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Draft June 25, 2018 Post-Feedback Draft Evolution Society of Toxicology Toxicology Course Objectives--Draft June 25, 2018 Post-Feedback Draft These objectives have been developed by the Learning Objectives Work Group of the SOT Education Committee’s Undergraduate Subcommittee. The group includes Joshua Gray (chair), Chris Curran, Vanessa Fitsanakis, Sid Ray, and Karen Stine. For some items, a link to a case study or the PubMed unique identifier (PMID) or PubMed Central reference number (PMCID) for a relevant paper is provided. Comments are encouraged. Please provide comments at this link. Level One Objectives Evolution …………………………………………………………………... p. 1 Biological Information ………………………………………………..…… p. 4 Risk and Risk Management ……………………………………………... p. 12 Systems Toxicology ……………………………………………..……….. p. 18 Pathways and Transformations for Energy and Matter …………..….. p. 26 Evolution Second Third Level Fourth Level Level Model Describe • Explain how large numbers of offspring are beneficial for ideal model systems. Organisms features of • Explain how ease of manipulation is important for an ideal model system. for ideal model • Describe how use of a common model system contributes to reproducibility Toxicology systems. across laboratories. • Describe how ideal model systems have similarities to humans. • Explain how some model organisms are selected for organ-specific similarity to humans. For example, eyes of rabbits or skin of pigs. • Describe which ideal model organisms have similar xenobiotic metabolism systems to humans. • Explain why cost of maintenance, large number of offspring, and simplicity are characteristics of ideal model systems. Describe • Describe which model systems have similar metabolic pathways to humans. common model 28931683 systems, • Describe the historical importance of each common model system. including • Describe the advantages of simple animal model systems compared with cell Drosophila, C. culture or other in vitro approaches. elegans, • Describe how genetic similarities between Drosophila and humans make it a mouse, rat, and valuable model system. 29056683 non-human • Describe how Drosophila models metal toxicity in humans. 28684721 primate. • Describe the use of C. elegans as a model for viral host interactions. 28931683 • Discuss the history of the development of C. elegans as a model organism. 28326696 1 Describe how • Describe the relationship between genetic phylogeny and similarity in evolution is physiology in terms of model systems for toxicology. fundamental to • Describe the role of evolution in comparisons of genes across species. the use of • Describe how evolution provides the rationale that animal studies are model systems translatable to humans. in toxicology. Describe • Describe how ethical issues impact the types of experiments that can be ethical reasons performed on humans. for using model • Describe how lack of data in humans supports the use of animals in research. organisms • Describe how reduction, refinement, and replacement (the three R's) ensure the best ethical treatment of animals used in research. • Describe the role of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in guiding research at local institutions, ensuring the ethical treatment of animals. Evolution Contrast toxins • Contrast a toxin from a toxicant. of toxins and toxicants. • Know that many toxins are peptides or functional groups similar to amino acids. • Describe historical uses of toxins. • List and describe common toxins to which people are exposed on a regular basis. • Describe common uses for compounds classified as toxins. • Describe how toxins and toxicants are used in research settings. Explain the role • Contrast poisons and venoms. of toxins in • Describe the various ways animals and plants use toxins. 12179963 organismal • Describe common treatments used by clinical toxicologists to treat people defense. exposed to various toxins. • Distinguish between primary and secondary metabolites as defense molecules for various plants. • Discuss how animals and plants prevent intoxicating themselves with their own toxins. • Describe how quorum sensing affects the production of toxins in infectious microorganisms. Explain • Describe how prey detect toxins present in predators. mechanisms of • List common mechanisms associated with degradation/detoxification of toxins. avoidance of For example, many toxins are amino acid chains. poisoning by • Identify protective mechanisms (physical and chemical) used to prevent toxins. intoxication. • Discuss the role that taste, and smell may have in avoidance. • Evaluate the success of various protective mechanisms. • Describe one example of how seed lectin exhibits a toxin activity and a structural activity. 