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A Geotechnical Exploration of Sabah Peat Soil : Engineering Classifications and Field Surveys

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A Geotechnical Exploration of Sabah Peat Soil : Engineering Classifications and Field Surveys A Geotechnical Exploration of Sabah Peat Soil : Engineering Classifications and Field Surveys Adnan Zainorabidin Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. [email protected] Habib Musa Mohamad Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tabanac Street 91124, Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia. [email protected] ABSTRACT Assessment and exploration of tropical peatland in Sabah, Malaysia forests requires a series laboratory and field analyses. The objective of this study is to carry out an in-depth study and to classify the engineering properties of Sabah peat soil in Lumadan area. Peat exhibits unique geotechnical properties, highly organic, extremely compressible and is known to be problematic for construction industries. This paper reviews and investigates the profiles with reference to the physical and geotechnical properties. Peat in this region is embedded at depth ranging between 1.5m to 3.0m beneath the ground surface and has massive thickness reaching 6m in some locations in Beaufort, Sabah especially in Batu 54. The laboratory experimental results showed Lumadan peat has high fibre and organic content and classified as hemic peat. KEYWORDS: peat; profile; engineering properties; depth; hemic. INTRODUCTION Sabah or formerly known as North Borneo is one of two Malaysia’s easternmost state besides Sarawak where the states are founding members of the Malaysia federation. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo and known as the second largest state in Malaysia. Sabah covers an area of about 73,619 KM2 and bordering the territory of Kalimantan, Indonesia in the southeast and neighbouring close to the international border with Brunei Darussalam sandwiched with Sarawak. Sarawak and Sabah are the states who make up the Malaysian part of the island of Borneo, and are separated from West Malaysia by the South China Sea. Borneo Island is in the extreme southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. It is the third largest island in the world, surpassed in size by only Greenland and New Guinea (Britannica, 2016). Kota Kinabalu or formerly known as Jesselton is the capital of Sabah and often referred to as the “Land below the Wind”. Such as a perfect geography and generally mountainous, from the highest peak of - 6671 - Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 20 6672 Mount Kinabalu to lower land, is enriched with diversity. The geology of Sabah is well documented, contrast with geotechnical surveys that still under assiduity in engineering perspective. Thus, this paper is intended to prepare the orientation of a geotechnical engineering exploration of Sabah peat soil from the engineering classification and field surveys. In Malaysia, it is estimated that there are around 2.5 million ha of peat soil land (Teong et. al., 2015) with, Sabah supports the second largest area of peat soils in Malaysia about 4.76% or 116,965 ha According to Wetlands International, Malaysia (2010). However, natural peatlands in Sabah growing as options to development and converted to productive use. Draining and deforestation are often activities to create agricultural land. In Sabah, 2% or 29,000 ha of oil palm plantations occurring on peat land (Gunarso, 2013). The forest conversion to establish oil palm occurred in large scale in Sabah. The undisturbed and disturbed peat land in Sabah summed overall and 62% or about 714,000 ha (Gunarso, 2013). This conversion widely open including met the global demands for food and biofuels that drives forest clearance and the conversion of other land cover types, such as rubber plantations and pineapple agricultural project. Peat with high organic content with fibrous characterises is highly flammable. Peat in strict definition usually refers to the accumulation of a purely one hundred percent organic material and the distinction between soil and vegetative accumulation is not clear (Andriesse, 1988). Thus, in Sabah large areas of natural peat land were destroyed by severe fires in 1981-1982 and were subsequently converted for agricultural purposes continued in 1992, 1998 and 2005 including 12,000 ha of protected peat swamp forest in Binsuluk Forest Reserve (Wetlands International Malaysia, 2010). In general, there are two remaining sites which support the largest areas of peat soil in Sabah, on the Klias Peninsula and, in the Kinabatangan–Segama Valleys. In Sabah, infrastructure construction such as roads in peaty soil is not a major issue since, associated peatland are mainly for an agriculture. A case study conducted by Vincent (2009), in some parts of Sibu, Sarawak the peat formations are well over than 10 meters depth. Hashim and Islam (2008) reported depth of tropical peatland in West Malaysia about 10m. However, the characteristic and behaviour from the engineering perspective of Sabah peat soil is similar to other tropical peat where found in Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia. Peat