9780521118088 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11808-8 — The Biology of Island Floras Edited by David Bramwell , Juli Caujapé-Castells Index More Information

I n d e x

Abutilon , 248 , 257 , 261 Alyxia , 255 Acacia , 128 , 214 , 229 , 396 Amaranthaceae, 94 , 220 , 372 Acaena , 42 Amaranthus , 94 , 98 Acalypha , 94 , 128 , 373 , 458 , 465 Amborella , 231 Acanthaceae, 200 , 207 , 368 , 370 , 377 , 429 Amborellaceae, 230 , 231 Acantholimon , 326 Ampeloziziphus , 157 Achyranthes , 255 , 483 Amphisbaena , 156 Acidocroton , 157 Amphorogyne , 232 Acnistus , 93 , 140 , 400 , 401 , 402 Anacardiaceae, 211 , 371 , 432 Acoelorraphe , 162 anacladogenesis, 213, 220 Acrocomia , 162 Anagenesis, 212 Adansonia , 427 Anagyris , 481 , 485 adaptation, 2 , 7 , 211 , 233 , 293 , 307 , 444 , 445 , 447 , Anas , 379 493 , 504 ancient lineages, 6 , 156 adaptive radiation, 4 , 67 , 75 , 76 , 79 , 212 , 220 , 234 , Andaman, 495 445 Androcymbium , 306 , 310 , 312 , 333 Adenium , 207 aneuploidy, 5 , 278 Adiantum , 346 , 400 , 401 Angiopteris , 254 Aegialitis , 326, 329 angiosperms, 5 , 7, 18 , 19 , 158 , 160 , 161 , 228, 229, Aeonium , 286 , 309 , 342 , 494 231 , 252 , 267 , 269 , 270 , 273 , 275 , 338, 339 , 340 , Aerva , 220 342 , 344 , 346 , 348 , 349, 350 , 351 , 353 , 355 , 426 AFLPs, 93 , 136 , 284 , 288 , 302 , 309 Anisocarpus , 76 Afrolimon , 327 Annona , 131 agamospermous species, 328 Antilles, 154 , 155 , 157 , 160 , 162 , 349 Agathis , 228 , 267 Antillia , 161 Ageratum , 95 Apiaceae, 103 , 291 , 298 agriculture, 154 , 164 , 234 , 244 , 398 , 400 , 433 , 436 , Apocynaceae, 200 , 207 , 209 , 212 , 220 , 372 , 376 474 , 479 , 480 , 494 , 500 aquatic vegetation, 388 , 404 Ailanthus , 494 Arabidopsis , 276 alien species, 7 , 28 , 221 , 235 , 365 , 366 , 367 , 368 , Araceae, 159 , 179 372 , 373 , 374 , 375 , 377 , 378 , 412 , 420 , 444 , 497 Arachniodes , 346 Allophyllus , 256 Araliaceae, 75 , 228 , 369 , 372 allozyme, 21 , 23, 26, 29 , 75, 121, 122, 124 , 288 , 300, Araucaria , 228 , 231 , 233 , 236 302, 354 Araucariaceae, 228 , 275 Aloaceae, 209 Ardisia , 371 , 372 Aloe , 209 Areceae, 187 , 190 Aloina , 345 Argentina, 46 , 47 , 52 Alophosia , 350 , 351 Argusia , 245 , 246 , 257 alpha diversity, 248 Argyranthemum , 6 , 14 , 286 , 311 , 333 , 342 Alsinodendron , 79 Argyroxiphium , 67 , 75 , 78 Alternanthera , 94 , 134 , 394 , 396 , 400 , 404 aridity, 207 , 211 , 216 , 221 , 448

511

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11808-8 — The Biology of Island Floras Edited by David Bramwell , Juli Caujapé-Castells Index More Information

512 Index

Aristida , 409 Borassodendron , 184 Armeria , 326 , 327 Borassus , 181 , 184 , 193 , 194 Asciadium , 168 Borneo, 184 , 186 Asclepiadaceae, 429 Borreria , 96 , 131 , 400 , 406 Asplenium , 245 , 246 , 247 , 286 , 290 , 344 , 346 , 349 , Boswellia , 212 , 214 351 , 352 , 354 , 400 , 401 , 404 , 466 botanic garden, 8 , 67 , 162 , 166 , 236 , 312 , 368 , 416 , assisted colonization, 503 449 , 450 , 457 , 474 , 480– 486 Asteraceae, 13 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 154 , 159 , 161 , 162 , 169 , Brachycereus , 93 , 135 , 406 200 , 210 , 212 , 214 , 230 , 286 , 288 , 310 , 311 , 372 , Brachythecium , 345 376 , 379 Brassicaceae, 216 , 286 , 288 , 291 , 302 Atractylis , 288 breeding systems, 25 , 28 , 29 , 95 , 139 , 448 Atriplex , 394 Brickellia , 95 Attalea , 163 Brighamia , 78 , 79 Austral Islands, 253 , 259 , 260 , 372 bryophytes, 201 , 214 , 215 , 247 , 339 , 340 , 342– 346 , Australia, 5 , 42 , 59 , 60 , 70– 72 , 77 , 80 , 189 , 226 , 230 , 350– 354 , 398 , 400 232– 234 , 239 , 267 , 326 , 380 , 427 , 483 Bryoxyphium , 346 autogamy, 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 136 , 139 Buddleja , 131 Avicennia , 393 Bursera , 94 , 392 , 395– 398 , 406 , 407 , 414 Azolla , 405 Burseraceae, 211 , 214 Azores, 24 , 325 , 338– 341 , 344 , 348 , 349 , 352 , 354 , 373 , 479 , 481 , 482 Calamoideae, 183 Calandrinia , 417 Baccharis , 403 Callistemon , 228 back colonizations, 59 , 296 Calophyllum , 228 Bactris , 162 Calycogonium , 159 Bahamas, 154 , 155 , 158 , 162 , 375 Calyptronoma , 162 Baker’s Law, 13 , 14 , 445 Calystegia , 131 Baker’s Rule, 445 Campanula , 207 Bakerolimon , 327 Campanulaceae, 16 , 207 Balearics, 497 Campnosperma , 432 Baracoffea , 430 Campylanthus , 216 , 219 Barbados, 158 , 500 Campylopus , 349 , 353 Barbeyaceae, 219 Canarian archipelago, 284 , 289 , 291 , 301 Bathiorhamnus , 157 Canarian l ora, 288 , 289 , 291 , 293 , 294 , 300 , 306 , Batis , 394 308 , 309 , 310 , 311 , 348 Beccariophoenix , 186 , 187 , 192 Canary Islands, 12 , 14 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 202 , Begonia , 206 , 207 210 , 289 , 290, 291, 293–296, 300, 305–308 , 310, Bellonia , 158 312, 325 , 327 , 330 , 332 , 338, 339 , 340 , 344, 345 , Bencomia , 23 , 494 346, 348 , 352, 354 , 373 , 445, 452 , 479 , 481 , 494 , Berlin-Dahlem Botanic Garden, 482 497 Bermuda, 378 , 497 Canellaceae, 158 , 160 Bertiera, 466 Canna , 258 BGCI, 449 , 484 , Cape Verde, 210 , 325 , 332 , 338, 348, 479 , 497 Bidens , 21 , 22 , 67 , 75 , 77 , 78 , 246 , 247 , 249 , 259 , 445 Capparaceae, 214 Bignoniaceae, 371 Capparis , 257 Bikkia , 229 Capra , 455 biodiversity hotspots, 170 , 234 , 443 , 444 Capsicum , 93 biogeographic analysis, 191 Caribbean Hotspot, 169 biogeographical link, 255 Caribbean islands, 4 , 38 , 154– 156 , 159 , 160 , 163 , biogeography, 1 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 37– 39 , 52 , 70 , 81 , 157 , 190 , 168 , 349 , 444– 446 , 479 , 484 193 , 197 , 221 , 222 , 294 , 300 , 488 , 490 , 505 Caribbean region, 375 Bismarckia , 184 , 193 Caribea , 169 Blechnum , 401 , 402 Carlquistia , 76 Blutaparon , 94 Carpobrotus , 494 , 498 Boebrastrum , 158 carrying capacity, 300 Bonania , 157 Caryophyllaceae, 214 Bonin Islands, 27 , 71 , 74 , 77 Castela , 396 boomerang, 294 , 296 Casuarinaceae, 229 Boraginaceae, 214 , 217 , 284 , 288 , 291 , 310 Catasbea , 158

