DOCSLIB.ORG

UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Traditional Egyptian II (Ptolemaic, Roman) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8g73w3gp Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Engsheden, Ake Publication Date 2016-03-15 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN II (PTOLEMAIC, ROMAN) اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﺔ (ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺒﻄﻠﻤﻲ واﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻲ) Åke Engsheden EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford JULIE STAUDER-PORCHET, ANDRÉAS STAUDER Area Editors Language, Text and Writing Swiss National Science Foundation & University of Basel, EPHE Paris Short Citation: Engsheden, 2016, Traditional Egyptian II (Ptolemaic, Roman). UEE. Full Citation: Engsheden, Åke, 2016, Traditional Egyptian II (Ptolemaic, Roman). In Julie Stauder-Porchet, Andréas Stauder and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002k6stb 15561 Version 1, March 2016 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002k6stb TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN II (PTOLEMAIC, ROMAN) اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﺔ (ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺒﻄﻠﻤﻲ واﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻲ) Åke Engsheden Neo-Mittelägyptisch/Spätmittelägyptisch (ptolemäische und römische Zeit) Égyptien de tradition (époques ptolémaïque et romaine) From 404 BCE - 394 CE hieroglyphic texts were in general composed in the high-status language variety termed Traditional Egyptian. This was used exclusively in religious and sacerdotal contexts and is as such opposed to Demotic, which served both as a spoken and as a written language. Traditional Egyptian is a reflex of how the late scribes perceived the classical language. The result is a morphologically impoverished Egyptian (in comparison with the classical language), in combination with a phonology that corresponds largely to Demotic. Traditional Egyptian served as a vehicle for many new compositions, in particular religious inscriptions in temples and on papyri, but also funerary, historical, and autobiographical texts. Meanwhile, older texts in the classical language continued to be copied: as long as there are no reliable means of dating texts according to linguistic criteria, it remains difficult to establish the exact corpus of texts written in Traditional Egyptian. ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﮭﯿﺮوﻏﻠﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﮫ ﻋﺎم ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ 404 ق.م : 394م ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ذات ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ رﻓﯿﻌﺔ وﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺮاث اﻟﻤﺼﺮى. وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬا ﺣﺼﺮﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺪﯾﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﮭﻨﻮﺗﯿﺔ وھﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرض ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪﯾﻤﻮطﯿﻘﯿﺔ ، اﻟﺘﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ وﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ. (اﻟﻠﻐﺔ) اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ ھﻰ اﻧﻌﻜﺎس ﻹدراك وﻓﮭﻢ ﻛﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮة ﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﯿﻜﯿﺔ (اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ). واﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻘﯿﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ (ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ)، وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰج ﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺻﻮات ﻓﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﯾﻤﻮطﯿﻘﯿﺔ. (اﻟﻠﻐﺔ) اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ وﺳﯿﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة، وﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ اﻟﻨﻘﻮش اﻟﺪﯾﻨﯿﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ وﻋﻠﻰ أوراق اﻟﺒﺮدي، وأﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﺰﯾﺔ، واﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ، وﻧﺼﻮص اﻟﺴﯿﺮة اﻟﺬاﺗﯿﺔ. وﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﺴﺦ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﯿﻜﯿﺔ (اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ): طﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎك وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺄرﯾﺦ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺔ، إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﺰال ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ دﻗﯿﻖ ﻟﻠﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ. he term Traditional Egyptian terminology, see Vernus (2016); the division refers to the high-status language does not correspond to any major grammatical T used by the priestly elite for writing differences between the two periods and has mainly in hieroglyphs. It stands in opposition been introduced here for practical reasons to Demotic, which was the vernacular form of only. Grammar, orthography, and layout of Egyptian, both spoken and written, during the hieroglyphic texts first follow Saite models period. This article treats only Traditional closely, then evolve gradually away from these. Egyptian after the First Persian Period until the Traditional Egyptian refers to a linguistic demise of hieroglyphic writing, from 404 BCE phenomenon whereas Ptolemaic (Kurth 2007, - 394 CE. For the preceding periods and Traditional Egyptian II (Ptolemaic, Roman), Engsheden, UEE 2016 1 2008; Leitz 2009), with which the term is reflects Traditional Egyptian grammar strained sometimes used interchangeably, is better to its limits. The best preserved of these is the reserved for the new orthographical style Canopus Decree (238 BCE), the best known is characteristic of temple inscriptions, in which the Memphis Decree (196 BCE), represented new phonetic values developed for the by the Rosetta Stone (Quirke and Andrews hieroglyphic signs. Indeed, Traditional 1989). Egyptian in Ptolemaic temple inscriptions does Next to this state-sanctioned production not display a break in grammar with Traditional of texts, private inscriptions abound on funerary Egyptian from the preceding period, nor are equipment and private statuary. Original systematic grammatical differences to autobiographies are, however, comparatively rare contemporary hieroglyphic texts known. It is (list in Rössler-Köhler 1991: 256-359), but are therefore ill-advised in language classification through their historical anchorage prime to use a term, which focuses solely on the examples of newly composed texts and, Greek Period and on a single body of texts consequently, of Traditional Egyptian (cf. such as the temple inscriptions. In addition, Quack 2013: 49). Autobiographies are found “Ptolemaic” also means much more, namely on statuary and on funerary stelae, the study of the interrelationships of text, exceptionally also inscribed on the tomb wall image, and temple architecture, the so-called as in Petosiris’ tomb in Tuna el-Gebel “temple grammar” (Kurth 2007: 7, 2011: 75- (Lefebvre 1923-1924). The writing of 76), thus vastly transcending the domain of autobiographies came to a standstill in the early language study itself. Roman Period with one notable exception from the reign of Hadrian (Scharff 1927). Corpus Inventive inscriptions are also found on Temple inscriptions make up the bulk of obelisks (Erman 1896; Meyer 1994). Later hieroglyphic texts preserved from the period. inscriptions, such as the late stelae of the These come from the Ptolemaic and Roman Buchis bull (Goldbrunner 2004: 75-77), are temples of Dendara, Edfu, Esna, Kom Ombo, more formulaic in their language. and Philae, to name but the most significant In addition, there is a large number of (overview of text editions in Leitz 2009: 2-5). religious papyri written in cursive hieroglyphs or Several different text types are attested hieratic. Some of these, such as the Book of the showing a varying degree of grammatical Dead, have a long history of transmission and complexity (in increasing order): captions, are largely reproductive, while others are new ritual texts, hymns, litanies, cult-topographical compositions, including mortuary texts such as texts, and mythological ones. It is obvious that the Book of Traversing Eternity (Herbin 1994) or the temples incorporate much older material, the Letter for Breathing which Isis Made for her as has often been pointed out (Sauneron 1974: Brother Osiris (Coenen and Quaegebeur 1995). 