poses serious problems in construction due to its long-term consolidation settlements even when subjected to a moderate load (Duraisamy et al., 2007). This study a preliminary surveys that conducted to study the peat soil profile of Sabah peat. PEAT SOIL DISTRIBUTION The Sabah peat soil information from engineering perspective project was established in 2016. This study conducted to prepare the associated data for engineering purposes. Classification of peat and the index properties are presented in this paper and major focuses in peat soil profile. As an introduction to the Sabah peat soil distribution, classification, indexing and profiling, this study initiated in Lumadan, Beaufort, Sabah. Lumadan located in the Bukau Api-Api cluster area where peat deposit redundantly occurred. Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 20 6673 Lumadan peat, study area KLIAS FOREST RESERVE Borehole 1 Borehole 2 Borehole 3 Borehole 4 BUKAU API- API PULAU NABAHAN FOREST RESERVE KAMPUNG HINDIAN FOREST RESERVE Figure 1: Distribution of Peatland in Sabah (Robert et. al., 1998; Hamzah and Rashid, 2015) By far the most extensive area lies adjacent to the Padas and Klias Rivers in the Beaufort area, where the alluvium is associated with extensive peat swamps. Some 12,900 ha or equal to 32,000 ac (Robert et. at., 1976) and, have been mapped in that area as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 in general shows the distribution of peatland in Sabah. In this study, there are 4 boreholes excavated in Lumadan as indicates in the maps for profiling purposes. Bukau Api-Api area in Beaufort district generally described as lowland with peat swamp forest (Robert et. al., 1998). Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 20 6674 Peat soil distribution in Sabah mainly in Beaufort and Kinabatangan Accounting the largest portion of the area in Beaufort where mostly peat deposit occurred along the Klias Peninsula. Beaufort peat area highlighted and focused on the mapped (Robert et. al., 1998). In Beaufort itself, there few protected peat swamp forest from Klias Forest Reserve (KFR), Kampung Hindian Forest Reserve (KHFR) and Pulau Nabahan Forest Reserve (PNFR). Table 1 shows the major peat swamp forest reserve within Klias Peninsula with protected classes by Sabah’s state government. The Klias Peninsula historically supported 60,500 ha of peat swamp forest (Fox, 1972; UNDP/GEF, 2007). Currently, the Klias Forest Reserve consists of only 3,630 ha peat swamp forest and there are five forest reserves located in this wetland region, of which the largest are Padas Damit freshwater swamp with 9,027 ha and Binsuluk Forest Reserve is about 12,106 ha (Wetlands International Malaysia, 2010). Table 1: Major Peat Swamp Forest Reserve within Klias Peninsula (Matunjau and Ali, 2014) Forest Reserve Class Area (ha) Soil Type Binsuluk Class I 12,106 Mixed peat swamp forest Klias Class I 3,360 Mixed peat swamp forest Mixed peat swamp forest Padas Damit Class IV 9,339 and nipah swamp Mangroves, mixed peat Kampung Hindian Class IV 580 swamp forest and Gymnostoma swamp forest In the north bank of the Kinabatangan River intersect with Batu Puteh and Bilit, there are 14,000 ha of peat. Fortunately, this area lies within Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary and was gazetted in 1999 with 27,000 ha as protected area. Lumadan, it forms part of the Beaufort District, Sabah. The studied peatland covers an area of 15 ha in the private property in commercial agricultural plantation adjacent to the Klias Forest Reserve (Peat Swamp) and 13 km away from the Beaufort township area. Sabah Peatlands mainly found in a thick water-logged that made up in decaying plant material. With high water table, it becomes suppler although composed of unidentified fibres. Lowland of peat areas in Sabah are often flooded and swampy. Most of the peat land area covered by mud and transferable organic particle transported by water flood. Essentially, Sabah peatland distribution are not lies in the area of urban settlement in general. It's just populated by small villages as centres of agricultural and non-developed municipal areas makes the post-construction problem that arises are not often reported. The natural peatland deposit effect to the construction has not yet been written, for only small part with principles of village economy with medium population are often to convert land used to fertile agricultural land. In geotechnical engineering field, are not yet well studied in this area. This paper prepared some preliminary information of peat soil in Sabah as a preliminary surveys in advancing the geotechnical exploration. Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 20 6675 PEAT SOIL PROFILE Data for this study are obtained from field surveys that have been conducted in Lumadan representing peat soil profile from Bukau Api-Api area and data that were collected from Sabah peat valley. Determining the size of the representative area, using peat depth measurements to estimate depth, and obtaining measurements of index properties in the associated area throughout the peat profile by vertical pit sampling using peat sampler technique.
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