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Keanekaragaman Jamur Basidiomycota Di Hutan

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Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan Vol.11, No.2 Juli 2016 KEANEKARAGAMAN JAMUR BASIDIOMYCOTA DI HUTAN TROPIS DATARAN RENDAH SUMATERA, INDONESIA (Studi Kasus di Arboretum Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lancang Kuning Pekanbaru) Tri Roh Wahyudi1, Sri Rahayu P2, Azwin2 1 Mahasiswa Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lancang Kuning 2 Staf Pengajar Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lancang Kuning Jln. Yos Sudarso Km. 8 Rumbai Pekanbaru Riau Email : [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT Tropical rain forest is one type of forest ecosystem that dominated most of Sumatra areal. Arboretum of Faculty of forestry, Lancang Kuning University is the one of tropical rain forest which the environment becomes a place or habitat for living things. This study aims to describe the various of fungi Basidiomycota. This study was going on May – June 2016. The making technique of data by exkplore an arboretum area to straight saw the fungi. The data collected were characteristic of fungi by morphology and detail pictue to indentification. The result shows that there are 25 species include in 12 families. Species that is Auricularia auricula, Schyzophylum commune, Ramariopsis kunzei, Agaricus crocopeplus, Lepiota sp, Lycoperdon Pyriforme, Crepidotus sp, Mycena incata, Mycena sp, Marasmieullus candidus, Marasmius andracaceus, Marasmius elegan, Marasmius sp1, Marasmius sp2, Collybia sp, Polyporus sp, Lignosus rhinocerus, Ganoderma aplanatum, Ganoderma sp, Fomitopsis cajanderi, Fomitopsis finicola, Grivola Frondosa, Grivola sp, Coltricia perennis dan Coltricia cinamomea. The number of fungi order were 5 (five) that could be Auriculateales, Aphylloporales, Agaricales, Polyporales and Hymenochaetales. Keywords : Basidiomycota, species, the tropical rain forest PENDAHULUAN fauna termasuk jamur dimana Indonesia memiliki hutan hujan keanekaragaman jamur menempati tropis terluas ketiga setelah Brazil dan urutan ke 2 setelah serangga. Jumlah Kongo mulai dari ekosistem pantai, spesies jamur yang telah ditemukan dataran rendah sampai dengan dataran sebanyak ± 69.000 dari perkiraan tinggi atau pegunungan. Hutan hujan 1.500.000 spesies jamur di dunia. tropis merupakan tempat tinggal bagi Mengingat lingkungan hutan yang keanekaragaman spesies flora dan lembab dan suhu tropis yang 98 Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan Vol.11, No.2 Juli 2016 mendukung pertumbuhan jamur, maka alam dapat terus berlangsung. Sejumlah dapat dipastikan bahwa Indonesia 200.000 spesies dari 1,5 juta spesies mempunyai keanekaragaman jamur jamur diperkirakan ditemukan di yang sangat tinggi. Indonesia, dimana hingga saat ini belum Jamur banyak ditemukan pada ada data pasti mengenai jumlah spesies musim penghujan pada kayu lapuk, jamur tersebut, yang telah berhasil seresah maupun menjadi parasit pada diidentifikasi, dimanfaatkan, ataupun tumbuhan yang masih hidup. Dari yang telah punah akibat ulah manusia sisi ekologi, jamur di dalam hutan (Gandjar et al., 2006 dalam Hayati berperan sebagai dekomposer (saprofit) 2013). bersama dengan bakteri dan beberapa Jamur Basidiomycota adalah spesies protozoa, sehingga banyak jamur yang dapat dilihat secara kasat membantu proses dekomposisi bahan mata karena ukuran basidiokarpnya organik untuk mempercepat siklus materi (tubuh buah) yang besar. Basidiomycota dalam ekosistem hutan. Dengan merupakan jenis jamur dengan demikian, jamur ikut membantu basidiokarp yang tumbuh dalam aneka menyuburkan tanah melalui penyediaan bentuk, warna dan ukuran. Dari aneka nutrisi bagi tumbuhan sehingga hutan jamur Basidiomycota yang dapat tumbuh dengan subur (Suharna, 1993 ditemukan ada yang menguntungkan dalam Tampubolon 2010). Beberapa dan ada yang merugikan bagi manusia. jenis jamur Basidiomycota juga hidup Beberapa contoh jamur yang bersimbiosis dengan akar tumbuhan menguntungkan seperti Volvariella membentuk mikoriza yang berperan volvaceae (jamur merang), Auricularia dalam membantu pertumbuhan tanaman auricula (jamur kuping), dan (Hiola, 2011). Jamur, khususnya Schleroderma citrinum dimana jamur kelompok Basidiomycota, merupakan tersebut dibudidayakan dan kelompok utama organisme dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan makanan pendegradasi lignoselulosa karena dan obat-obatan. Sedangkan contoh mampu menghasilkan enzim-enzim jamur yang merugikan manusia salah pendegradasi lignoselulosa seperti satunya adalah Amanita sp, karena selulase, ligninase, dan hemiselulase menghasilkan racun sehingga dapat (Munir, 2006), sehingga siklus materi di 99 Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan Vol.11, No.2 Juli 2016 menyebabkan keracunan bagi yang METODE PENELITIAN memakannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan di hutan Arboretum Fakultas Kehutanan hujan tropis dataran rendah yang Universitas Lancang Kuning lokasinya berada di arboretum Fakultas merupakan hutan milik Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lancang Kuning Kehutanan, Universitas Lancang Kuning. Pekanbaru, Riau pada bulan Mei - Juni Luas arboretum ± 9.3 ha, dengan suhu 2016. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran udara rata-rata 25-26°C, kelembaban faktor lingkungan, pH tanah 5,6 sd 6,5 udara rata-rata ± 80-90%, dan pH tanah dengan suhu rata-rata 32-32°C, 5.4 – 6.6, ketebalan serasah berkisar kelembaban 74-87% dan intensitas antara 0-23 cm. Lokasi arboretum cahaya 165 sd 933 lux atau 8-47%. terletak pada ketinggian 19-29 m dpl Alat-alat yang di gunakan dalam dengan ketinggian rata-rata 24 m dpl penelitian ini adalah GPS (Global dengan topografi datar dan berbukit dan Positioning System), termohigrometer, tergenang air di beberapa daerah luxmeter, pH meter, kamera digital, (Anggraini, 2007). Kondisi lingkungan meteran, alat tulis menulis, kotak sampel arboretum tersebut sangat mendukung dan oven. Bahan yang digunakan untuk pertumbuhan jamur terutama adalah jamur Basidiomycota, alkohol jamur Basidiomycota karena jamur dapat 70% dan tally sheet. tumbuh dengan pH optimum antara 5,5- Metode yang digunakan adalah 7,5 dan kelembaban relatif sebesar 80- metode jelajah (Cruise method) dengan 90% (Gunawan, 2001 dalam Syafrizal, menyusuri lokasi penelitian, dan 2014). Saat ini, Fakultas mengambil specimen jamur di kawasan Kehutanan Universitas Lancang Kuning Arboretum. Jamur yang ditemukan sedang mengumpulkan data flora, fauna disetiap titik pengamatan dicatat ciri-ciri termasuk keanekaragaman jamur yang morfologinya (ukuran, warna, bentuk ada di arboretum. Tujuan dari penelitian dan habitat) dan jumlah individu spesies. ini adalah memberikan informasi tentang Pengkoleksian dilakukan terhadap potensi jamur Basidiomycota di spesies jamur yang telah teridentifikasi arboretum tersebut. di lapangan maupun yang belum teridentifikasi guna pengamatan lebih lanjut. Identifikasi jamur Basidiomycota 100 Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan Vol.11, No.2 Juli 2016 dilakukan menggunakan beberapa buku identifikasi jamur dan berdasarkan jurnal HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN hasil penelitian mengenai jamur : Hasil Alexopoulos (1952), Hall et al. (2003), Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang David L Largent (1973), Tampubolon telah dilakukan dikawasan arboretum (2010), Zoberi (1972) dan Dwidjoseputro Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas (1978). Lancang Kuning ditemukan 25 jenis Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis jamur Basidiomycota. Ordo Agaricales kualitatif berdasarkan ciri-ciri morfologi merupakan kelompok yang jamur Basidiomycota yaitu ukuran mendominasi dalam lokasi penelitian, basidiokarp (tubuh), warna basidiokarp, karena jumlah famili dan spesiesnya bentuk basidiokarp yang meliputi tudung paling banyak ditemukan dalam (pileus), mangkok (volva), tangkai penelitian ini . Famili dari ordo (stipe), cincin (annulus), himenium, bilah Agaricales famili yang mendominasi (lamella), pola koloni atau soliter dan kelompok jamur Basidiomycota. juga habitat (tanah/serasah, kayu mati dan pohon hidup). Tabel 1. Jamur Basidiomycota yang ditemukan di arboretum Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lancang Kuning No Ordo Famili Genus Spesies 1 Auriculareales Auriculariaceae Auricularia Auricularia auricula 2 Aphylloporales Schizophylaceae Auricularia Schyzophylum commune Clavariaceae Ramariopsis Ramariopsis kunzei Agaricus Agaricus crocopeplus Agaricaceae Lepiota Lepiota sp Lycoperdon Lycoperdon pyriforme Crepidotaceae Crepidotus Crepidotus sp Mycena Mycena incata Mycenaceae 3 Agaricales Mycena Mycena sp Marasmius Marasmius candidus Marasmius Marasmius andrasaceus Marasmiaceae Marasmius Marasmius elegans Marasmius Marasmius sp1 Marasmius Marasmius sp2 Tricholomataceae Collybia Collybia sp Polyporus Polyporus sp Lignosus Lignosus rhinocerus Polyporaceae Ganoderma Ganoderma apllanatum Ganoderma Ganoderma sp 4 Polyporales Fomitopsis Fomitopsis cajanderi Fomitopsidae Fomitopsis Fomitopsis finicola Grivola Grivola frondosa Meripilaceae Grivola Grivola sp 101 Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan Vol.11, No.2 Juli 2016 Coltricia Coltricia perennis 5 Hymenochaetales Hymenochaetaceae Coltricia Coltricia cinamomea Deskripsi jenis jamur Basidiomycota Kehutanan Universitas Lancang Kuning yang ditemukan di Arboretum Fakultas dapat dilihat pada tabel 2 berikut : Tabel 2. Deskripsi jenis-jenis jamur Basidiomycota yang ditemukan di arboretum Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lancang Kuning. 1. Auricularia auricula Deskripsi: Letak tubuh buah pileus pada posisi lateral, tubuh buah seperti jelly, permukaan berlekuk - lekuk dan licin dengan tepi tubuh buah yang licin smooth, berbentuk cekung, berwarna kuning - coklat, berdiameter 2-2,5 cm dan pangkal tubuh buah langsung melekat pada substrat dan tipe akar semu rhizoid. Habitat: Tumbuh berkoloni pada batang kayu lapuk/mati. Edibilitas: Dapat dikonsumsi sebagai bahan makanan.
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