Index 513

cattle, 234 , 412 , 480 climatic type, 190 , 192 , 194 Cayman Islands, 162 climax, 228 , 229 Ceballosia , 291 Cloezia , 230 Cecropia , 371 cloud forests, 154 , 446 Cedrela , 412 , 413 Clusiaceae, 212 Celmisia , 265 , 275 coastal scrub, 154 Celtis , 247 coastal vegetation, 182 , 494 Cenchrus , 379 Coccothrinax , 163 Centella , 402 Cocculus , 247 Ceradenia , 349 Cockpit Country, 164 , 165 , 168 Cerbera , 247 Cocos , 181 , 186 , 187 , 247 , 378 , 453 , 454 , 455 , 465 Ceroxyloideae, 185 Cocos Island, 378 , 453 , 455 , 465 Cervus timorensis , 235 Codia , 229 Cestrum , 371 , 372 Codiaeum , 229 Ceterach , 344 Coeloneurum , 163 Chamaesyce , 67 , 94 , 128 , 406 Coereba , 164 Chapmannia , 218 , 220 Coffea , 430 , 457 Characeae, 405 colonisation, 3– 6 , 18 , 28 , 38 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 66– 77 , 78 , character evolution, 325 80 , 96 , 134 , 135 , 145 , 166 , 170 , 211 , 214 , 243 , 249 , Charpenteria , 372 252 , 253 , 256 , 258– 260 , 284 , 289 , 290 , 293– 295 , Chascotheca , 157 300 , 301 , 305– 310 , 327 , 333 , 338 , 342 , 350 , 351 , Cheilanthes , 352 , 406 354 , 355 , 369 , 370 , 398 , 400 , 409 , 444 , 445 , 450 , Cheirodendron , 75 454 , 503 Cheirolophus , 310 Commidendrum , 14 Chenopodiaceae, 19 Commiphora , 211 , 214 Chiococca , 397 , 398 , 399 , 400 , 401 , 406 Comores, 180 , 183 , 185 , 187 , 429 Chionochloa , 265 Comoros, 497 chloroplast, 60 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 93 , Compositae, 12 , 14 , 22 , 60 , 77 277– 279 conifer, 267 Chorizandra , 230 Conocarpus , 393 Christella , 349 conservation, 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 96 , 154 , Christmas Island, 12 , 13 155 , 161– 165 , 168– 171 , 194 , 222 , 235 , 236 , 256 , chromosome numbers, 275 258 , 261 , 278 , 279 , 288 , 311 , 312 , 378– 380 , 407 , chromosomes, 5 , 75 , 76 , 90 , 187 , 267– 271 , 273 , 416 – 420 , 425 , 426 , 430– 439 , 445 , 448 , 449 , 452 , 275– 279 , 332 453 , 455 , 459 , 460 , 461 , 462 , 466 , 469 , 470 , 474 , chronogram, 333 , 335 480– 491 , 494 , 496 , 498 , 499 , 503 , 504 Chrysanthellum , 130 conservation genetics, 490 Chuniophoenix , 184 , 195 Conservatoire Botanique National, 481 Ciceronia , 161 Convention on Biological Diversity, 373 , 426 , 431 , Cinchona , 365 , 369 , 402 , 412 , 416 434 , 484 , 488 Cinnamodendron , 160 convergence, 207 , 242 Cinnamomum , 370 Convolvulus , 131 , 286 , 296 Cissampelos , 399 Conyza , 247 Cissus , 399 Cook Islands, 12 , 69 , 74 , 369 , 373 Cladistic analysis, 219 Copernica , 163 Cladistic biogeography, 3 Coprosma , 247 , 258 , 265 cladogram, 38 , 40 , 44 , 45 , 48 , 330 Cordia , 131 , 244 , 258 , 396 , 397 , 399 , 400 , 401 , 404 , Clermontia , 78 , 79 406 , 414 Clerodendrum , 396 , 397 , 399 Cordyline , 258 Clidemia , 377 Coreopsis , 159 climate, 2 , 5– 9 , 90 , 96 , 97 , 171 , 190 , 192 , 193 , Coryphoideae, 183 202– 204 , 207 , 210 , 211 , 216 , 218 , 221 , 227 , 239 , Crambe , 286 , 309 , 312 241 , 243 , 260 , 386 , 436 , 438 , 439 , 443 , 447– 449 , Cranichis , 131 474 , 488 , 489 , 493 Crassula , 131 , 270 , 278 , 279 climate change, 8 , 311 , 366 , 380 , 435 , 443 , 444– 450 , crassulacean acid metabolism, 433 480 , 481 , 486 , 489 , 492– 495 , 498– 504 Cressa , 131 climate envelopes, 446 , 447 , 502 , 503 Cretaceous, 155 , 156 , 203 , 218 , 219 , 231 , 232 , 267 , climatic changes, 46 , 155 , 243 , 291 , 294 , 296 326 climatic history, 97 , 202 , 243 , 351 Cricosaura , 156