151-152; Quack 2008, 2010c: 80-82), but the As with religious texts in general, it is difficult embedding of the texts into the architecture to determine to what extent such documents speaks for a date of (final) redaction close to are copies of older religious texts. The the time when the buildings were erected (e.g., conclusion that newly composed texts received the Myth of Horus in Edfu according to Kurth a Demotic structure whereas older texts with 2011: 69). Historical stelae are comparatively an overall Middle Egyptian structure are old rare, fewer than a dozen in total. The last compositions (von Lieven 2007, 2010: 421) monolingual text of this kind, the Mendes Stela seems unwarranted (Jansen-Winkeln 2011). (Sethe 1904: 28-54), is dated to Ptolemy II For instance, it has been claimed on the basis Philadelphus (264 BCE). Not altogether of a grammatical analysis that Papyrus dissimilar in purport are the sacerdotal decrees Jumilhac, a well-preserved cult-topographical from the mid-Ptolemaic Period. These were set text of late Ptolemaic date (Vandier 1961), up, in the ideal case, in three versions: reproduces now lost texts that would have hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Greek (Clarysse originated between the Middle Kingdom and 2000), whereby the hieroglyphic version Traditional Egyptian II (Ptolemaic, Roman), Engsheden, UEE 2016 2 the Saite Period (Quack 2008). However, Late sentences both in temple inscriptions (Kurth Egyptian features, which have been cited in 2008: 610) and in private ones (Fairman 1934; order to anchor one section of Papyrus el-Sayed 1980: 243). Jumilhac to the 19th Dynasty (Quack 2008: 214- Differences with respect to the classical 215; jw as converter, sequential jw=f Hr sdm, language should not be seen as failed Middle =sn alongside =w for the 3rd person plural Egyptian. Rather, the norm is different. A case pronoun), are likewise found in the Canopus in point is the loss of -t on the infinitive of Decree showing that one still had command of weak verbs, except before suffix pronouns, these forms in the third century BCE (for the which is exactly the pattern found in later sequential jw=f Hr sdm, Engsheden 2003: 243- Egyptian. This suggests that the norm in 250). As for other religious texts without Traditional Egyptian followed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult
    ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗ ΕΥΠΛΟΙΑ Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult Carlos Francis Robinson Bachelor of Arts (Hons. 1) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2019 Historical and Philosophical Inquiry Abstract Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult By the early Hellenistic period a trend was emerging in which royal women were deified as Aphrodite. In a unique innovation, Queen Arsinoë II of Egypt (c. 316 – 270 BC) was deified as the maritime Aphrodite, and was associated with the cult titles Euploia, Akraia, and Galenaië. It was the important study of Robert (1966) which identified that the poets Posidippus and Callimachus were honouring Arsinoë II as the maritime Aphrodite. This thesis examines how this new third-century BC cult of ‘Arsinoë Aphrodite’ adopted aspects of Greek cults of the maritime Aphrodite, creating a new derivative cult. The main historical sources for this cult are the epigrams of Posidippus and Callimachus, including a relatively new epigram (Posidippus AB 39) published in 2001. This thesis demonstrates that the new cult of Arsinoë Aphrodite utilised existing traditions, such as: Aphrodite’s role as patron of fleets, the practice of dedications to Aphrodite by admirals, the use of invocations before sailing, and the practice of marine dedications such as shells. In this way the Ptolemies incorporated existing religious traditions into a new form of ruler cult. This study is the first attempt to trace the direct relationship between Ptolemaic ruler cult and existing traditions of the maritime Aphrodite, and deepens our understanding of the strategies of ruler cult adopted in the early Hellenistic period.
    [Show full text]
  • Naukratis, Heracleion-Thonis and Alexandria
