Ultiself Definitive Guide to Nootropics
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Nootropics: Boost Body and Brain? Report #2445
NOOTROPICS: BOOST BODY AND BRAIN? REPORT #2445 BACKGROUND: Nootropics were first discovered in 1960s, and were used to help people with motion sickness and then later were tested for memory enhancement. In 1971, the nootropic drug piracetam was studied to help improve memory. Romanian doctor Corneliu Giurgea was the one to coin the term for this drug: nootropics. His idea after testing piracetam was to use a Greek combination of “nous” meaning mind and “trepein” meaning to bend. Therefore the meaning is literally to bend the mind. Since then, studies on this drug have been done all around the world. One test in particular studied neuroprotective benefits with Alzheimer’s patients. More tests were done with analogues of piracetam and were equally upbeat. This is a small fraction of nootropic drugs studied over the past decade. Studies were done first on animals and rats and later after results from toxicity reports, on willing humans. (Source: https://www.purenootropics.net/general-nootropics/history-of-nootropics/) A COGNITIVE EDGE: Many decades of tests have convinced some people of how important the drugs can be for people who want an enhancement in life. These neuro-enhancing drugs are being used more and more in the modern world. Nootropics come in many forms and the main one is caffeine. Caffeine reduces physical fatigue by stimulating the body’s metabolism. The molecules can pass through the blood brain barrier to affect the neurotransmitters that play a role in inhibition. These molecule messengers can produce muscle relaxation, stress reduction, and onset of sleep. Caffeine is great for short–term focus and alertness, but piracetam is shown to work for long-term memory. -
Can PDE Inhibition Improve Cognition? : Translational Insights
Can PDE inhibition improve cognition? : Translational insights Citation for published version (APA): Reneerkens, O. A. H. (2013). Can PDE inhibition improve cognition? : Translational insights. Maastricht University. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20130418or Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2013 DOI: 10.26481/dis.20130418or Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.umlib.nl/taverne-license Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. -
Transcript of “Hacking Your Ph, LED Lighting, and Smart Drugs with Steve Fowkes Part 2”
Transcript of “Hacking Your pH, LED Lighting, and Smart Drugs with Steve Fowkes Part 2” Bulletproof Radio podcast #95 © The Bulletproof Executive 2013 Bulletproof Toolbox Podcast #95, Steve Fowkes Warning and Disclaimer The statements in this report have not been evaluated by the FDA (U.S. Food & Drug Administration). Information provided here and products sold on bulletproofexec.com and/or upgradedself.com and/or betterbabybook.com are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The information provided by these sites and/or by this report is not a substitute for a face-to-face consultation with your physician, and should not be construed as medical advice of any sort. It is a list of resources for further self-research and work with your physician. We certify that at least one statement on the above-mentioned web sites and/or in this report is wrong. By using any of this information, or reading it, you are accepting responsibility for your own health and health decisions and expressly release The Bulletproof Executive and its employees, partners, and vendors from from any and all liability whatsoever, including that arising from negligence. Do not run with scissors. Hot drinks may be hot and burn you. If you do not agree to the above conditions, please do not read further and delete this document. 2 Bulletproof Toolbox Podcast #95, Steve Fowkes Dave: Hey, everyone, Dave Asprey, Bulletproof Executive Radio. You’re listening to a special episode. If you caught the last one, in fact, if you’re haven’t caught the episode before this one, you need to go back and listen to it, because this is part two of my epic interview with Steve Fowkes who doesn’t like it when I call him a bio-hacking badass, even though that's what he is. -
Recent Molecular Enhancement Influenced by Natural Nootropic
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2016, Article ID 4391375, 12 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4391375 Review Article Establishing Natural Nootropics: Recent Molecular Enhancement Influenced by Natural Nootropic Noor Azuin Suliman,1 Che Norma Mat Taib,1 Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas,1 Mohd Ilham Adenan,2 Mohamad Taufik Hidayat Baharuldin,1 and Rusliza Basir1 1 DepartmentofHumanAnatomy,FacultyofMedicineandHealthSciences,UniversitiPutraMalaysia,43400Serdang,Malaysia 2Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Aras 9 Bangunan FF3, UiTM Puncak Alam, Bandar Baru Puncak Alam, 42300 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to Che Norma Mat Taib; [email protected] Received 31 May 2016; Accepted 18 July 2016 Academic Editor: Manel Santafe Copyright © 2016 Noor Azuin Suliman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Nootropics or smart drugs are well-known compounds or supplements that enhance the cognitive performance. They work by increasing the mental function such as memory, creativity, motivation, and attention. Recent researches were focused on establishing a new potential nootropic derived from synthetic and natural products. The influence of nootropic in the brain has been studied widely. The nootropic affects the brain performances through number of mechanisms or pathways, for example, dopaminergic pathway. Previous researches have reported the influence of nootropics on treating memory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases. Those disorders are observed to impair the same pathways of the nootropics. -
