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Thesis Geology of the Desert Peak Geothermal Anomaly

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Thesis Geology of the Desert Peak Geothermal Anomaly Mines Library University of Nevada - Reno M|N1imii nm/ ° F N E V * D A. RENO Reno, Nevada 83557-0044 MINES LIBRARY 3 233 00303 6738 'THESIS 132 7- UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA G . X RENO GEOLOGY OF THE DESERT PEAK GEOTHERMAL ANOMALY CHURCHILL COUNTY, NEVADA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science in Geology by Mines Library University of Nevada - Reno Reno, Nevada 89557-0044 John Edward Hiner M a r c h 1979 The thesis of John Edward Hiner is approved: > .. Thesis Advisor De m T Graduate School University of Nevada Reno M a r c h 1979 i s * 11 acknowledgements I "ish to thank the following persons and institutions; Phillips Petroleum Company: for finaneia! aid and for access to temperature, geochemical, and geophysical data, aerial photography, rn-house reports, drillhole information, cuttings, cores, lithologic logs, and temperature profiles; Nevada Air National Guard- for inf™ . a • or infra-red imagery of the Hot Springs Mountains and small-scale standard aerial photography of the Desert Peak Geothermal field; Mackay School of Mines: Professors J. Lintz E R | p-ps uitz, t.K. Larson, and Dean A. Baker III, for encouragement, invaluable advice and f aavice, and time spent with - in the field and office; Dr. M. Campana, for advice and direction concerning hydrologic aspects of the area and critical review of the groundwater section; Nevada Bureau of Hines and Geology, Mr. E. Bingler, for advice on drafting technique, discussions on Miocene stratigraphy, and for thin sections of cuttings from wells 29-1, B21-1, and B21-2. «eep appreciation is extended to the Reno staff of Phillips Petro­ leum Company, particularly W.R. Benoit and R.T. Forest, who gave freely » their time and expertise, and provided useful advice, insight, on-the- ritique of my efforts, and critical review of the manuscript. Thanks are extended to Ms. S. Hughes, for aid and advice in drafting I am especially indebted to my wife, Shirley, who displayed saintly patience, gave me encouragement, and typed the manuscript. Ill ABSTRACT Field mapping in the northern Hot Springs Mountains, Churchill County, Nevada indicates that the intersection of N25E trending Basin and Range faults with an earlier N6QE trending fault zone corresponds with the location of the Desert Peak Geothermal Field. Uplift of the thermally anomalous area occurred twice, first along the N60E trending zone, probably in late Miocene, and again along N25E trending faults in the Pliocene. The two episodes of uplift brought Mesozoic greenstones which contain the geothermal reservoir close to the surface, thereby permitting detection and potential economic exploitation of the blind geothermal resource. Geology, water chemistry and groundwater patterns indicate that the Desert Peak Geothermal Field is structurally and hydrologically unrelated to the Brady's Hot Springs thermal anomaly, with the possible exception of a shared heat source„ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction and Purpose 1 Procedure 2 Location and Physical Features 4 Previous Work 7 Regional Geology 10 Rock Units 17 Mesozoic Rocks 19 Tertiary Rhyolites 23 Chloropagus Formation 27 Desert Peak Formation 32 Truckee Formation 35 Younger Volcanic Rocks 38 Tertiary Andesite 40 Desert Queen Intrusive 42 Quaternary Deposits 44 Structure of the Northern Hot Springs Mountains 46 Geologic History 55 Ore Deposits 57 Desert Peak Geothermal Field and Geologic Structure 59 Summary 74 Conclusions 76 References Cited 79 V FIGURES 1. Location Diagram 5 2. Regional Features 9 3. Batholith Distribution 11 4. Mesozoic Stratigraphy 21 5. Tertiary Rhyolite Stratigraphy 26 6. Chloropagus Formation 31 7. Desert Peak Formation 34 8. Truckee Formation 37 9. Simplified Structure Map 45 10. Drape Fold Origin 47 11. Rhombohedral Horst Formation 54 12. Characteristic Temperature Profiles 61 13. Groundwater Movement 64 14. Conceptual Model of Geothermal System 73 PLATES (IN POCKET) 1. Geology of the Northern Hot Springs Mountains 2. Cross-sections of Northern Hot Springs Mountains INTRODUCTION and PURPOSE In" 1976, Phillips Petroleum Company culminated a five year exploration effort by drilling a successful geothermal well in the northern part of the Hot Springs Mountains, northwestern Churchill County, Nevada. Exploration techniques consisted of shallow tempera­ ture-gradient holes (200-300 feet; 61-92 meters), deep stratigraphic tests (1000-2000 feet; 305-610 meters), followed by the geothermal deep test. Geochemistry, geophysics, and areal geology were not included in the exploration architecture. This thesis constitutes an effort to establish a relationship between surface rock distribution, geologic structure, and the localization of the geothermal reservoir. 