    Originalveröffentlichung in: Damian Robinson, Andrew Wilson (Hg.), Alexandria and the North-Western Delta. Joint conference proceedings of Alexandria: City and Harbour (Oxford 2004) and The Trade and Topography of Egypt's North-West Delta, 8th century BC to 8th century AD (Berlin 2006), Oxford 2010, S. 15-24 2: Naukratis, Heracleion-Thonis and Alexandria - Remarks on the Presence and Trade Activities of Greeks in the North-West Delta from the Seventh Century BC to the End of the Fourth Century BC Stefan Pfeiffer The present article examines how Greek trade in Egypt 2. Greeks and SaTtic Egypt developed and the consequences that the Greek If we disregard the Minoan and Mycenaean contacts economic presence had on political and economic condi ­ with Egypt, we can establish Greco-Egyptian relations as tions in Egypt. I will focus especially on the Delta region far back as the seventh century BC.2 A Greek presence and, as far as possible, on the city of Heracleion-Thonis on in the Delta can be established directly or indirectly for the Egyptian coast, discovered by Franck Goddio during the following places: Naukratis, Korn Firin, Sais, Athribis, underwater excavations at the end of the twentieth Bubastis, Mendes, Tell el-Mashkuta, Daphnai and century. The period discussed here was an exceedingly Magdolos. 3 In most of the reports, 4 Rhakotis, the settle­ exciting one for Egypt, as the country, forced by changes ment preceding Alexandria, is mentioned as the location in foreign policy, reversed its isolation from the rest of the of the Greeks, an assumption based on a misinterpreted ancient world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oriental Institute 2013–2014 Annual Report Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu The OrienTal insTiTuTe 2013–2014 annual repOrT oi.uchicago.edu © 2014 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2014. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago ISBN: 978-1-61491-025-1 Editor: Gil J. Stein Production facilitated by Editorial Assistants Muhammad Bah and Jalissa Barnslater-Hauck Cover illustration: Modern cylinder seal impression showing a presentation scene with the goddesses Ninishkun and Inana/Ishtar from cylinder seal OIM A27903. Stone. Akkadian period, ca. 2330–2150 bc. Purchased in New York, 1947. 4.2 × 2.5 cm The pages that divide the sections of this year’s report feature various cylinder and stamp seals and sealings from different places and periods. Printed by King Printing Company, Inc., Winfield, Illinois, U.S.A. Overleaf: Modern cylinder seal impression showing a presentation scene with the goddesses Ninishkun and Inana/Ishtar; and (above) black stone cylinder seal with modern impression. Akkadian period, ca. 2330–2150 bc. Purchased in New York, 1947. 4.2 × 2.5 cm. OIM A27903. D. 000133. Photos by Anna Ressman oi.uchicago.edu contents contents inTrOducTiOn introduction. Gil J. Stein........................................................... 5 research Project rePorts Achemenet. Jack Green and Matthew W. Stolper ............................................... 9 Ambroyi Village. Frina Babayan, Kathryn Franklin, and Tasha Vorderstrasse ....................... 12 Çadır Höyük. Gregory McMahon ........................................................... 22 Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes (CAMEL). Scott Branting ..................... 27 Chicago Demotic Dictionary (CDD). François Gaudard and Janet H. Johnson . 33 Chicago Hittite and Electronic Hittite Dictionary (CHD and eCHD). Theo van den Hout ....... 35 Eastern Badia. Yorke Rowan.............................................................. 37 Epigraphic Survey. W. Raymond Johnson ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Islands in the Nile Sea: the Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City
    ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City Copyright 2012 Veronica Marie Morriss ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Shelley Wachsmann Committee Members, Deborah Carlson Nancy Klein Head of Department, Cynthia Werner May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City. (May 2012) Veronica Marie Morriss, B.A., The Pennsylvania State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Shelley Wachsmann In ancient Egypt, the Nile was both a lifeline and a highway. In addition to its crucial role for agriculture and water resources, the river united an area nearly five hundred miles in length. It was an avenue for asserting imperial authority over the vast expanse of the Nile valley. River transport along the inland waterways was also an integral aspect of daily life and was employed by virtually every class of society; the king and his officials had ships for commuting, as did the landowner for shipping grain, and the ‘marsh men’ who lived in the northernmost regions of the Nile Delta.
