between the Earth's surface Countryside Stewardship and Environmentally Sensitive Area schemes. and the natural processes acting on it.

Clay Dabbin Historic Landscape Characterisation Project Cottages or barns, with walls constructed in the original clay daub mixed with straw and A Cumbria County Council and Lake District National Park Authority project, funded by pebbles called clay dabbin. English Heritage as part of a national programme. It analyses the whole of Cumbria to determine the historic character of the present landscape. Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 An Act of Parliament that creates new rights to walk on 'open country'; moor, mountain, Local Nature Reserves (LNR) heath, down and common land. It also covers public rights of way, nature conservation, Area designated by the local authority, often owned by them and managed by other bodies, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and National Parks. such as Wildlife Trusts.

Countryside Stewardship Scheme National Nature Reserve (NNR) This is a scheme run by DEFRA, which makes payments to farmers and land managers to An area designated by English Nature for the national or international importance of their improve the natural beauty and diversity of the countryside. It operates throughout England wildlife or natural features. and is part of the England Rural Development Programme (ERDP). Natura 2000 County Wildlife Site (CWS) Network of protected areas across the European Union (Special Protected Areas and Sites recognised by Cumbria Wildlife Trust, which are non-statutory areas of wildlife value Special Areas of Conservation). They protect important habitats and wildlife.

Appendices and are protected in local plans. Open Country Drumlins Mountains, moor, heath, down and registered common land that will have a new public Streamlined elliptical hills of glacial till formed parallel to the direction of the ice right of access on foot as a result of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. movement. Quiet Lanes Project Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) An initiative of the Countryside Agency working with local traffic authorities and partners, Area of outstanding environmental importance in which the government wants to promote to use a network of minor roads treated appropriately to enable shared use by cyclists, environmentally-friendly farming with the aid of grants and compensation for lost income. walkers, horse riders and motorised users.

Page 87 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 88 Page Appendices Seven Habitats protect areas historical Geological (RIGS) Site Geological/Geomorphological important Regionally Convention Traditionally, Stoop A (SPA)Protection Area Special Protected (SAC) Conservation of Special Area A (SSSI) Interest Scientific Special of Site use. A Wayof Right These Site Ramsar plants,

protected conservation road, conserve geological the are footpath, Directive. or area 182 area or in aesthetic areas a 1971, red geomorphological site bird designated the designated bridleway or sandstone of designated species which physiographical 253 importance. internationally habitat are by or by and gatepost. by-way important the the by sub-species types, site English European European features. important open protected 200 for Nature, migratory to Union animal listed Union all wetland because traffic to in under under and protect the wildfowl that designated Birds 434 the the of nationally people Birds plant its and Directive. Habitats educational, Directive. waders. species have under important Directive. a legal These the listed research, animals, Ramsar right These in areas the to the surrounding Lanes Lanes Sunken Addition Inscription Site Heritage World 'kests'. and hedges natural and to the tracks heritage. to field each world levels. in side Heritage the The Solway of the excavated Site road, Area list, the which that material hedges have protects has been being been globally constructed planted used important to on increase the up to cobble places a the metre heights of 'banks' cultural below or of Section Seven

Appendix 7 CHAMP Coastal Habitat Action Plan ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management ACRONYMS CAP Common Agricultural Policy FMD Foot and Mouth Disease AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty VAC Voluntary Action Cumbria CroW Countryside and Rights of Way NAP North Allerdale Partnership JAC Joint Advisory Committee CSFC Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Defra Department of Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs LTP Local Transport Plan RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds NSA National Scenic Area PPG Planning Policy Guidance SCCVG Solway Coast Community Volunteer Group CCC Cumbria County Council CWMET Cumbria Waste Management Environment Trust. ABC Allerdale Borough Council CaCC Carlisle City Council AAONB Association of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty LNR Local Nature Reserves SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest PC Parish Council EN English Nature NT National Trust MoD Ministry of Defence DoE Department of Environment BAP Biodiversity Action Plan SAP Special Action Plan HAP Habitat Action Plan

Appendices LBAP Local Biodiversity Action Plan SPA Special Protection Area EMS European Marine Site SFP Solway Firth Partnership RIGS Regionally Important Geological Site TPO Tree Protection Order CWS Cumbria Wildlife Site CWT Cumbria Wildlife Trust FC Favourable Condition HCT Herpeotological Conservation Trust SMP Shoreline Management Plan

Page 89 A shared responsibility for a very special place A shared responsibility for a very special place special very a for responsibilityshared A Section Page 90 Page Appendices Seven Solway Solway Government Cumbria Cumbria Cumbria Cumbria Countryside Countryside Solway Solway Hadrian's English Countryside Countryside Carlisle Burgh Allerdale Bibliography Select 8 Appendix by Rural Firth Rural Firth Nature City County County County Biodiversity Borough Sands Wall Agency Agency Commission Commission Council Office Partnership Partnership Initiative Initiative Coordination Parish Council Council Council Council for Partnership the Council North Unit et (2003) West (2001) (2002) (1997) (2001) (1994) (1996) (1999) (Consultation (2001) (2001) (1998) (1995) (1998) (2000) (2003) (1997) (2000) Areas Areas Allerdale The Facing Hadrian's Solway Solway Solway Cumbria Local Cumbria Countryside Solway Solway Burgh Carlisle Solway Transport of of by Draft) the Firth Coast Firth Coast Firth Local Outstanding Outstanding Landscape Biodiversity Local Sands Wall Future, Coast Character, Cumbria Natural Review. European Plan. AONB, AONB World Plan. Plan Parish A Landscape.

Strategy. Area. delivery Action Management 2001/02 Heritage SFP. Natural Natural A County

Marine Vol Plan. Statement 2: Plan. plan Beauty Beauty: Council North – Site, Site, (CCP 2005/06. for of Plan. Management Management West.

Management 478) Intent. sustainable a and guide Lake (CCP for

District 536) AONB farming Plan Scheme. Plans 2002-2007. National partnership (A and SNH,

Guide). food Park EN. in members. (CA the Joint

23) north Structure (CA24) west of Plan. England.