Article Composition and Specialization of the Lichen Functional Traits in a Primeval Forest—Does Ecosystem Organization Level Matter? Anna Łubek 1,*, Martin Kukwa 2 , Bogdan Jaroszewicz 3 and Patryk Czortek 3 1 Division of Environmental Biology, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, PL-25-406 Kielce, Poland 2 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gda´nsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gda´nsk,Poland;
[email protected] 3 Białowieza˙ Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Sportowa 19, PL-17-230 Białowieza,˙ Poland;
[email protected] (B.J.);
[email protected] (P.C.) * Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract: Current trends emphasize the importance of the examination of the functional composition of lichens, which may provide information on the species realized niche diversity and community assembly processes, thus enabling one to understand the specific adaptations of lichens and their interaction with the environment. We analyzed the distribution and specialization of diverse mor- phological, anatomical and chemical (lichen secondary metabolites) traits in lichen communities in a close-to-natural forest of lowland Europe. We considered these traits in relation to three levels of forest ecosystem organization: forest communities, phorophyte species and substrates, in order to recognize the specialization of functional traits to different levels of the forest complexity. Traits related to the sexual reproduction of mycobionts (i.e., ascomata types: lecanoroid apothecia, lecideoid Citation: Łubek, A.; Kukwa, M.; apothecia, arthonioid apothecia, lirellate apothecia, stalked apothecia and perithecia) and asexual Jaroszewicz, B.; Czortek, P.