514 Index

Crinum , 247 , 258 Diplazium , 349 Croton , 95 , 136 , 159 , 396– 398 , 401 , 404 , 409 diploid, 70 , 75– 77 , 93 , 269 , 270 , 273 , 277 , 352 cryptic speciation, 346 Dirachma , 219 Cryptocarpus , 392 , 394 Dirachmaceae, 219 cryptogamic l ora, 339 , 355 disjunctions, 195 , 197 , 214 , 216– 218 , 221 , 353 cryptogams, 6, 7, 339 , 340 , 342 , 348 , 351– 353 , 355 dispersal, 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 40 , 45 , Cryptolepis , 207 57 , 59 , 66 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 77 , 80 , 96 , 132 , 145 , Ctenitis , 131 , 254 , 256 , 400 , 402 156 , 164 , 184 , 185 , 195 , 206 , 216 , 218 , 220 , 221 , Cuba, 154 , 156 , 159 , 160– 163 , 167– 171 , 375 , 427 , 232– 234 , 249 , 252 , 270 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 294 , 295 , 479 , 484 300 , 301 , 305 , 307 , 333 , 340 , 351– 355 , 370 , 378 , Cubanola , 157 409 , 410 , 427 , 444– 447 , 461 , 493 , 502 , 503 Cucurbitaceae, 207 DNA, 66– 69 , 71– 74 , 76 , 78 , 79 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 139 , 169 , Culcita , 349 266 , 267 , 275– 279 , 284 , 309 , 311 , 326 , 330 , 490 Cunoniaceae, 229 , 230 , 231 DNA bank, 311 Cupaniopsis , 229 Doerpfeldia , 157 , 168 Cuphea , 96 Domingoa , 157 Cupressaceae, 275 Dominica, 154 Cuscuta , 68 , 73 , 93 , 128 , 134 Dominican Republic, 161 , 162 , 167– 170 , 375 Cyanea , 78 , 79 Dorstenia , 209 Cyathea , 97 , 247 , 254 , 401 , 402 , 403 Dracaena , 202 , 204 , 211 , 217 , 221 , 312 Cyclophyllum , 247 Dracoid growth forms, 209 Cyclopogon , 128 drift, 12 , 301 , 306 , 350 , 354 Cyperaceae, 19 , 159 drought, 183 , 193 , 194 , 204 , 207 , 207 , 209 , 211 , 386 , Cyperus , 134 , 394 , 402 , 406 411 , 412 , 500 Cyprus, 497 , 500 dry forest, 234 Cyrtandra , 69 , 77 , 80 , 372 Dryopteris , 344 , 349 , 351 , 352 Cyrto-hypnum , 346 Dubautia , 67 , 75 Cystopteris , 349 Duranta , 399 , 404 , 409 dust storms, 289 Dacrycarpus , 275 Duvaliandra , 209 Dacrydium , 228 , 230 , 275 Dypsidinae, 187 Dactylis , 311 Dypsis , 179 , 180 , 181 , 183 , 187 , 189– 194 Dalbergia , 438 Darwiniothamnus , 94 , 95 , 128 , 130 , 134 , 399– 404 , Echidnopsis , 209 , 212 , 220 406 , 409 Echinodium , 343 , 350 Davallia , 349 Echium , 27 , 28 , 284 , 288 , 310 , 342 Decussocarpus , 230 ecological conditions, 2 , 8 , 40 , 241 , 296 , 387 , 402 , deforestation, 169 , 426 , 433 , 435 , 437 , 439 , 504 407 , 447 Delissia , 78 ecology, 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 25 , 37 , 171 , 406 , 430 , 438 , 450 , demography, 7 , 407 , 469 , 490 490 , 499 Dendrolimon , 330 , 332 Ekmaniopappus , 161 Dendropemon , 158 , 159 El Hierro, 290 , 301 , 307 Dendroseris , 14 El Niño, 7 , 98 , 203 , 386 , 387 , 410 , 411 , 412 , 414 Dendrosicyos , 209 , 211 , 219 , 220 Elaeagnaceae, 219 Descurainia , 309 Elaeis , 182 , 186 , 188 , 194 Desmanthus , 73 Elaphoglossum , 349 , 350 , 403 , 467 Desmoncus , 162 Eleocharis , 131 , 394 , 402 , 405 Dianella , 247 Eleusine , 247 Dichelachne , 275 Eleutherodactylus , 156 dichogamy, 20 , 22 Encelia , 94 , 414 dicot, 188 endemic genera, 4 , 60 , 89 , 135 , 156– 162 , 167 , 169 , Dicranopteris , 247 , 256 180 , 183 , 209 , 231 , 232 , 291 , 433 Dilleniaceae, 229 endemicity, 7 , 38 , 39 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 52 , 96 , 128 , 131 , Diodia , 96 , 131 , 400 145 , 159 , 194 , 265 , 338 , 340 , 444 dioecious, 23 , 24 , 28 , 136 , 445 Eocene, 5 , 155 , 156 , 203 , 232– 234 dioecy, 22– 25 , 28 Epacridaceae, 75 , 229 Diospyros , 229 Ephedra , 200 Dipcadi , 218 Epidendrum , 400 , 458 , 467