The Use and Impact of Cognitive Enhancers Among University Students: a Systematic Review
brain sciences Systematic Review The Use and Impact of Cognitive Enhancers among University Students: A Systematic Review Safia Sharif 1 , Amira Guirguis 1,2,* , Suzanne Fergus 1,* and Fabrizio Schifano 1 1 Psychopharmacology, Substance Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (F.S.) 2 Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (S.F.) Abstract: Introduction: Cognitive enhancers (CEs), also known as “smart drugs”, “study aids” or “nootropics” are a cause of concern. Recent research studies investigated the use of CEs being taken as study aids by university students. This manuscript provides an overview of popular CEs, focusing on a range of drugs/substances (e.g., prescription CEs including amphetamine salt mixtures, methylphenidate, modafinil and piracetam; and non-prescription CEs including caffeine, cobalamin (vitamin B12), guarana, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and vinpocetine) that have emerged as being misused. The diverted non-prescription use of these molecules and the related potential for dependence and/or addiction is being reported. It has been demonstrated that healthy students (i.e., those without any diagnosed mental disorders) are increasingly using drugs such as methylphenidate, a mixture of dextroamphetamine/amphetamine, and modafinil, for the purpose of increasing their alertness, concentration or memory. Aim: To investigate the level of knowledge, perception and impact of the use of a range of CEs within Higher Education Institutions. -
Design and Study of Piracetam-Like Nootropics, Controversial Members of the Problematic Class of Cognition-Enhancing Drugs
Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2002, 8, 125-138 125 Design and Study of Piracetam-like Nootropics, Controversial Members of the Problematic Class of Cognition-Enhancing Drugs Fulvio Gualtieri°*, Dina Manetti°, Maria Novella Romanelli° and Carla Ghelardini^ °Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita' di Firenze, Via G. Capponi 9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy ^Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universita' di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Firenze, Italy Abstract- Cognition enhancers are drugs able to facilitate attentional abilities and acquisition, storage and retrieval of information, and to attenuate the impairment of cognitive functions associated with head traumas, stroke, age and age-related pathologies. Development of cognition enhancers is still a difficult task because of complexity of the brain functions, poor predictivity of animal tests and lengthy and expensive clinical trials. After the early serendipitous discovery of first generation cognition enhancers, current research is based on a variety of working hypotheses, derived from the progress of knowledge in the neurobiopathology of cognitive processes. Among other classes of drugs, piracetam-like cognition enhancers (nootropics) have never reached general acceptance, in spite of their excellent tolerability and safety. In the present review, after a general discussion of the problems connected with the design and development of cognition enhancers, the class is examined in more detail. Reasons for the problems encountered by nootropics, compounds therapeutically available and those in development, their structure activity relationships and mechanisms of action are discussed. Recent developments which hopefully will lead to a revival of the class are reviewed. INTRODUCTION [3]. An extremely complicated neuronal network in the brain regulates the complex mechanism of learning and memory. -
Cognitive Enhancers