    [Show full text]
  • Standing Pharaoh
    FRANCK GODDIO UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGIST THE STANDING PHARAOH During the first millennium BC, bronze royal effigies multiplied and apart from their modest size, they often represent true masterpieces. Like this little statue (H. 20.5 cm) of a standing pharaoh found by the IEASM in Thonis-Heracleion. It is practically intact and comes from the level of destruction of the temenos of Amun-Gereb. Subtle modelling with fine details Bare chested, the pharaoh is dressed in the pleated shendjyt loin cloth and bears a high kheprech crown with pointed circles, in a classical striding pose, his clenched fists having formerly held the insignia of power now lost (ce- remonial cane and ankh symbol…). Under the uraeus undulating in a symmetric loop, with big eyes close to the bridge of his nose, his firm oval face becomes fleshier with a plump mouth and a full chin. With harmonious proportions, his long straight body seems to “melt” his muscles due to the subtle modelling, but it preserves fine details, and realis- tic traits like the prominent collarbones, the knees, or the shinbones. Puzzling name on the statue’s belt buckle Conforming to common practice, his pharaoh’s name is incised on his belt buckle, but the incised signs are diffi- cult to decipher. Inside the oval of a cartouche (?), one can distinguish three “hieroglyphs”, which due to their tripartite structure can be adapted to the protocols of seve- ral kings of the Saite dynasty. The most apparent reading would be in favour of Neferibre the throne name of Psamtik II, third pharaoh of the XXVIth dynasty (595-589 BC) who recalls to memory the recently identified “portrait” in the Jacquemart-André Museum (MJAP-S 8733), still without excluding those of Wahibre pointing back at Psamtik II and Apries, Uhemibre at Nekao or Khenemibre at Amasis, well attested on the site of Thonis-Heracleion.
    [Show full text]
  • Soaked in History Positioned Throughout the Exhibition Shows Divers Investigating and Rescuing a Few Key Objects, Including a Sycamore Barge of Osiris
    Sunken Cities: operation by the Egypt’s Lost European Institute for Worlds Underwater Archaeol- British Museum, ogy (IEASM) in Paris, London. Until 27 November directed by Franck 2016. Goddio. The team used side-scan sonar, nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometers and sub-bottom profilers to reveal slices through the geological strata beneath the sea bed, allowing them to begin partial excava- tion. Divers uncovered buildings, massive sculptures and a huge range of objects, from bronze incense burners to gold jewellery. GERIGK FOUNDATION/CHRISTOPH FRANCK GODDIO/HILTI More than 750 ancient anchors and 69 ships were also detected in the ooze, most of them from the sixth to second centuries bc, in Thonis-Heracleion’s harbour. An exhibition of this extraordinary trove, Sunken Cities, is the first large-scale show of underwater discoveries at the British Museum in London, and the most complete presentation of this complex Egyptian– Greek society so far. More than 200 IEASM finds are exhibited, denoted on the information panels by a hier- oglyphic zigzag symbolizing water. Many of them were displayed in Berlin’s Martin- Gropius-Bau and the Grand Palais in Paris in 2006–07, but much has been discovered since. Among the stone statues of deities and rulers in pharaonic or Greek dress is a 5.4- metre figure of Hapy, god of the Nile inunda- tion, which greets visitors as it once greeted Greek sailors approaching the mouth of the Nile. Nearby are inscriptions in hieroglyphic and Greek on stone and gold, intricate jewel- lery in recognizably Greek styles and deli- cate lead models of votive barques used in the cult of Osiris.