Index 515

Epilobium , 265 French Polynesia, 74 , 239 , 368 , 371 , 462 epiphytic l ora, 260 , 401 Frullania , 345 , 401 Eragrostis , 131 , 379 Fuertesia , 157 Erigeron , 128 , 134 Fuerteventura, 296 , 301 , 305 , 308 , 325 , 330 erosion, 221 , 239 , 256 , 366 , 385 , 387 , 418 , 439 , 449 , Funtumia , 376 455 , 479 , 496 , 500 Erythrina , 396 Galapagos, 4 , 7 , 12– 15 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 24 , 37 , 89 , 90 , 92 , Espadaea , 163 93 , 95 , 124–128 , 131 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 139 , 145 , 197 , Euchorium , 168 365 , 368– 370 , 385– 388 , 393– 395 , 397 , 400 , 402 , Eudicot, 158 , 160 404–409, 411– 414 , 416 , 420 , 444 , 445 , 452 , 453 , Eugenia , 159 , 229 , 468 491 , 498 Euleria , 168 Galium , 131 Eupatorium , 159 Galvezia , 93 , 128 , 136 Euphorbia , 93 , 128 , 210 , 211 , 214 , 310 , 482 , 483 , 494 gap analysis, 490 Euphorbiaceae, 159 , 200 , 210 , 211 , 214 , 310 , 372 , Gardenia , 229 429 Gaussia , 162 Euryops , 210 , 211 geitonogamy, 20 , 23 evolutionary change, 40 , 98 , 134 , 135 , 261 , 306 gene l ow, 8 , 132 , 206 , 214 , 305 , 306 , 310 , 311 , 325 , evolutionary history, 6 , 21 , 90, 97 , 170 , 348 352 , 354 ex situ conservation, 164 , 236 , 416 , 417 , 438 , 448, genetic differentiation, 79 , 80 , 261 , 273 , 306 , 310 449, 466– 470 , 481– 486 genetic divergence, 79 , 80 , 273 Exacum , 220 genetic diversity, 14 , 22 , 59 , 75 , 77 , 236 , 300 , 301 , extinct species, 236 305– 308 , 355 extinction, 1 , 2 , 8 , 9 , 29 , 78 , 80 , 156 , 168 , 187 , 191 , genetic diversity gradient, 301 , 302 , 307 211 , 212 , 249 , 284 , 290 , 291 , 293 , 294 , 296 , 305 , genetic drift, 98 , 206 , 212 , 214 , 305 308 , 309 , 340 , 351 , 353 , 355 , 365 , 372 , 379 , 416 , genetics, 11 , 93 , 140 , 259 , 300 , 490 430 , 431 , 438 , 444– 446 , 449 , 452 , 453 , 455 , Geniostoma , 255 457– 462 , 465– 470 , 474 , 479 , 480 , 490 , 504 genome size, 275 extinction risk, 461 genomic in situ hybridization, 277 genotype matrices, 311 Fabaceae, 159 , 200 , 214 , 218 , 288 , 310 geological history, 155 , 160 , 202 , 232 , 260 , 301 , 308 Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 165 , 457 , 483 geology, 46 , 96 , 165 , 203 , 325 , 474 Falcatifolium , 228 , 231 Geranium , 68 , 79 Falkland Islands, 42 , 452 Gesneriaceae, 372 fauna, 3 , 21 , 27 , 45 , 202 , 209 , 212 , 218 , 221 , 222 , GISH, 277 326 , 444 , 454 , 455 global cooling, 97 Feddea , 161 , 169 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, 426 , 431 , ferns, 59 , 154 , 200 , 254 , 400– 403 , 406 434 , 449 , 484 , 488 Festuca , 275 , 286 , 290 global warming, 97 Fiji, 72 , 160 , 226 , 377 , 493 Glochidion , 247 , 249 , 252 , 253 , 254 Fimbristylis , 406 Gnaphalium , 288 i re, 228 , 229 , 234 , 235 , 258 , 366 , 405– 407 , 412 , 425 , goats, 256 , 398 , 412 , 414 , 416– 418 , 420 , 455 , 483 , 446 , 479 , 480 498 FISH, 276 , 312 Goetzea , 163 , 164 Fissidens , 346 Gondwana, 5 , 156 , 185 , 195 , 228 , 230 , 232 , 234 Fitchia , 157 Gondwanaland, 46 , 203 , 226 l oristic afi nities, 232 , 429 Gondwanan l ora, 42 , 233 , 267 Flowers, 190 Goniolimon , 328 , 332 l uorescent in situ hybridization, 276 Goodeniaceae, 213 forest, 7 , 42 , 45 , 163 , 164 , 166 , 169– 171 , 181 , 183 , Gossipioides , 61 185 , 186 , 188– 193 , 228 , 229 , 234– 236 , 245– 249 , Gossypium , 60 , 68 , 93 , 134 , 136 , 396 , 398 255 , 291 , 349 , 353 , 369 , 371 , 388 , 392 , 393 , 395– Grabowskia , 94 , 394 400 , 403 , 404 , 407 , 408 , 410– 414 , 417 , 418 , 425 , Graminae, 230 426 , 430 , 433 , 435– 439 , 446 , 454 , 466 , 467– 470 , Grammitis , 349 479 , 480 , 483 , 494 Gran Canaria, 293 , 300 , 301 , 305 , 311 , 481 founder events, 253 , 261 , 305 grazing, 234 , 235 , 414 , 416– 418 , 433 , 479 , 483 fragmentation, 52 , 162 , 308 , 412 , 433 , 443 , 452 , 465 , Greater Antilles, 155 , 156 , 158 , 162 489 , 490 , 496 Greyiaceae, 219

516 Index

Grimmeodendron , 157 Huperzia , 350 , 458 , 469 Grimmia , 353 Hyacinthaceae, 207 , 218 Guiacuam , 479 hybridisation, 2 , 4 , 5 , 28 , 59 , 75– 77 , 80 , 93 , 95 , 134 , Gunnera , 68 140 , 212 , 271 , 273 , 277 , 279 , 306 , 327 , 344 , 352 Guttiferae, 228 hybrids, 28 , 76 , 77 , 163 , 265 , 273 , 277 , 307 , 330 gymnosperm, 5 , 159 , 200 , 228– 231 , 236 , 267 , 275 , Hymenopappus , 157 276 Hymenophyllum , 344 , 348 , 351 , 403 gynodioecous, 23 Hypericum , 212 , 402 Gynodioecy, 22 Hyphaene , 182 , 184 , 193 Gyrotaenia , 168 Hypolepis , 469

habitat loss, 154 , 155 , 168 , 261 , 479 , 493 Ignurbia , 161 Haiti, 154 , 163 , 166 , 167 , 170 , 171 in situ , 8 , 15 , 22 , 236 , 276 , 277 , 417 , 448 , 481 , 483 , Halmoorea , 186 485 Halocarpus , 275 in situ conservation, 448 Haloragis , 256 inbreeding, 23 , 25 , 75 , 139 , 445 Haplopappus , 273 Indigofera , 214 , 218 Haplostachys , 67 , 79 Indonesia, 59 , 161 , 491 , 504 Harnackia , 158 , 161 , 168 Inl orescences, 190 Hawaii, 12– 14 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 38 , 57 , 60 , 66 , insect pollinator, 18 68– 70 , 72– 75 , 77 , 80 , 160 , 202 , 230 , 265 , 368– 370 , insular endemics, 1 , 8 , 448 372 , 373 , 377 , 444 , 445 , 480 , 482 , 497 , 498 , 500 International Year of Biodiversity, 488 Hawaiian archipelago, 3 , 4 , 57 , 293 , 445 , 462 , 482 introgression, 2 , 136 , 306 Hawaiian clade, 69 , 74 , 75 invasion, 247 , 259 , 369 , 372 , 376 , 377 , 413 , 416 , 494 , Hawaiian l ora, 57 , 59 , 60 , 77 , 80 497 , 499 Hawaiian islands, 59 , 60 , 66 , 69– 71 , 73 , 74 , 77– 80 , invasive aliens, 228 , 366 , 374 , 494 240 , 379 , 498 invasive species, 25 , 26 , 29 , 221 , 234 , 247 , 261 , 369 , Hawaiian mints, 67 , 77 , 80 371 , 374– 377 , 378 , 412 , 420 , 444 , 446 , 447 , 457 , Hawaiian Ridge, 57 474 , 479 , 493 , 494 , 497– 499 , 503 , 504 Hebe , 270 , 271 , 273 , 275 Iochroma , 93 , 140 Heberdenia , 312 Ipomoea , 95 , 134 , 254 , 256 , 257 , 394 , 397 , 399 , 406 Hebestigma , 157 Isidorea , 158 Hedenasiastrum , 345 , 350 , 351 Isla del Coco, 8, 453– 455 , 457– 462 , 466 , 468 Hedyotis , 246 , 259 island syndrome, 7 , 95 , 444 , 445 , 447 , 448 Helichrysum , 214 Islas Malvinas, 42 , 43 , 45 Heliotropium , 214 , 248 , 394 , 405 Isoetes , 350 Hemicrambe , 216 isolation, 2 , 5 , 8 , 29 , 45 , 47 , 52 , 202 , 203 , 206 , 216 , Hemigraphis , 369 220 , 221 , 231 , 233 , 245 , 246 , 252– 254 , 290 , 305 , Hemithrinax , 162 , 163 306 , 325 , 332 , 333 , 335 , 353– 355 , 412 , 425 , 426 , Henoonia , 163 443 , 444 , 452 , 493 , 497 herbivores, 194 , 417 , 466– 468 , 470 Isoplexis , 290 herkogamy, 20 Isothecium , 350 hermaphroditic species, 139 isozymes, 73 , 78 Hernandia , 228 , 245 , 247 ISSRs, 284 , 288 , 309 Herodotia , 161 ITS, 75 , 252 , 279 , 290 , 309 Herreranthus , 161 IUCN, 8 , 161 , 168 , 205 , 235 , 374 , 430 , 431 , 432 , 435 , Hesperomannia , 13 , 60 , 79 449 , 452– 455 , 458– 462 , 479 , 481 , 485 , 492 , 493 , Hibbertia , 229 504 Hibiscus , 96 , 214 , 247– 249 , 258 , 483 Ixanthus , 291 Hillebrandia , 73 Hippomane , 397 Jaegeria , 402 Hispaniola, 156 , 161 , 162 , 166 , 167 Jaltomata , 128 Historical Biogeography, 37 , 39 , 40 Jamaica, 156 , 161 , 162 , 164– 166 , 168– 170 , 202 , 375 , Hoffmannia , 468 500 Homalium , 247 Japan, 19 , 71 , 497 Homalothecium , 346 , 350 , 351 Jasminocereus , 93 , 95 , 135 , 139 , 394– 396 , 406 homeotic genes, 67 , 76 Jester, 293 , 310 Honckenya , 67 Juan Fernandez, 12 , 43 , 71 , 185 , 244 , 253 , 368 , 370 , humid forest, 191 , 410 , 435 , 436 444