2 PROCEDURE Field mapping began in November 1977. Forty-five man-days were spent mapping approximately 57 square miles (148 sq. km) in the northern Hot Springs Mountains. Data were recorded on USGS aerial photography * (series GS-EL, 1947: scale-1:43000). Information was then transferred by inspection to computer-corrected USGS 7.5" orthophotographic quad­ rangles: Two Tips NE, Soda Lake NW, Soda Lake NE, Fireball Ridge SE, Desert Peak SW, and Desert Peak SE (scale-1:24000), and then traced onto a mylar screen of the topography. The mylar of the topography is a magnification of four USGS 15' quadrangles: Desert Peak (1951), Fireball Ridge (1957), Soda Lake (1951), and Two Tips (1957). Geologic cross-sections were constructed utilizing the surface geology and information from Phillips stratigraphic test holes (here­ after referred to as strat. tests), and deep geothermal wells. Infra-red imagery of the northern Hot Springs Mountains was tone- correlated with surface ground temperatures by Dr. J. Lintz and me. Temperature measurements were made with an 18 inch (46 cm) mercury-in­ glass thermometer, and ground temperatures 12 inches (30 cm) below the surface were taken every 500 feet (150 m) along two traverses: one crossed the distinctly anomalous Brady's Thermal Fault Zone, and the other crossed the Desert Peak Geothermal Field. Geochemical and groundwater data were incorporated to define the hydrologic regime and groundwater flow systems. Geochemical data were * taken from in-house reports to Phillips Petroleum Company and consist of water analyses of thermal waters from drillholes and of available surface waters in the area. Water-level data were obtained from a 3 report by Olmstead and others (1975) on the Brady's Hot Springs System, and from Phillips Petroleum Company drillholes. Possible recharge rates, water needs, waste fluid reinjection, reservoir characteristics, and legal and institutional aspects of the geothermal discovery are beyond the scope of this paper, and therefore are not treated. Reconnaissance gravity and magnetic data gathered by Phillips Petroleum Company personnel, and an electrical resistivity study run by Geonomics, Inc. for Phillips provided generalized confirmation of major geologic aspects and were used to make a first approximation of basement tectonic trends. Thermal data from Phillips were utilized in the attempt to establish the relationship between geologic structure and the thermal anomaly. Fifty-eight rocks were thin sectioned and selected rock samples were stained for feldspar analysis. 4 LOCATION and PHYSICAL FEATURES The Hot Springs Mountains are located approximately 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Fernley, Nevada, in the northwestern corner of Churchill County, Nevada (figure 1). Brady's Hot Springs, a well- known rest stop during the westward migration, is located 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Desert Peak. The Desert Peak Geothermal Field is situated in the northern Hot Springs Mountains approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Desert Peak. The Hot Springs Mountains are a low range of northeast trending hills with generally subdued topography. Elevations vary from 4000 feet (1220 m) in the southwest portions to 5365 feet (1635 m) at Desert Peak. Present-day climate in the region is arid. Rainfall is estimated at 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm) per year (Harrill, 1970). Most of the precipitation is received during winter months, although occasional summer thunderstorms furnish small additional amounts., Rainfall records from nearby Fernley show a January average of .80 inches (2.1 cm), while the July average is .22 inches (.56 cm). Average January low temperatures are about 15°F (-9°C), and average July high temperatures are about 90°F (32°C). Temperatures can be extreme, however, and may vary between winter lows of -25°F (-33°C) and summer highs of 110°F (43°C)„ Vegetation is sparse but variable in response to soil conditions, water availability and quality, and altitude. A Basin Sage community dominates the higher elevations, giving way to Shadscale populations on alluvial fans and on the flats. Interestingly, surface geothermal manifestations are characterized by saltgrass (Distlichus stricta) and samphire (Salicornia rubra). A more complete inventory of present flora may be found in Axelrod (1956, p.93) 5 FIGURE 1. Location diagram There are no springs in the Hot Springs Mountains, and waters around and near the margins of the hills are moderately saline. This plus the sparse vegetative cover effectively limits animal life to a coyote and rabbit population, and substantial numbers of lizards, snakes, and rodents. The Hot Springs Mountains are accessible via Interstate Highway 80 on the west and Nevada State Highway 95 on the east. Numerous unpaved roads and jeep trails of fair to poor quality traverse the interior reaches of the northern Hot Springs Mountains and provide access to most of the area with four-wheel-drive vehicles. However, large portions of the Hot Springs Mountains are veneered by wind-blown sand, which can impede off-road travel in conventional two-wheel-drive. Also, mud can be a year-round problem in and near the playas around the Hot Springs Mountains. Land use is limited at present to cattle grazing and geothermal activities. Geothermal Food Processors Inc. recently commenced the world's first geothermal-powered food processing operation at Brady's Hot Springs.
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