    [Show full text]
  • 6. a Note on the Navigation Space of the Baris-Type Ships from Thonis-Heracleion
    E Sailing from Polis to Empire MMANUEL Ships in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Hellenistic Period N ANTET EDITED BY EMMANUEL NANTET WITH A PREFACE BY ALAIN BRESSON ( ED Sailing from Polis to Empire What can the architecture of ancient ships tell us about their capacity to carry cargo or to .) navigate certain trade routes? How do such insights inform our knowledge of the ancient S economies that depended on mari� me trade across the Mediterranean? These and similar ques� ons lie behind Sailing from Polis to Empire, a fascina� ng insight into the prac� cali� es of trading by boat in the ancient world. Allying modern scien� fi c knowledge with Hellenis� c sources, this interdisciplinary collec� on brings together experts in various fi elds of ship archaeology to shed new light on the role played by ships and AILING sailing in the exchange networks of the Mediterranean. Covering all parts of the Eastern Mediterranean, these outstanding contribu� ons delve into a broad array of data – literary, epigraphical, papyrological, iconographic and archaeological – to understand the trade FROM routes that connected the economies of individual ci� es and kingdoms. Unique in its interdisciplinary approach and focus on the Hellenis� c period, this collec� on P digs into the ques� ons that others don’t think to ask, and comes up with (some� mes OLIS surprising) answers. It will be of value to researchers in the fi elds of naval architecture, Classical and Hellenis� c history, social history and ancient geography, and to all those with TO an interest in the ancient world or the seafaring life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oriental Institute 2012–2013 Annual Report
    http://oi.uchicago.edu The OrienTal insTiTuTe 2012–2013 annual repOrT The OrienTal insTiTuTe 2012–2013 annual repOrT http://oi.uchicago.edu © 2013 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2013. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago ISBN-13: 978-1-61491-016-9 ISBN-10: 1614910162 Editor: Gil J. Stein Cover and title page illustration: “Birds in an Acacia Tree.” Nina de Garis Davies, 1932. Tempera on paper. 46.36 × 55.90 cm. Collection of the Oriental Institute. Oriental Institute digital image D. 17882. Between Heaven & Earth Catalog No. 11. The pages that divide the sections of this year’s report feature images from last year’s special exhibit Between Heaven & Earth: Birds in Ancient Egypt. Printed through Four Colour Print Group, by Lifetouch, Loves Park, Illinois The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ∞ http://oi.uchicago.edu contents contents introduction Introduction. Gil J. Stein ................................................................. 7 In Memoriam ........................................................................... 9 research Project Reports ...................................................................... 15 Archaeology of Islamic Cities. Donald Whitcomb........................................... 15 Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes (CAMEL). Scott Branting ..................... 18 Chicago Demotic
    [Show full text]
  • The Decree of Saïs
    Underwater Egypt in Region Canopic the in Archaeology OCMA Underwater Archaeology in the Canopic Region in Egypt The Decree of Saïs The Decree of Saïs of Decree The The cover illustrations show the perfectly preserved stele of Thonis-Heracleion, intact after having spent over 1000 years at the bottom of the sea. It is the second known stele containing the text of the decree promulgated by Nectanebo I,founder of the thirtieth dynasty, and announces a permanent donation to the goddess Neith, ‘Mistress of the Floods’, out of the customs dues received in the town of Thonis- Heracleion and out of the taxes on Greek trade in the town of Naukratis. ISBN 978-1-905905-23-2 Published by the Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology at the School of Archaeology, University of Oxford Anne-Sophie von Bomhard The Decree of Saïs The Stelae of Thonis-Heracleion and Naukratis Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monograph Series Series editors: Franck Goddio and Damian Robinson 1 Topography and Excavation of Heracleion-Thonis and East Canopus (1996–2006) by Franck Goddio 2 Geoarchaeology by Jean-Daniel Stanley et al 3 The Naos of the Decades by Anne-Sophie von Bomhard 4 La stèle de Ptolémée VIII Évergète II à Héracléion by Christophe Thiers 5 Alexandria and the North-Western Delta edited by Damian Robinson and Andrew Wilson 6 Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean edited by Damian Robinson and Andrew Wilson The Underwater Archaeology of the Canopic Region in Egypt The Decree of Saïs The Stelae of Thonis-Heracleion and Naukratis by Anne-Sophie von Bomhard Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology: Monograph 7 School of Archaeology, University of Oxford 2012 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Egypt's Sunken Cities' at the Minneapolis Institute of Art Showcases