16441240 Explain the • Define the difference between a primary and secondary (or secondary and importance of tertiary) metabolite. secondary • Describe what additional protection and cost the production of a secondary metabolites. metabolite may provide the organism. • Case study: Describe the additional protection and cost incurred in oak trees responding to infestations with gypsy moths by induction of secondary metabolites in New York in the 1980s. • Compare and contrast the difference in toxicity caused by secondary metabolites. • List organisms that use secondary metabolites as deterrents (non-lethal chemicals) to predators. • List organisms that use secondary metabolites as lethal defenses against predators. 2 Discuss how • List important toxins that are used in toxicology, pharmacology, neuroscience, important and other disciplines. toxins have • Describe the mechanism of research toxins and how they alter physiology of been helpful in the system being studied. characterizing • Describe the major advances in science associated with each toxin. basic biological • Case study: Describe how tetrodotoxin is used to investigate the role of properties. sodium channels by inhibiting the channel. • Case study: Describe how nicotine is used to investigate the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Evolution Discuss the • List common mechanisms of detoxification. of role of • Describe key enzymes that aid metabolism of toxic substances. xenobiotic xenobiotic • Compare and contrast general mechanisms of detoxicating toxins and defense defense toxicants. mechanism mechanisms in • List common toxins and toxicants and how they are specifically detoxicated s protection of • Discuss the difference between defense and detoxication. organisms from • Provide examples of how specific organisms deal with specific insults with toxicants and which they come into contact. toxins. Explain how • Describe how toxins and toxicants (such as pesticides or antibiotics) are evolution sources of selective pressure that drive evolutionary change. informs the • Discuss hypotheses regarding differences in the number of P450 enzymes in development of different species. http://drnelson.uthsc.edu/P450.evolution.2000.html the cytochrome • Describe the hypothesis that the cytochrome P450 gene superfamily evolved P450 from a single common ancestor. 22687468 superfamily of • Describe the evolution of transcription factors that regulate the cytochrome genes. P450 genes from the nuclear receptor family and bHLH-PAS family. 22687468 Explain how • Describe the micro-evolution of resistance to DDT. 21416112 evolution drives • Describe the example of evolution of sulfide spring fishes in response to resistance to environments rich in H2S. 29368386 toxicants, • Describe how application of low levels of pesticides can increase mutation toxins, metals, rates by inducing stress that lead to resistance. 21308950 and radiation. • Case study: Describe how exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Elizabeth River system of southeastern Virginia selected for resistance in Atlantic killifish. 26505693 Describe how • Describe the evolution of myoglobin and hemoglobin from a primordial globin knowledge of gene. genetic • Describe how the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) is used to information can provide regions of local similarity between protein or nucleotide sequences. predict function https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1734/ of similar genes • Analyze evolutionary trees to determine the relatedness of genes or protein within the same sequences. organism or in https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evotrees_interpretations other _02 organisms. 3 Biological Information Chemical Describe the • Explain the development of genetic instability in cells undergoing neoplastic Carcinogene general conversion. PMC4274643 sis characteristics • Describe the changes in the cell cycle which are typically seen in neoplastic (genotoxic of cells that cells. and have • Describe the alterations in apoptotic susceptibility typically seen in neoplastic nongenotixic undergone cells. PMC4091735 ) and Cancer neoplastic • Explain the factors behind the tendency for local invasiveness in neoplastic conversion. cells. • Explain metastasis and describe the molecular changes behind the development of metastatic potential in neoplastic cells. PMC4071451, PMC3910084 Describe the • Describe the evidence for the link between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis mutational as generated by laboratory studies. theory of • Describe the evidence for the role of mutagenesis which derives from carcinogenesis observations of inheritability at both the cellular and organismal levels. and explain the • Describe the discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and evidence that explain how this influenced the mutational theory. supports it. • Explain how
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