Index 517

Juania , 185 Limoniodendron , 328 Jubaeopsis , 186 , 187 , 194 Limonium , 6 , 288 , 290 , 326– 328 , 330 , 332 , 333 , 335 Juncus , 131 Lippia , 130 , 396 , 404 , 409 Juniperus , 312 Lithophila , 94 , 130 Justicia , 369 , 400 liverworts, 201 , 340 , 348 , 400 Lobelia , 78 , 273 , 277 , 278 , 402 Kanaloa , 73 Lobularia , 302 Kauai, 57 , 66 , 482 , 498 local abundance, 457 Kerguelen Islands, 42 Lodoicea , 184 Kermadecia , 228 longevity, 7 , 211 , 444 , 447 , 466 Kerriodoxa , 184 , 195 Lotus , 288 , 307 , 309 , 310 , 312 Kew, 180 , 330 , 428 , 429 , 431 , 433 , 434 , 438 , 483 Ludwigia , 405 klotzschianum , 93 Lycium , 94 , 394 Kodalyodendron , 168 Lycopodiella , 255 , 402 Koehneola , 161 Lycopodium , 400 , 401 , 402 , 404 Kokia , 60 , 61 , 79 Lysimachia , 68 , 293 , 482 Korthalsella , 72 , 73 , 254 Lythraceae, 219 Kunkeliella , 291 , 350 Kunzea , 265 Macadamia , 228 Macaronesia, 6 , 38 , 217 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 294 , 310 , La Gomera, 300 , 301 , 307 , 331– 333 312 , 325 , 326 , 328 , 330 , 333 , 338 , 346 , 348– 355 , La Niña, 386 , 411 , 412 444 , 479 La Palma, 290 , 301 , 307 , 330 Macaronesian, 481 La Réunion, 368 , 370 Macaronesian archipelagos, 291 , 312 , 338 , 344 , 348 , Labordia , 69 349 , 351– 354 Laguncularia , 393 Macaronesian enclave, 289 Lamiaceae, 75 , 230 , 286 , 429 Macaronesian l ora, 6 , 332 , 351 Lanai, 57 , 498 Macaronesian islands, 294 , 348 , 355 landscape, 155 , 164 , 170 , 197 , 206 , 235 , 293 , 385 , Macaronesian region, 5 , 338 395 , 405 , 433 , 489 , 490 , 497 , 504 Macraea , 93 , 94 , 396 , 404 , 406 Lannea , 211 Madagascan l ora, 7 , 430 Lantana , 128 , 230 , 247 , 258 , 396 , 406 , 412 , 414 Madagascar, 4 , 7 , 38 , 61 , 71 , 157 , 160 , 161 , 163 , Lanzarote, 296 , 301 , 305 , 330 179– 194 , 425– 439 , 444 , 450 , 480 , 483 , 485 , 491 , Larix , 276 493 Lasiocroton , 157 , 168 Madeira, 290 , 325 , 338 , 339 , 340 , 344– 349 , 352 , 354 , Lastreopsis , 256 , 261 373 , 479 , 481 , 494 Latania , 184 Madeiran l ora, 348 Lauraceae, 159 , 311 , 370 Madiinae, 67 Laurasia, 157 , 216 , 218 Maerua , 214 Laurus , 311 Malagasy l ora, 426 , 427 Lecocarpus , 122–124 , 128 , 406 Maldives, 495 , 497 Ledebouria , 207 , 218 Malesia, 59 , 69 , 77 , 79 , 183 , 184 , 195 , 232 Leguminosae, 26 , 228 , 429 Malesian islands, 160 Lemna , 405 Mallorca, 493 , 498 Lemurophoenix , 181 , 187 , 188 Malta, 497 Lepidothamnus , 275 mangroves, 90 , 154 , 193 , 230 , 327 , 393 , 394 , 446 , Leptocereus , 157 , 168 495 , 500 , 504 Leptocophylla , 75 Manoao , 275 Leptoscyphus , 346 , 350 , 351 maquis, 228 , 234 , 235 , 236 Lepturidium , 168 Marcetella , 291 Lepturus , 246 Marchantia , 406 Lescaillea , 158 , 161 Marojejya , 180 , 187 , 188 Lesser Antilles, 155 Marquesas, 57 , 69 , 70 , 74 , 75 , 77 , 372 Leucaena , 73 , 229 Mascarenes, 161 , 163 , 184 , 370 , 427 Leucocroton , 157 , 159 , 168 Masoala , 185– 189 , 191 , 426 , 436 , 438 Libocedrus , 228 mating system, 3 , 22 , 29 lichens, 247 Matthiola , 286 , 290 , 312 limestone, 163 , 164 , 170 , 193 , 197 , 198 , 203 , 206 , Maui, 57 , 66 , 482 , 498 211 , 212 , 425 Mauritius, 370 , 427 , 497

