National Kidney Foundation K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation American Journal of Kidney Diseases AJKDEditorial correspondence and manuscript submis- The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first sions should be addressed to Bertram L. Kasiske, MD, page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright Editor-in-Chief, AJKD, Hennepin Faculty Associates, owner’s consent that copies of the article may be made for 600 HFA Building, Room D508, 914 South 8th Street, personal or internal use, or for the personal or in- Minneapolis, MN 55404. Telephone: (612) 347-7770 ternal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the Business correspondence (subscriptions, change condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy of address) should be addressed to the Publisher, fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (222 W.B. Saunders, Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Rosewood Dr, Danvers, MA 01923; (978) 750-8400) for Harbor Dr, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. E-mail: elspcs@ copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of elsevier.com the US Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to Change of address notices, including both the old and other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distri- new addresses of the subscriber, should be sent at least one bution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creat- month in advance. ing new collective works, or for resale. Absence of the code Customer Service: 1-800-654-2452; outside the United indicates that the material may not be processed through States and Canada, 1-407-345-4000. the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reprints of single Yearly subscription rates: United States and posses- articles available online may be obtained by purchasing sions: individual, $346.00; institution, $572.00; single Pay-Per-View access for $25 per article on the journal web issue, $52.00. All other countries: individual, $530.00; site, www.ajkd.org institution, $618.00; single issue, $52.00. For all areas Reprints: For 100 or more copies of an article in this outside the United States and possessions, there is no publication, please contact the Commercial Reprints De- additional charge for surface delivery. For air mail deliv- partment, Elsevier Science Inc., 360 Park Avenue South, ery, add $48.00. Student and resident: United States and New York, NY 10010-1710. Telephone: (212) 633-3813; possessions, $175.00; all other countries, $231.00. To Fax: (212) 633-3820; e-mail: [email protected] receive student/resident rate, orders must be accompa- Advertising representative: Cunningham Associates, nied by name of affiliated institution, date of term, and 180 Old Tappan Rd, Old Tappan, NJ 07675. Telephone the signature of program/residency coordinator on insti- 1-201-767-4170; fax 1-201-767-8065. tution letterhead. Orders will be billed at individual rate The ideas and opinions expressed in the American until proof of status is received. Single issues, both Journal of Kidney Diseases do not necessarily reflect current and back, exist in limited quantities and are offered for sale subject to availability. Current prices are those of the National Kidney Foundation, the Editor, or in effect for back volumes and back issues. Back issues the Publisher. Publication of an advertisement or other sold in conjunction with a subscription are on a pro- product mentioned in the American Journal of Kidney rated basis. 2002 bound volume price: $95.00; foreign Diseases should not be construed as an endorsement of customers, please add $15.00 for postage. To purchase a the product or the manufacturer’s claims. Readers are 2002 bound volume, customer must be a subscriber for encouraged to contact the manufacturer with any ques- 2002. Cumulative index (1983-1989) price: $95.00; for- tions about the features or limitations of the products eign customers, please add $2.25 for surface delivery, or mentioned. The National Kidney Foundation and the $8.00 for air mail delivery. Prices are subject to change Publisher do not assume any responsibility for any without notice. Checks should be made payable to W.B. injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out Saunders and sent to American Journal of Kidney Dis- of or related to any use of the material contained in this eases, W.B. Saunders, Periodicals Department, PO Box periodical. The reader is advised to check the appropri- 628239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. ate medical literature and the product information cur- Copyright © 2003, National Kidney Foundation. All rently provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- administered to verify the dosage, the method and dura- duced or transmitted in any form or by any means now tion of administration, or contraindications. It is the or hereafter known, electronic or mechanical, including responsibility of the treating physician or other health photocopy, recording, or any information storage and care professional, relying on independent experience retrieval system, without permission in writing from the and knowledge of the patient, to determine drug dos- publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ages and the best treatment for the patient. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s The contents of the American Journal of Kidney Dis- Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone 215- eases are indexed in Index Medicus and MEDLINE, Cur- 238-7869, fax 215-238-2239, e-mail healthpermissions@ rent Contents/Clinical Medicine, Science Citation In- elsevier.com. Requests may also be completed on-line dex, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, ISI, and CINAHL. via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com/locate/ The American Journal of Kidney Diseases home page is permissions). located at www.ajkd.org. W.B. Saunders Philadelphia, PA The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation EDITORIAL BOARD American Journal of AJKD Kidney Diseases Editor-in-Chief Bertram L. Kasiske, MD Minneapolis, MN Co-Editors Blanche Chavers, MD Robert Foley, MB Minneapolis, MN Minneapolis, MN Mark Rosenberg, MD Suzanne Swan, MD Minneapolis, MN Minneapolis, MN Education Editor Pathology Editor Stuart Linas, MD Agnes Fogo, MD Denver, CO Nashville, TN Associate Editors George Bakris, MD Donald Hricik, MD Luis Ruilope, MD Chicago, IL Cleveland, OH Madrid, Spain Timothy Bunchman, MD Hi Bahl Lee, MD Nestor Schor, MD Grand Rapids, MI Seoul, Korea Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Daniel Cattran, MD Adeera Levin, MD Catherine Stehman-Breen, MD Toronto, Canada Vancouver, Canada Seattle, WA Ricardo Correa-Rotter, MD Philip Kam Tao Li, MD Yasuhiko Tomino, MD Mexico City, Mexico Hong Kong, P.R.O.C. Tokyo, Japan Jonathan Craig, MBChB Francesco Locatelli, MD Katherine Tuttle, MD Sydney, Australia Lecco, Italy Spokane, WA Paul de Jong, MD Sharon Moe, MD Yves Vanrenterghem, MD Groningen, The Netherlands Indianapolis, IN Leuven, Belgium A. Meguid El Nahas, MD Emil Paganini, MD Christoph Wanner, MD Sheffield, United Kingdom Cleveland, OH Wu¨ rzburg, Germany Denis Fouque, MD Hamid Rabb, MD David Wheeler, MD Lyon, France Baltimore, MD London, United Kingdom Thomas Golper, MD Nashville, TN Statistical Reviewers David Gilbertson, PhD Jon Snyder, MS Minneapolis, MN Minneapolis, MN Editorial Office Managing Editor Assistant Managing Editor Deanna Gunderson Anna Gillette Minneapolis, MN Minneapolis, MN The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation VOL 42, NO 4, SUPPL 3, OCTOBER 2003 CONTENTS American Journal of AJKD Kidney Diseases K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease Tables............................................................................................................................... S1 Figures ............................................................................................................................. S2 Algorithms ....................................................................................................................... S3 Acronyms and Abbreviations........................................................................................ S4 Work Group Membership ............................................................................................... S5 Foreword.......................................................................................................................... S7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... S10 Guideline Statements ..................................................................................................... S12 Background ..................................................................................................................... S29 Methods for Analysis of Literature................................................................................ S45 Clinical Practice Guidelines Guideline 1. Evaluation of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism ............................ S52 Guideline 2. Assessment of Bone Disease Associated With CKD............................... S57 Guideline 3. Evaluation of Serum Phosphorus Levels ............................................... S62 Guideline 4. Restriction of Dietary Phosphorus in Patients With CKD ..................... S63 Guideline 5. Use of Phosphate Binders in CKD ......................................................... S70 Guideline 6. Serum Calcium and Calcium-Phosphorus Product .............................. S77 Guideline 7. Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Insufficiency and Vitamin D Deficiency in CKD Patients