Cognitive enhancers Memory enhancers are often referred to as "smart drugs", "study drugs",[1] "smart nutrients", "cognitive enhancers", "brain enhancers" or in the scientific literature as nootropics.[2] They are drugs that are purported to improve human cognitive abilities.[3][4] The term covers a broad range of substances including drugs, nutrients and herbs with purported cognitive enhancing effects. The word nootropic was coined in 1964 by Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea, derived from the Greek words noos, or "mind," and tropein meaning "to bend/turn". Typically, nootropics are thought to work by altering the availability of the brain's supply of neurochemicals (neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones), by improving the brain's oxygen supply, or by stimulating nerve growth. However the efficacy of nootropic substances in most cases has not been conclusively determined. This is complicated by the difficulty of defining and quantifying cognition and intelligence. Contents 1 Availability 2 Examples 2.1 Stimulants 2.2 Replenishing and increasing neurotransmitters 2.2.1 Cholinergics 2.2.1.1 Piracetam 2.2.1.2 Aniracetam 2.2.1.3 Other cholinergics 2.2.1.4 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 2.2.2 Dopaminergics 2.2.3 Serotonergics 2.3 Anti-depression, adaptogenic (antistress), and mood stabilization 2.4 Brain function and improved oxygen supply 2.5 Purported memory enhancement and learning improvement 2.6 Nerve growth stimulation and brain cell protection 2.7 Recreational drugs with purported nootropic effects 2.8 Dietary nootropics 2.9 Other nootropics 2.9.1 Contentious or possibly unsafe nootropics 3 See also 3.1 Brain and neurology 3.2 Thought and thinking (what nootropics are used for) 3.3 Health 4 References 5 External links Availability Currently there are several drugs on the market that improve memory, concentration, planning and reduce impulsive behavior. -
The Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases II and IV As Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases II and IV as Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Kinga Sałaciak 1, Aleksandra Koszałka 1, Elzbieta˙ Zmudzka˙ 2 and Karolina Pytka 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (A.K.) 2 Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: CaMKII and CaMKIV are calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases playing a rudimentary role in many regulatory processes in the organism. These kinases attract increasing interest due to their involvement primarily in memory and plasticity and various cellular functions. Although CaMKII and CaMKIV are mostly recognized as the important cogs in a memory machine, little is known about their effect on mood and role in neuropsychiatric diseases etiology. Here, we aimed to review the structure and functions of CaMKII and CaMKIV, as well as how these kinases modulate the animals’ behavior to promote antidepressant-like, anxiolytic-like, and procognitive effects. The review will help in the understanding of the roles of the above kinases in the selected neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, and this knowledge can be used in future drug design. Citation: Sałaciak, K.; Koszałka, A.; Zmudzka,˙ E.; Pytka, K. The Keywords: CaMKII; CaMKIV; memory; depression; anxiety; animal studies Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases II and IV as Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int. J. 1. -
World of Cognitive Enhancers
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 September 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.546796 The Psychonauts’ World of Cognitive Enhancers Flavia Napoletano 1,2, Fabrizio Schifano 2*, John Martin Corkery 2, Amira Guirguis 2,3, Davide Arillotta 2,4, Caroline Zangani 2,5 and Alessandro Vento 6,7,8 1 Department of Mental Health, Homerton University Hospital, East London Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, 2 Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom, 3 Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 4 Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, 5 Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 6 Department of Mental Health, Addictions’ Observatory (ODDPSS), Rome, Italy, 7 Department of Mental Health, Guglielmo Marconi” University, Rome, Italy, 8 Department of Mental Health, ASL Roma 2, Rome, Italy Background: There is growing availability of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), including cognitive enhancers (CEs) which can be used in the treatment of certain mental health disorders. While treating cognitive deficit symptoms in neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders using CEs might have significant benefits for patients, the increasing recreational use of these substances by healthy individuals raises many clinical, medico-legal, and ethical issues. Moreover, it has become very challenging for clinicians to Edited by: keep up-to-date with CEs currently available as comprehensive official lists do not exist. Simona Pichini, Methods: Using a web crawler (NPSfinder®), the present study aimed at assessing National Institute of Health (ISS), Italy Reviewed by: psychonaut fora/platforms to better understand the online situation regarding CEs. -
9BT2018-MTI30.Pdf