518 Index

Maytenus , 394 , 396 Myricaceae, 19 , 373 Medemia , 184 Myriolimon , 326 , 327 , 328 Mediterranean basin, 312 , 326 , 335 , 444 , 493 , 498 Myrsinaceae, 293 , 371 , 372 Mediterranean climate, 228 Myrsine , 248 , 258 Mediterranean l oras, 349 Myrtaceae, 228– 231 , 371 , 372 , 379 , 468 Mediterranean islands, 354 , 496 Mediterranean region, 6 , 293 , 326 , 330 Najas , 405 Melaleuca , 229 , 234 Nannorrhops , 184 , 195 Melanesia, 72 , 161 , 493 Narvalina , 157 Melastomataceae, 159 , 230 , 371 , 372 , 376 , 469 National Tropical Botanical Garden, 482 Melicope , 71 , 74 natural resources, 166 , 170 , 412 Melocactus , 166 , 169 natural selection, 2 , 39 , 170 Menorca, 492 , 494 , 498 Neochamaelea , 312 Merremia , 255 neoendemics, 293 , 474 , 480 Meryta , 233 , 245 , 256 , 372 , 483 Neomezia , 159 Mesozoic, 203 , 216 Nephrolepis , 131 , 254 , 260 , 261 , 401 , 402 Metrosideros , 73 , 228 , 247 Nesocrambe , 216 Miconia , 91 , 159 , 371 , 372 , 376 , 388 , 392 , 401 , 469 New Caledonia, 5 , 70 , 72 , 156 , 157 , 160 , 202 , Microcycas , 156 , 157 , 159 , 168 226– 236 , 450 , 452 , 483 , 493 Micromeria , 310 New Guinea, 5 , 12 , 59 , 60 , 71 , 74 , 80 , 160 , 184 , 186, Micronesia, 376 , 444 , 462 232 , 233 , 427 , 450 , 493 , 495 , 496 microsatellites, 21 , 29 , 74 , 136 , 284 , 288 New World, 60 , 93 , 154 , 157 , 159 , 183 , 186 , 187 , migration, 8 , 12 , 132 , 155 , 171 , 218 , 232 , 290 , 325 , 291 , 349 , 350 , 353 327 , 333 , 446 , 447 , 486 , 495 , 496 , 500 , 502 , 503 New Zealand, 5 , 14 , 41– 43 , 59 , 60 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 80 , 81 , migration routes, 446 160 , 228 , 230 , 232 , 233 , 242 , 245 , 265 , 267 , 269 , Mikania , 372 , 376 , 379 270 , 273 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 374 , 379 , 437 , Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 488 , 489 , 505 444 , 445 , 479 , 483 mining, 165 , 226 , 228 , 235 , 428 , 437 , 479 , 480 niche pre-emption, 3 , 338 , 351 Minorca, 482 , 492 Nicotiana , 14 Minuartia , 312 Nicotiana glauca , 14 Miocene, 52 , 216 , 232 , 233 , 267 , 284 , 289 , 291 , 327 node, 41 Missouri Botanical Garden, 430 , 431 , 433– 435 , 483 , Nodocarpaea , 168 485 , 499 Nolana , 94 , 394 molecular clock, 6 , 134 , 145 , 233 , 326 non-adaptive radiation, 212 molecular data, 3 , 4 , 6 , 38 , 60 , 74 , 75 , 184 , 187 , 189 , non-native species, 7 , 247 , 258 , 367 , 368 290 , 326 , 333 , 342 Norfolk Island, 232 , 234 , 483 molecular leakage, 2 Normania , 482 molecular markers, 3 , 20 , 21 , 29 , 284 , 288 , 308 Nothofagus , 42 , 228 , 233 molecular studies, 4 , 5 , 57 , 80 , 159 , 232– 234 , 340 Notholaena , 406 Mollugo , 406 Moluccas, 186 O’ahu, 498 Monanthes , 290 Odocoileus , 455 Monizia , 482 Odontonema , 369 monophyly, 68– 70 , 72 , 76 , 78 , 187 , 289 , 306 , 308 , Oldfeltia , 161 309 , 328 Olea , 288 , 302 , 311 Montrouziera , 228 Oleaceae, 311 Moorea , 371 Oligocene, 52 , 233 , 267 Moraceae, 209 Ombrophytum , 131 Morella , 373 , 497 Oncothecaceae, 230 morphological analysis, 219 , 330 Oparanthus , 157 morphological variation, 78 , 249 , 255 , 261 Ophioglossum , 248 , 254 , 261 , 348 morphology, 2 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 29 , 66 , 72 , 73 , 75 , Oplismenus , 131 77– 79 , 94 , 128 , 185 , 189 , 190 , 252 , 326 Opuntia , 94 , 95 , 134 , 136 , 140 , 392 , 394– 397 , 403 , mosses, 201 , 340 , 346 , 348 , 349 , 400 , 401 404 , 406 , 407 , 409 , 413 , 414 Muellerolimon , 327 Orania , 183 , 186 , 192 , 193 , 195 mycorrhiza, 437 , 447 Oraniopsis , 185 Myoporum , 271 Orchidaceae, 159 , 268 , 429 , 467 Myosotis , 271 Orthotrichum , 345 Myrica , 373 , 497 Osa , 158

Index 519

outcrossing, 3 , 14 , 16 , 20– 22 , 28 , 29 , 136 , 137 , 139 , Phymatosorus , 254 , 260 , 261 164 , 444 , 445 phytogeography, 3 , 4 , 5 , 190 , 201 Oxalis , 494 Picea , 275 , 276 Pictetia , 157 Pacii c islands, 12 , 69 , 70 , 240 , 259 , 369 , 371 , 375 , pigs, 398 , 412 , 417 , 418 , 420 , 455 , 483 495 Pilea , 159 , 249 , 402 Pacii c ocean, 3 , 41 , 42 , 45 , 96 , 226 , 239 , 453 , 480 Pinaceae, 277 PAE, 38 , 39 , 40 , 45 , 48 , 52 Pinus , 275 , 276 paleoendemics, 326 , 474 Piscidia , 396 , 397 paleowind dynamics, 295 Pisonia , 246 , 247 , 249 , 260 , 393 , 397– 400 , 412 palm, 4 , 18 , 162 , 163 , 179– 183 , 185– 194 , 429 , 434 , Pitcairn, 5 , 239 , 241– 245 , 247– 249 , 252– 261 , 378 491 Pittosporum , 71 , 72 , 229 , 256 Palmae, 231 Pityrogramma , 402 panbiogeography, 4 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 52 Placopoda , 207 Pancheria , 230 Plagiochila , 345 , 349 , 350 , 353 Pandanaceae, 231 , 432 plant introductions, 368 Pandanus , 229 , 247 , 255 , 260 Plantago , 68 , 77 , 79 Paracryphia , 232 Platydesma , 7 1 Paracryphiaceae, 230 Platyhypnidium , 346 Parasitaxus , 231 Pleiomeris , 293 , 312 Parolinia , 288 , 291 , 312 Pleistocene, 46 , 52 , 57 , 90 , 217 , 241 , 243 , 267 , 290 , parsimony, 4 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 47 , 48 291 , 296 Paspalum , 247 , 258 , 402 , 404 Pleistocene glaciations, 96 , 203 Passil ora , 95 , 130 , 134 , 258 , 372 , 399 , 412 Pleodendron , 160 PCR-RFLPs, 288 Pleuropetalum , 94 Pemba, 183 , 187 Plumbaginaceae, 288 , 326 , 327 , 333 Pemphis , 245 , 248 , 257 Plumbago , 95 Pennisetum , 404 , 412 , 413 , 494 Poa , 269 , 380 Peperomia , 5 , 247 , 249 , 252– 254 , 260 , 261 , Poaceae, 19 , 46 , 159 , 169 , 200 , 286 , 311 , 379 , 380 , 400 429 perennial species, 207 Podocarpaceae, 228 , 231 , 275 Pereskia , 169 Podocarpus , 228 , 275 , 276 Pericallis , 286 Podococcus , 194 Pernettya , 402 Poitea , 157 Phaseolus , 93 , 95 pollen, 16 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 92 , 137 , 279 , 295 , 332 Pheidonocarpa , 158 pollination, 11 , 14 , 16– 19 , 21 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 78 , 136 , Phéllinaceae, 230 137 , 447 Phelline , 232 pollinators, 11 , 14– 29 , 139 , 252 , 444 , 447 , 448 Phialanthus , 168 Polycarpaea , 214 Philippines, 59 , 69 , 161 , 186 , 444 , 462 Polygala , 94 Phlogacanthus , 369 Polygonum , 402 Phoenix , 181 , 184 , 194 Polynesia, 71 , 72 , 161 , 244 , 252 , 255 , 261 , 368 , 370 , Phormium , 479 371 , 376 , 444 Phyllacanthus , 157 , 168 polyploid, 75 , 77 , 269 , 270 , 273 , 278 , 279 , 309 , 352 Phyllocladaceae, 275 polyploidy, 5 , 59 , 67 , 77 , 80 , 187 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 273 , Phyllocladus , 275 275 , 277 , 279 , 332 , 352 Phyllostegia , 67 , 75 , 79 Polypodium , 134 , 344 , 349 , 400 , 402 , 404 , 406 phylogenetic analysis, 38 , 189 , 277 Pomaderris , 271 , 275 phylogenetic data, 67 Ponthieva , 400 phylogenetic diversity, 311 , 353 population genetic studies, 95 , 218 , 288 , 310 phylogenetic studies, 12 , 13 , 139 , 233 , 293 , 310 , 312 , population genetics, 93 , 206 , 450 326 , 346 Porella , 350 , 354 phylogenetics, 4 , 155 , 157 , 167 , 325 Porquerolles, 494 , 498 phylogenies, 2 , 6 , 52 , 66 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 80 , 139 , Portlandia , 158 169 , 220 , 221 , 290 , 291 , 293 , 295 , 296 , 306– 308 , Portulaca , 77 , 394 310 Potamogeton , 405 phylogeny, 2 , 25 , 38 , 60 , 70 , 75 , 93 , 95 , 140 , 159 , Pratia , 273 , 277 160 , 279 , 300 , 302 , 309 Precambrian, 203 phylogeography, 3 , 354 , 505 Pritchardia , 75 , 482 , 485