    PRESS RELEASE ‘Egypt’s Sunken Cities’ at the Minneapolis Institute of Art showcases more than 250 antiquities from one of history’s most significant underwater archaeological finds The exhibition unearths the rich history of two cities that were submerged in the Mediterranean Sea for more than 1,000 years An archaeologist inspects the still-encrusted head of a statue of a queen on site underwater in Thonis- Heracleion, Ptolemaic period (332-30 BC); granodiorite; height: 86 5/8 inches; National Museum of Alexandria (SCA 283); IEASM Excavations; Photo: Christoph Gerigk © Franck 2400 Third Avenue South Goddio / Hilti Foundation Minneapolis, MN 55404 artsmia.org MINNEAPOLIS—August 14, 2018—This fall, the Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia) will show an exhibition of antiquities from one of the greatest finds in the history of underwater archaeology. “Egypt’s Sunken Cities,” presented by U.S. Bank, will feature colossal, 16-foot-tall sculptures and precious artifacts from the long-lost cities of Thonis-Heracleion and Canopus. The exhibition will focus on the discoveries made during more than 20 years of underwater excavation by French archaeologist Franck Goddio and the European Institute for Underwater Archaeology. The exhibition opens November 4, 2018, and is on view for an extended six-month run through April 14, 2019. It was recently shown at the Museum Rietberg in Zurich, the British Museum in London, the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris, and the Saint Louis Art Museum. "Mia is thrilled to bring this exciting exhibition to the Twin Cities," said Jan-Lodewijk Grootaers, curator of African art and head of Mia’s Department of Arts of Africa and the Americas.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunken Cities: Egypt's Lost Worlds Audio Guide Transcript
    Audio Guide Transcript Sunken Cities: Egypt’s Lost Worlds March 25–September 9, 2018 Main Exhibition Galleries Introduction to Sunken Cities: Egypt’s Lost Worlds Speaker: Brent Benjamin Barbara B. Taylor Director Saint Louis Art Museum Hello, I’m Brent Benjamin, The Barbara B. Taylor Director of the Saint Louis Art Museum. I’d like to welcome you to our exhibition Sunken Cities: Egypt’s Lost Worlds. Many of the objects you are about to see were lost for more than 1,200 years under the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. In 1996, the European Institute of Underwater Archaeology initiated a search for two cities, whose histories were only known through ancient accounts. The research team, led by underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio, has since discovered a variety of incredible objects from these underwater excavations and confirmed the two cities’ names: Thonis-Heracleion and Canopus. In this exhibition you will find exceptionally preserved artifacts, which offer us a better understanding of life in Egypt in the first millennium. The Museum’s presentation is the first time many of these works of art will be seen in the United States. The recently discovered colossal statues, votive offerings, and jewelry are also supplemented by works of art from museums across Egypt. These treasures help tell the story of cities and cultures that flourished together in the ancient world. Your journey begins in the 7th century BC in the ancient Egyptian port of Thonis-Heracleion. As you continue through the exhibition, you will learn about the religious customs of the city. Subsequent galleries will highlight Osiris, the Egyptian god of underworld, whose family and legend shaped the Mysteries of Osiris, one of the most important ceremonies celebrated throughout ancient Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
    UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Late Dynastic Period Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zg136m8 Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Ladynin, Ivan Publication Date 2013-08-20 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California LATE DYNASTIC PERIOD العصر المتأخر Ivan Ladynin EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford WOLFRAM GRAJETZKI Area Editor Time and History University College London JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Ladynin, 2013, Late Dynastic Period. UEE. Full Citation: Ladynin, Ivan, 2013, Late Dynastic Period. In Wolfram Grajetzki and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002hd59r 8502 Version 1, August 2013 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002hd59r LATE DYNASTIC PERIOD العصر المتأخر Ivan Ladynin Spätdynastische Zeit Époque tardive The Late Dynastic Period is the last period of Egyptian independence under Dynasties 28 to 30 (404 - 343 BCE). As for Egypt’s position in the world, this was the time their military and diplomatic efforts focused on preventing reconquest by the Persian Empire. At home, Dynasties 28 - 29 were marked by a frequent shift of rulers, whose reigns often started and ended violently; in comparison, Dynasty 30 was a strong house, the rule of which was interrupted only from the outside. Culturally this period saw the continuation of certain Late Egyptian trends (archaistic tendency, popularity of animal cults, cult of Osiris and divine couples), which became the platform for the evolution of the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods.
    [Show full text]