UNIDAD ACADÉMICA DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD Y BIENESTAR CARRERA DE MEDICINA TRABAJO DE GRADUACIÓN PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE MÉDICO: “PREVALENCIA Y FACTORES ASOCIADOS AL CONSUMO DE MODAFINILO, DEXTROANFETAMINA Y METILFENIDATO EN ESTUDIANTES DE LAS FACULTADES DE MEDICINA DE LA CIUDAD DE CUENCA - 2018” AUTOR: MARIO FERNANDO FÁREZ BUENAÑO DIRECTOR: DRA. ROSA ELIZABETH SOLORZANO BERNITA ASESOR: LIC. CAREM FRANCELYS PRIETO FUENMAYOR CUENCA – ECUADOR 2018 Mario Fernando Fárez Buenaño 1 RESUMEN: Antecedentes: Desde 1960 se ha documentado el consumo de medicamentos psicoestimulantes, mismo que se ha incrementado últimamente. Por adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, especialmente estudiantes de nivel superior que utilizan estas sustancias con fines recreativos o para mejorar su desempeño académico. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de Modafinilo, Metilfenidato y Dextroanfetamina en estudiantes de las Facultades de Medicina de las Universidades de la Ciudad de Cuenca - 2018. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de cohorte transversal que abarcó 418 estudiantes de 18 – 25 años de las Facultades de Medicina de las Universidades de la ciudad de Cuenca -2018. Para el análisis se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS v. 24. La asociación estadística fue considerada con un índice de confiabilidad del 95%, con un valor estadístico de p<0.05. Resultados: La prevalencia del consumo corresponde al 3.88%, el fármaco más consumido es modafinilo 26.8%. Los factores asociados son: grupo étnico blanco OR: 3.64 (IC: 1.73-7.63, p: 0.00), o negro OR: 4.51 (IC: 1.14-17.73, p: 0.01), edad comprendida entre 22 – 25 años OR: 1.68 (IC: 1.10-2.57, p: 0.01), nivel socioeconómico alto OR:1.58 (IC: 1.01-2.49, p: 0.04), consumo de alcohol OR: 1.98 (IC: 1.00-3.90, p: 0.04), consumo de cannabis 4.54 (IC: 2.82-7.30, p: 0.00), tener amigos que consuman estos fármacos OR: 7.12 (IC: 4.34-11.68, p: 0.00). -
Sunifiram | Medchemexpress
Inhibitors Product Data Sheet Sunifiram • Agonists Cat. No.: HY-17550 CAS No.: 314728-85-3 Molecular Formula: C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₂ • Molecular Weight: 246.3 Screening Libraries Target: iGluR Pathway: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel; Neuronal Signaling Storage: 4°C, stored under nitrogen * In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen) SOLVENT & SOLUBILITY In Vitro H2O : 50 mg/mL (203.00 mM; Need ultrasonic) DMSO : ≥ 2.6 mg/mL (10.56 mM) * "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown. Mass Solvent 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg Concentration Preparing 1 mM 4.0601 mL 20.3004 mL 40.6009 mL Stock Solutions 5 mM 0.8120 mL 4.0601 mL 8.1202 mL 10 mM 0.4060 mL 2.0300 mL 4.0601 mL Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Description Sunifiram (DM-235) is a piperazine derived ampakine-like drug which has nootropic effects in animal studies with significantly higher potency than piracetam.IC50 value: Target: in vitro: DM 232 and DM 235 are novel antiamnesic compounds structurally related to ampakines. The involvement of AMPA receptors in the mechanism of action of DM 232 and DM 235 was, therefore, investigated in vivo and in vitro. Both compounds (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) were able to reverse the amnesia induced by the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (30 mg/kg i.p.) in the mouse passive avoidance test. At the effective doses, the investigated compounds did not impair motor coordination, as revealed by the rota rod test, nor modify spontaneous motility and inspection activity, as revealed by the hole board test [1]. -
Discovery of E1r: a Novel Positive Allosteric Modulator of Sigma-1 Receptor
Edijs Vāvers DISCOVERY OF E1R: A NOVEL POSITIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATOR OF SIGMA-1 RECEPTOR Doctoral Thesis for obtaining the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy Speciality − Pharmaceutical Pharmacology Scientific supervisor: Dr. pharm., Professor Maija Dambrova Riga, 2017 ANNOTATION Sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) is a new drug target. Notably, the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology included Sig1R in its list of receptors only in 2013. It is believed that Sig1R ligands are potential novel drug candidates for the treatment of central and peripheral nervous system diseases. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the pharmacological activity of novel Sig1R ligands and to search for their possible clinical applications. Methylphenylpiracetam (2-(5-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-acetamide) was synthesised in the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis. There are two chiral centres in the molecular structure of methylphenylpiracetam; therefore, it is possible to isolate four individual stereoisomers, which are denoted E1R, T1R, E1S and T1S. The activity of E1R was profiled using commercially available screening assays, which showed that the compound selectively modulates Sig1R activity but does not affect the other investigated neuronal receptors and ion channels. The following detailed in vitro studies, in which more selective Sig1R ligands were used, provided solid evidence that E1R is a positive allosteric modulator of Sig1R. It was found that the enantiomers with the R-configuration at the C-4 chiral centre in the 2-pyrrolidone ring (E1R and T1R) are more effective positive allosteric modulators of Sig1R than their optical antipodes. Since Sig1R agonists demonstrate neuroprotective properties and are effective in the treatment of cognitive disorders of various origins, the activity of E1R was tested in experimental models in vivo.