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SASANIAN PERSIA Ersia ‘Nothing Has Changed Our Understanding of Greek Culture More Than P the Uncovering in the Past Thirty Years of Its Debt to the East

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SASANIAN PERSIA Ersia ‘Nothing Has Changed Our Understanding of Greek Culture More Than P the Uncovering in the Past Thirty Years of Its Debt to the East EDINBURGH STUDIES IN ANCIENT PERSIA SASANIAN Series Editor: Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones SASANIAN PERSIA ERSIA ‘Nothing has changed our understanding of Greek culture more than P the uncovering in the past thirty years of its debt to the East. In this wide-ranging, amply illustrated and thought-provoking book, Morgan offers a longue durée view of Greek engagement with Persia through elite use of cultural imports.’ Margaret C. Miller, University of Sydney ‘The Greek response to Achaemenid Iran is sometimes seen as a special case within the wider story of interaction between the Greek and non- Greek worlds. Janett Morgan insists that this is not so, and her claim is one to which students of Greek cultural history will have to pay serious attention.’ Christopher Tuplin, University of Liverpool E In the aftermath of the Greco-Persian Wars, Greek communities DIT produced a variety of images of the Achaemenids and their Empire in E D texts and on vases and architecture. These perspectives have traditionally BY Between Rome and the been explained as responses to victory in wars. E Steppes of Eurasia However, Janett Morgan shows that these responses fit into wider B patterns of Greek engagements with the east and reflect dialogues E RHARD of elite identity rather than hubristic celebration. Through a study of ancient texts and material evidence from the archaic and classical periods, she investigates the historical, political and social factors that inspired and manipulated different identities for Persia, and the Persians S W. within different Greek communities. Janett Morgan is Honorary Research Associate at Royal Holloway, AU University of London. Cover image: Relief sculpture possibly representing a eunuch courtier; Palace of Darius, Persepolis, E R Iran © Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones Cover design: Barrie Tullett ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9 EDITED BY EBERHARD W. SAUER edinburghuniversitypress.com Sasanian Persia EDINBURGH STUDIES IN ANCIENT PERSIA Dealing with key aspects of the ancient Persian world from the Achaemenids to the Sasanians: its history, reception, art, archaeology, religion, literary tradition (including oral transmissions) and philology, this series provides an important synergy of the latest scholarly ideas about this formative ancient world civilisation. series editor Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Cardiff University editorial advisory board Touraj Daryaee Andrew Erskine Thomas Harrison Irene Huber Keith Rutter Jan Stronk titles available in the series Courts and Elites in the Hellenistic Empires: The Near East After the Achaemenids, c. 330 to 30 BCE By Rolf Strootman Greek Perspectives on the Achaemenid Empire: Persia through the Looking Glass By Janett Morgan Semiramis’ Legacy: The History of Persia According to Diodorus of Sicily By Jan P. Stronk ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity By Khodadad Rezakhani Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia Edited by Eberhard W. Sauer forthcoming titles The Bactrian Mirage: Iranian and Greek Interaction in Western Central Asia By Michael Iliakis Plutarch and the Persica By Eran Almagor Visit the Edinburgh Studies in Ancient Persia website at edinburghuniversitypress.com/series/esap Sasanian Persia Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia Edited by Eberhard W. Sauer Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © editorial matter and organisation Eberhard W. Sauer, 2017 © the chapters their several authors, 2017 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/13pt Sabon by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 0101 2 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 0102 9 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 2068 6 (epub) The right of Eberhard W. Sauer to be identified as the editor of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements xv Notes on Contributors xvii Series Editor’s Preface xx 1 Introduction 1 Eberhard W. Sauer Part I Surplus Production, Urban Growth and the Environment 2 Sasanian Cities: Archaeological Perspectives on the Urban Economy and Built Environment of an Empire 21 St John Simpson 3 Palaeoecological Insights into Agri-Horti-Cultural and Pastoral Practices Before, During and After the Sasanian Empire 51 Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Morteza Djamali, Valérie Andrieu-Ponel, Philippe Ponel, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Abdolmajid Naderi-Beni and Eberhard W. Sauer 4 Animal Exploitation and Subsistence on the Borders of the Sasanian Empire: From the Gorgan Wall (Iran) to the