520 Index

Progression Rule, 59 RFLP, 74 propagation, 164 , 370 , 467 , 468 , 470 , 482 Rhamnaceae, 219 Prosopis , 396 Rhamnus , 290 , 494 protandry, 17 , 20 , 22 Rhizophora , 230 , 393 Proteaceae, 228 , 229 , 230 , 234 Rhodogeron , 157 , 161 , 168 , 169 protogyny, 20 Rhus , 68 , 73 Prumnopityaceae, 275 Rhynchospora , 131 Prumnopitys , 275 Rhynchostegiella , 343 , 350 Pseudophoenix , 162 , 163 Rhyncospora , 402 Psidium , 230 , 247 , 258 , 371 , 372 , 378 , 397 , 399 , 400 , Riccia , 345 412 , 418 RNA, 276 Psychotria , 71 , 372 , 397 , 399– 404 Robinson Crusoe islands, 12 , 14– 16 , 18 , 20 , 22– 24 , Psylliostachys , 328 26 Pteridium , 401 , 402 , 404 , 406 Robinsonia , 23 pteridophytes, 247 , 333 , 339 , 340 , 344–349 , 350 , 351 , Roigella , 157 398 , 400– 404 Rondeletia , 159 Pteris , 349 Rorippa , 131 Pteroclados , 6 , 327– 333 Roystonea , 162 , 163 Puerto Rico, 162 , 164 , 170 , 171 , 500 Rubiaceae, 159 , 200 , 207 , 228 , 365 , 369 , 372 , 400 , Pulicaria , 212 427 , 429 , 430 , 466 , 468 Punica , 219 Rubus , 26 , 68 , 370 , 412 , 413 Punicaceae, 220 Ruellia , 369 Pyrrosia , 247 , 248 rupicolous species, 494 Ruppia , 394 Quaternary, 6 , 45 , 52 , 191 , 203 , 289– 291 , 295 , 296 Ruta , 312

Racinaea , 400 Sabal , 162 radiation, 5 , 6 , 12– 14 , 21 , 27 , 59 , 60 , 66– 68 , 72 , 74 , Sachsia , 157 75 , 78– 80 , 89 , 90 , 135 , 145 , 158 , 159 , 183 , 197 , Sacoglottis , 466 , 468 , 469 202 , 207 , 211–213 , 216 , 218 , 233 , 234 , 252 , 253 , Sahara, 296 , 333 260 , 293 , 306 , 310 , 333 , 338 , 339 , 342– 346 , 348 , Saharan winds, 289 353 , 355 , 426 , 445 Salcedoa , 159 , 161 , 162 , 168 Radula , 346 , 350 , 354 Salicornia , 230 , 394 rainfall, 155 , 193 , 194 , 199 , 203 , 204 , 207 , 227 , Salvia , 95 , 128 241– 243 , 260 , 386– 388 , 392 , 393 , 396 , 397 , 409 , Samoa, 69 , 70 , 376 , 379 479 , 493 , 500 Samydaceae, 219 rainforest, 78 , 154 , 170 , 193 , 228 , 229 San Cristóbal Island, 370 , 417 Ranunculus , 96 , 269 , 273 , 275 Sanchezia , 369 Raoulia , 265 Santalaceae, 291 RAPDs, 73 , 288 Santalum , 70 , 74 , 77 , 79 , 80 , 234 Raphia , 181 , 183 , 184 , 194 Sapotaceae, 228 , 233 rats, 164 , 455 , 483 Satranala , 184 , 185 Rattus , 455 savanna, 182 , 193 , 229 , 234 , 393 , 395 , 396 , 403 , 404 Ravenea , 180 , 183 , 185 , 191– 194 Scaevola , 69 , 70 , 76 , 80 , 213 , 394 rbcL , 233 , 328 , 330 Scalesia , 14 , 21 , 91 , 93 , 95 , 128 , 139 , 140 , 388 , recolonisation, 233 392– 418 recruitment, 164 , 414 , 415 , 462 , 467 , 468 , 470 Schefl era , 369 Red List, 8 , 168 , 235 , 431 , 432 , 449 , 452 , 453 , 458 , Schiedea , 25 , 66 , 79 , 80 459 , 462 , 479 , 485 Schinus , 371 , 378 Red Queen, 293 Schleinitzia , 73 refuges, 171 , 191 , 227 , 232 , 333 Scleopodium , 353 refugia, 169 , 199 , 202 , 204– 209 , 213 , 216 , 218 , 221 , sclerophyllous, 228 , 236 354 , 355 sclerophyllous forest, 192 , 229 , 234– 236 relict, 5 , 6 , 202 , 204 , 232– 234 , 294 , 295 , 351 , 474 Sclerosperma , 194 reproductive biology, 2 , 3 , 4 , 11 , 14 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 28 , Scolosanthus , 157 , 159 29 , 444 , 450 Scrophulariaceae, 216 Reseda , 286 , 290 scrub, 163 , 170 , 246 , 247 , 392– 398 , 401 , 403 , 404 , Restoration, 171 , 437 406 , 494 Reunion, 497 Scutia , 394 , 396

