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490 – 449 BC Wars with Persia ancient – from the distant past modern- belonging to the present or recent times Battle of Marathon: famous Greek victory in war civilisation – a society or culture at a particular time in history 490BC with the Persians. Pheidippides is said to have philosophy – a study of the nature of knowledge and existence run from Athens to Sparta to fetch help. citizens – a person belonging to a particular city or country Battle of Thermopylae: King Leoidas and the 480BC democracy – government of a country by representatives elected by all of the people Spartans were defeated by the Persians. archaeology - the study of ancient civilizations by digging for the remains of their buildings, Battle of Salamis – a sea battle in which the tools etc. 480BC Greeks defeated the Persians under King myth – a story told to explain a natural or social phenomenon Xerxes by sinking 200 ships. legend – a traditional story sometimes thought to be historical 480 BC – 280 BC Classical Greece hoplite – foot soldier victory – a success won against an enemy in battle Peloponnesian War between Athens & Sparta. cavalry – soldiers on horseback Sparta won. The threat of invasion by a foreign 431 - 404 BC archers - soldiers fighting with bows and arrows enemy made the Greeks fight together. Their main enemy was Persia. crest – a design representing a family or organization oath – a solemn promise to do something debate - a formal discussion or argument worn by women himation – cloak ostracon – a broken piece of pottery used to write the names of people that one disliked who could be voted out of the city Archimedes – a mathematician and scientist Hippocrates – a scientist of medicine Use this knowledge organizer to Pythagoras – a famous scientist and philosopher Homer – Wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey become an expert in our topic! Socrates – Considered to be the founder of Western philosophy Herodotus – historian who chronicled the Persian wars Alexander the Great – created on of the largest empires of the ancient world which stretched from Greece to India Heracles – Zeus’ son who was a brave hero and could kill a lion with his bare hands Perseus – killed the monster Medusa Minoans – people from the island of Crete from 2000-1500BC Elysian Fields – Ancient Greek heaven Asphodel Meadows – Ancient Greek home for the dead who hadn’t been good or bad Tartarus – Ancient Greek hell The Iliad – an epic poem set during the Trojan War The Odyssey – a sequel to the Iliad telling the story of Odysseus’ journey home after the Trojan War Athens – between 500 and 400 BC Athens was the most important city in the world Knossos – the oldest city in Greece, located on the island of Crete, centre of the Minoan civilisation Sparta – city ruled by two kings Olympia – home to the ancient Olympic games Delphi – one of the holiest places in ancient Greece Acropolis – rocky hill in Athens where the city’s important temples were sited Mount Olympus – the ancient Greeks believed this was the home of the gods in a palace above the clouds ‘ Hera: Queen of the gods Hades: Ruler of the and wife of Zeus, goddess Athena: Goddess underworld, the of marriage and women of wisdom and Kingdom of the Dead war Zeus: King of the Poseidon: God of the Aphrodite: Goddess of love gods sea .

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Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
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War and Peace in Ancient and Medieval History
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WHI SOL 5 Ancient Greeks • The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization. • The expansion of Greek civilization through trade and colonization led to the spread of Hellenic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas. Locations and places • Aegean Sea • Balkan and Peloponnesus peninsula, Europe, Asia Minor • Mediterranean Sea • Black Sea, Dardanelles • Athens, Sparta, Troy • Macedonia Welcome to Greece! Economic and social development • Agriculture (limited arable land) • Commerce and the spread of Hellenic culture • Shift from barter to money economy (coins) Political development • Mountainous terrain both helped and hindered the development of city-states. • Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life. • Colonization was prompted by overpopulation and the search for arable land. Greek mythology • Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology. • Offered explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events • based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to culture, politics, and art in ancient Greece. Greek gods and goddesses • Zeus • Hera • Apollo • Artemis • Athena • Aphrodite • (Symbols and images in Western literature, art, and architecture) • Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen, although not everyone could participate in decision making. It became a foundation of modern democracies. • Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta (oligarchy). Social structure and citizenship in the Greek polis • Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in government. • Women and foreigners had no political rights.
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Bard College Bard Digital Commons Senior Projects Spring 2018 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2018 Victorious Athena: The Cult and The Temple of Athena Nike Brynlie-Sage Johnston Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2018 Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, and the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Johnston, Brynlie-Sage, "Victorious Athena: The Cult and The Temple of Athena Nike" (2018). Senior Projects Spring 2018. 229. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2018/229 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Victorious Athena: The Cult and The Temple of Athena Nike Senior Project Submitted to The Division of the Language & Literature of Bard College by Brynlie-Sage Johnston Annandale-on-Hudson, New York May 2018 2 Dedicated to the late Ralph Waynard Lowe. Thank you for introducing me to Greece. Peculiar travel suggestions are like dancing lessons from God.
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EYAL MEYER, Cimon's Eurymedon
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AMC 2016-2017 DCC Fellowship Paper
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