Gates of the Alans (Georgia) 74 Marjan Mashkour, Roya Khazaeli, Homa Fathi, Sarieh Amiri, Delphine Decruyenaere, Azadeh Mohaseb, Hossein Davoudi, Shiva Sheikhi and Eberhard W. Sauer vi Sasanian Persia Part II Frontiers and Frontier Landscapes 5 The Northern and Western Borderlands of the Sasanian Empire: Contextualising the Roman/Byzantine and Sasanian Frontier 99 Dan Lawrence and Tony J. Wilkinson 6 Connectivity on a Sasanian Frontier: Route Systems in the Gorgan Plain of North-East Iran 126 Kristen Hopper 7 The Sasanian Empire and the East: A Summary of the Evidence and its Implications for Rome 151 Warwick Ball Part III Contested Territories and Cultural Contacts Between Persia and Rome 8 Minority Religions in the Sasanian Empire: Suppression, Integration and Relations with Rome 181 Lee E. Patterson 9 A Contested Jurisdiction: Armenia in Late Antiquity 199 Tim Greenwood 10 Cultural Contacts Between Rome and Persia at the Time of Ardashir I (c. ad 224–40) 221 Pierfrancesco Callieri Part IV Imperial Power Balance and International Relations 11 Innovation and Stagnation: Military Infrastructure and the Shifting Balance of Power Between Rome and Persia 241 Eberhard W. Sauer, Jebrael Nokandeh, Konstantin Pitskhelauri and Hamid Omrani Rekavandi 12 The Arabian Frontier: A Keystone of the Sasanian Empire 268 Craig Morley 13 The India Trade in Late Antiquity 284 James Howard-Johnston Index 305 List of Illustrations COVER IMAGES The Sasanian Empire’s relations with its neighbours as portrayed on Sasanian rock reliefs (from top to bottom): ● Relief at Naqsh-e Rostam (VI): victorious King Shapur I (c. ad 240–72) and his vanquished Roman enemies, emperors Philip I (ad 244–9) and Valerian (ad 253–60), taken prisoner of war in ad 260, the former kneeling, the latter standing. ● Relief at Bishapur (VI) of disputed date, but often attributed to Shapur II (ad 309–79): Iranians with booty from an eastern campaign, including an elephant with a mahout. ● Relief at Darabgird: King Shapur I (c. ad 240–72), triumphing over defeated Roman enemies. It features probably the same emperors as Naqsh-e Rostam above, as well as the corpse of Gordian III (ad 238–44) under the hoofs of the king’s horse. ● Relief at Bishapur (IV): Bahram II (ad 276–93) receives a del- egation of nomads with dromedaries, perhaps from Arabia or possibly from Sagestan (southern Afghanistan). The precise chronology of the reliefs and the identification of the figures shown, notably the kneeling and standing Roman emperors, has been the subject of much academic debate, which there is no space to summarise and discuss here. See recently Callieri 2014: 129–61 with sources, notably Herrmann 1980, 1981, 1983 and 1989 and Trümpelmann 1975. See also Weber 2009: 605–9 and the stimulat- ing work by Overlaet 2009, even if the editor does not follow the proposed identification of the standing emperor in the Darabgird, Bishapur (II) and (III) reliefs as Uranius Antoninus, in the light of the broad similarity of the scene with that on the Naqsh-e Rostam relief and the lack of evidence that the enigmatic usurper suffered vii viii Sasanian Persia defeat at the hands of Shapur I or ceded Emesa’s holy black stone to the king. This is not to deny the importance of Overlaet’s work. Indeed, the proposed interpretation of a heavy oval object featuring twice on the Bishapur (III) relief as a baitylos (sacred stone) taken as war booty is attractive, even if it need not have been the one from Emesa. Evidently, however, each relief depicts a sequence of events: the death of Gordian III/submission of Philip I in ad 244 and the encounter with/capture of a third emperor, probably Valerian in ad 260. As these two events are clearly not contemporary, there is no reason why the postulated capture of a baitylos, whether taken in ad 253 or on another campaign, could not feature on reliefs carved (or re-carved) in the ad 260s. References Callieri, P. (2014), Architecture et représentations dans l’Iran Sassanide, Studia Iranica, Cahier 50, Paris: Association pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes. Herrmann, G. (1980), Iranische Felsreliefs E: The Sasanian Rock Reliefs at Bishapur, 1, Iranische Denkmäler, 9, Berlin: Reimer. Herrmann, G. (1981), Iranische Felsreliefs F: The Sasanian Rock Reliefs at Bishapur, 2, Iranische Denkmäler, 10, Berlin: Reimer. Herrmann, G. (1983), Iranische Felsreliefs G: The Sasanian Rock Reliefs at Bishapur, 3, Iranische Denkmäler, 11, Berlin: Reimer. Herrmann, G. (1989), ‘The Sasanian Rock Reliefs at Naqsh-i Rustam’, in G. Herrmann and D. N. MacKenzie, Iranische Felsreliefs I, Iranische Denkmäler, 13, Berlin: Reimer, pp. 9–33. Overlaet, B. (2009), ‘A Roman Emperor at Bishapur and Darabgird: Uranius Antoninus and the Black Stone of Emesa’, Iranica Antiqua, 44, pp. 461–530. Trümpelmann, L. (1975), Iranische Felsreliefs B: Das Sasanidische Felsrelief von Dārāb, Iranische Denkmäler, 6, Berlin: Reimer. Weber, U. (2009), ‘Wahrām II., König der Könige von Ērān und Anērān’, Iranica Antiqua, 44, pp.
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