Entwicklung Spezifischer DNA-Markersysteme Zur Schnellbestimmung Von CITES-Geschützten Baumarten Und Deren Substitutionshölzern

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Entwicklung Spezifischer DNA-Markersysteme Zur Schnellbestimmung Von CITES-Geschützten Baumarten Und Deren Substitutionshölzern ‒ Korrigierte Fassung ‒ Entwicklung spezifischer DNA-Markersysteme zur Schnellbestimmung von CITES-geschützten Baumarten und deren Substitutionshölzern Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Würde des Doktors der Naturwissenschaften des Fachbereichs Biologie, der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften, der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Niko Wischnewski Hamburg 2014 Tag der Disputation: 16. Dezember 2014 Erstgutachterin: Frau Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Magel Universität Hamburg Zentrum Holzwirtschaft Leuschnerstraße 91 21031 Hamburg Zweitgutachter: Herr Prof. Dr. Michael Köhl Universität Hamburg Zentrum Holzwirtschaft Leuschnerstraße 91 21031 Hamburg Danksagung Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand an der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachbereich Biologie, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, der Universität Hamburg. Sie wurde finanziell unterstützt vom Bundesamt für Naturschutz. An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei all denjenigen bedanken, die mir die Anfertigung dieser Arbeit ermöglicht haben. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Frau Prof. Dr. Elisabeth A. Magel, für die engagierte Betreuung meiner Arbeit, die konstruktiven Gespräche sowie für die Möglichkeit, meine Dissertation in dieser Arbeitsgruppe anzufertigen. Herrn Prof. Dr. Michael Köhl danke ich für die Bereitschaft zur Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens. Besonders bedanken möchte ich mich auch bei Frau Ute Moreth für ihre Hilfsbereitschaft bei allen theoretischen und praktischen Fragen. Andreas Kampe gilt mein Dank für die vielen Stunden informativer Fachgespräche. Weiterhin danke ich allen Bachelor-Kandidaten, BTA-Schülern und Praktikanten, deren Weg ich ein Stück begleiten durfte. Mein Dank gilt ebenfalls allen Botanischen Gärten und Institutionen, die mir Probenmaterial bereitgestellt haben, ohne das die Anfertigung dieser Arbeit schwer möglich gewesen wäre. Besonders müssen hier die Gärtner des Thünen-Instituts in Hamburg-Bergedorf erwähnt werden. Allen Mitarbeitern des Zentrums Holzwirtschaft sowie des Instituts für Holzforschung danke ich für die zahlreichen konstruktiven Gespräche im Arbeitsalltag, die große Hilfsbereitschaft und die freundliche und angenehme Arbeitsatmosphäre. Nicht zuletzt möchte ich mich bei meiner Familie bedanken, ohne die die Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit niemals möglich gewesen wäre. Ich danke euch wirklich sehr! I II Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung ...................................................................................................................... I Inhaltsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ III Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................... VIII Tabellenverzeichnis ...................................................................................................... XI Abkürzungen ............................................................................................................... XV Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................... XVII Summary ...................................................................................................................... XX 1 Einleitung .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 CITES ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Klassische Methoden zur Holzartenidentifizierung ................................... 4 1.3 Verwendung von Substitutionshölzern ....................................................... 5 1.4 Vorstellung der bearbeiteten Familien ....................................................... 7 1.4.1 Bignoniaceae ............................................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Caryocaraceae ............................................................................................. 7 1.4.3 Combretaceae .............................................................................................. 7 1.4.4 Euphorbiaceae ............................................................................................. 8 1.4.5 Fabaceae ...................................................................................................... 8 1.4.6 Meliaceae .................................................................................................... 8 1.4.7 Rubiaceae .................................................................................................... 9 1.4.8 Thymelaeaceae ............................................................................................ 9 1.4.9 Zygophyllaceae ........................................................................................... 9 1.5 Wissensstand ............................................................................................ 10 1.5.1 Chemotaxonomie ...................................................................................... 10 1.5.2 Molekularbiologische Methoden zur Identifizierung ............................... 11 1.5.2.1 DNA-Extraktion ................................................................................. 12 1.5.2.2 DNA-Barcoding .................................................................................. 18 III Inhaltsverzeichnis 1.5.2.3 Verwendung von art- und gattungsspezifischen Primern für die Identifizierung ..................................................................................... 29 1.5.2.4 Identifizierung der Herkunft ............................................................... 30 1.6 Ziel der Arbeit ........................................................................................... 33 2 Material und Methoden ......................................................................... 35 2.1 Material ..................................................................................................... 35 2.1.1 Geräte ........................................................................................................ 35 2.1.2 Chemikalien .............................................................................................. 36 2.1.3 Verwendete Kits ........................................................................................ 37 2.1.4 Probenmaterial .......................................................................................... 38 2.1.4.1 Pflanzenmaterial für den Aufbau der rDNA ITS-Sequenzdatenbank . 39 2.1.4.2 Material zur Durchführung verschiedener Validierungen .................. 47 2.2 Methoden .................................................................................................. 49 2.2.1 Isolierung der DNA ................................................................................... 49 2.2.1.1 DNA-Extraktion aus frischem Material .............................................. 49 2.2.1.2 Isolierung der DNA aus Kernholz oder stark abgebautem Material ... 50 2.2.1.3 Invisorb® DNA CleanUp Kit .............................................................. 56 2.2.2 Quantifizierung der Nukleinsäurekonzentration ....................................... 57 2.2.3 PCR zur Amplifikation der rDNA ITS-Region ......................................... 57 2.2.3.1 Qiagen Taq Core Kit ........................................................................... 58 2.2.3.2 KAPA2G™ Robust Hot Start PCR Kit............................................... 59 2.2.3.3 PCR-Primer ......................................................................................... 62 2.2.3.4 Nested-PCR ......................................................................................... 63 2.2.4 Agarose-Gelelektrophorese ....................................................................... 64 2.2.5 Aufreinigung ............................................................................................. 65 2.2.6 Klonierung ................................................................................................. 66 2.2.6.1 Ligation ............................................................................................... 66 2.2.6.2 Transformation .................................................................................... 67 IV Inhaltsverzeichnis 2.2.6.3 Kultivierung auf LB-Agarplatten........................................................ 67 2.2.6.4 Blau-Weiß-Selektion .......................................................................... 68 2.2.6.5 M13-PCR ............................................................................................ 69 2.2.7 Sequenzierung und Sequenzanalyse ......................................................... 69 2.2.8 Primerdesign für die rDNA ITS-Region ................................................... 70 3 Ergebnisse ............................................................................................... 71 3.1 Entwicklung eines geeigneten DNA-Extraktionssystems für Kern- und Splintholz ................................................................................................. 72 3.1.1 CTAB-, SDS- und PTB-Extraktion .......................................................... 73 3.1.1.1 CTAB-Extraktion ............................................................................... 73 3.1.1.2 SDS-Extraktion ................................................................................... 75 3.1.1.3 Kombination des CTAB- und des SDS-Puffers ................................. 76 3.1.1.4 PTB-Extraktion ..................................................................................
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