Index 521

seed banks, 8 , 417 , 438 , 448 , 449 , 474 , 481 , 483 , 486 Sterculia , 211 seeds, 7 , 12 , 26 , 164 , 166 , 181 , 218 , 259 , 332 , 365 , Sterculiaceae, 211 , 219 370 , 373 , 377 , 411 , 413 , 416 , 438 , 447 , 466– 468 , storms, 260 , 495 , 500 470 , 474 Strasburgeriaceae, 230 selection, 12 , 14– 16 , 25 , 136 , 137 , 139 , 194 , 212 , Strobilanthes , 369 , 370 214 , 301 , 306 , 445 , 447 , 490 Subantarctic islands, 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 self-compatible species, 139 Suberanthus , 157 seli ng, 14 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 25 , 137 , 139 Sueda , 230 Selleophytum , 157 , 159 Sumatra, 186 Selvagems, 338 surf, 300 Senecio , 159 , 249 , 254 , 261 , 269 suri ng syngameon, 306 , 308 sequence data, 66 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 252 Suriana , 246 serpentine, 160 , 161 , 169 , 170 Sus , 455 Sesuvium , 95 , 98 , 394 Swietenia , 479 Setaria , 258 Synapsis , 168 Seychelles, 156 , 184 , 202 , 370 , 484 , 497 systematics, 1 , 3 , 5 , 38 , 39 , 167 , 325 , 505 Shafera , 161 Syzygium , 247 , 258 shrubland, 200 , 365 shrubs, 42 , 78 , 228 , 229 , 245 , 246 , 400 , 409 , 480 , 483 Tahina , 181 , 184 , 193 , 195 Sicyocaulis , 94 , 95 Tahiti, 70 , 244 , 368 , 369 , 371 , 372 Sicyos , 71 , 94 , 134 Takhtajania , 160 Sida , 131 Tapura , 169 Sideritis , 286 , 307 , 309 , 333 Tasmania, 42 , 43 Siemensia , 157 taxonomic problems, 254 , 255 Silene , 68 Telespiza , 379 silversword alliance, 14 , 21 , 60 , 75 , 78 , 309 Tenerife, 27 , 293 , 300 , 301 , 307 , 330 , 353 , Sindroa , 186 479 Sisyrinchium , 128 , 131 Terminalia , 229 Society islands, 66 , 69 , 74 , 77 , 243 , 253 , 261 , 369 Tertiary, 6 , 45 , 156 , 157 , 216 , 218 , 232 , 291 , 326 , Socotra, 5 , 197– 222 , 491 333 , 351 Socotrella , 209 Tethyan l ora, 210 , 217 Solanum , 19 , 93 , 95 , 128 , 132 , 136 , 169 , 288 , 398 , Tethys, 216 , 218 400 , 404 , 409 Tetramolopium , 12 , 60 , 74 , 79 Solenodon , 156 Tetraperone , 161 , 168 Soliva , 131 Tetrasiphon , 168 Solomon islands, 493 Tetrastichium , 346 , 349 Solonia , 168 Thailand, 183 , 184 , 186 , 195 Sonchus , 14 , 247 , 286 , 288 , 309 Thamnobryum , 346 Sophora , 26 Thelypteris , 400– 402 , 470 Sorghum , 247 , 258 Theophrasta , 159 Spartocytisus , 291 Thespesia , 244 , 258 Spathodea , 371 Thrinax , 162 speciation, 2 , 59 , 67 , 72 , 206 , 213 , 233 , 252 , 253 , Thuidiopsis , 346 261 , 266 , 294 , 305 , 307 , 308 , 325 , 326 , 333 , 344 , Thunbergia , 369 353 , 355 , 379 , 445 Thymopsis , 157 , 161 species richness, 162 , 191 , 192 , 231 , 305 , 426 , 427 , Tierra del Fuego, 41– 45 434 , 499 , 502 Tinguarra , 291 Spermacoce , 95 , 131 , 400 Tiquilia , 93 , 134 , 394 , 406 Sphagnum , 346 , 402 , 403 Tolpis , 14 , 21 , 291 , 307 , 310 , 445 Sporobolus , 394 Tonga, 69 , 70 , 72 Sri Lanka, 184 , 370 , 504 tourism, 8 , 154 , 170 , 449 , 457 , 474 , 479 , 491 , 494 , St Helena, 479 496 , 497 , 501 St Lucia, 375 Tournefortia , 95 , 396– 402 , 404 , 409 Stachys , 67 track compatibility analysis, 4 , 39 , 41 , 47 , 48 Stahlia , 168 trade winds, 190 , 227 , 242 , 295 , 386 staminate l owers, 190 translocation, 367 , 503 Statice , 327 trees, 48 , 76 , 78 , 164 , 186– 188 , 209 , 209 , 212 , 228 , Stegnogramma , 349 229 , 245– 247 , 308 , 325 , 365 , 369 , 395 , 398– 402 , Stenogyne , 67 , 79 410– 413 , 418 , 437 , 438 , 480 , 483

522 Index

Trematodon , 346 volcanic activity, 203 , 239– 241 , 267 , 333 , 403 , 405 Trematolobelia , 78 Trichomanes , 247 , 255 , 349 , 354 , 403 Wahlenbergia , 16 Tridacna , 244 Wallenia , 159 , 168 Trinidad & Tobago, 375 Waltheria , 396 , 398 , 406 Triscenia , 169 watersheds, 171 Trisetum , 402 Weinmannia , 228 trn L-F, 252 , 279 , 328 , 330 Wellstedia , 217 , 219 Turks & Caicos, 162 westerlies, 295 , 296 Tylimanthus , 343 , 346 Wikstroemia , 483 Wilhelmina , 67 Urochloa , 95 , 130 Wilkesia , 67 , 78 Urticaceae, 19 wind pollination, 16 , 18 , 20 winds, 13 , 198 , 204 , 242 , 295 , 386 , 387 , 402 , 500 Vaccinium , 66 Winteraceae, 160 , 229 Vachellia , 128 Withania , 23 , 24 V allesia , 394 woodiness, 7 , 325 , 338 , 351 , 444 , 447 Vanuatu, 234 , 493 woodland, 198 , 200 , 202 , 213 , 218 , 229 , 365 , 392 , Vegetation changes, 407 395– 398 , 400 , 403 , 404 , 406 , 414 , 418 Verbena , 128 Verhuellia , 156 Xanthostemon , 229 vicariance, 37 , 40 , 96 , 132 , 185 , 191 , 193 , 195 , 217 , Xylocopa , 410 220 , 221 , 233 , 234 , 291 Xylosma , 247 vicariant species, 218 Viera y Clavijo, 311 , 481 Zamia , 156 Vieraea , 291 Zanthoxylum , 393 , 396– 404 , 407 , 409 , 412 , Viola , 66 , 79 , 288 418 Virgin islands, 162 Zingiberaceae, 179 Vittaria , 247 Zombia , 162 , 163 Voanioala , 181 , 186 , 187 Zygocarpum , 218 , 220