The Nevada Mineral Industry-1993
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GEM FOCUS August 2020
GEM FOCUS August 2020 GOLDSTONE, SUNSTONE, AVENTURESCENCE; A SPARKLING ENIGMA OF CENTURIES... emstones with unusual optical effects are know as sunstone feldspar today. Goldstone is cre - defined as phenomenal gems. Their unusual ated by mixing microscopic copper platelets into Geffect can designate a variety within a molten glass. The sheen and earthy color of this species and add value. i.e., star sapphire. Synthetic material was ideal for Italian mosaics and more counterparts or simulants are often seen, especially affordable jewelry, whereas much larger blocks when the natural counterpart is particularly valuable were used to create ornamental objects such as such as natural alexandrite and color change syn - snuff bottles, small bowls or carved figurines. A thetic sapphire. Aventurescence is a phenomenon common story to its origin purports that the Italian caused by light reflecting micro platelets in a gem glass producers discovered this particular effect by and is easily recognizable from the glittering sheen- accident, but when this was is not clear. Accounts like effect. While green mica crystals in quartz cre - of the first production date vary from one source to ates aventurine quartz, hematite and ilmenite crys - another and are stated as from 11th century to 13th tals create the same effect in sunstone feldspar. century. It is true that this rather attractive Murano glass with reddish brown speckles was a popular Out of all the phenomena seen in gems, aventures - and expensive glass production in Italy for many cence, especially the yellow-brown type, has been centuries but it is hard to believe that sunstone the subject of a long-standing discussion. -
Elko County Nevada Water Resource Management Plan 2017
Elko County Nevada Water Resource Management Plan 2017 Echo Lake - Ruby Mountains Elko County Board of Commissioners Elko County Natural Resource Management Advisory Commission December 6, 2017 Executive Summary The Elko County Water Resource Management Plan has been prepared to guide the development, management and use of water resources in conjunction with land use management over the next twenty-five (25) years. Use by decision makers of information contained within this plan will help to ensure that the environment of the County is sustained while at the same time enabling the expansion and diversification of the local economy. Implementation of the Elko County Water Resource Management Plan will assist in maintaining the quality of life enjoyed by residents and visitors of Elko County now and in the future. Achievement of goals outlined in the plan will result in water resources found within Elko County being utilized in a manner beneficial to the residents of Elko County and the State of Nevada. The State of Nevada Water Plan represents that Elko County will endure a loss of population and agricultural lands over the next twenty-five years. Land use and development patterns prepared by Elko County do not agree with this estimated substantial loss of population and agricultural lands. The trends show that agricultural uses in Elko County are stable with minimal notable losses each year. Development patterns represent that private lands that are not currently utilized for agricultural are being developed in cooperation and conjunction with agricultural uses. In 2007, Elko County was the largest water user in the State of Nevada. -
NUREG-1710 Vol 1 History of Water
NUREG-1710 Vol. 1 History of Water Development in the Amargosa Desert Area: A Literature Review i I I I I I I I U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste Washington, DC 20555-0001 AVAILABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS IN NRC PUBLICATIONS 7 NRC Reference Material Non-NRC Reference Material As of November 1999, you may electronically access Documents available from public and special technical NUREG-series publications and other NRC records at libraries include all open literature items, such as NRC's Public Electronic Reading Room at books, journal articles, and transactions, Federal http://www.nrc.pov/reading-rm.html. Register notices, Federal and State legislation, and Publicly released records include, to name a few, congressional reports. Such documents as theses, NUREG-series publications; Federal Register notices; dissertations, foreign reports and translations, and applicant, licensee, and vendor documents and non-NRC conference proceedings may be purchased correspondence; NRC correspondence and internal from their sponsoring organization. memoranda; bulletins and information notices; inspection and investigative reports; licensee event reports; and Commission papers and their attachments. Copies of industry codes and standards used in a substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process are NRC publications in the NUREG series, NRC maintained at- regulations, and Title 10, Energy, in the Code of The NRC Technical Library Federal Regulations may also be purchased from one Two White Flint North of these two sources. 11545 Rockville Pike 1. The Superintendent of Documents Rockville, MD 20852-2738 U.S. Government Printing Office Mail Stop SSOP Washington, DC 20402-0001 These standards are available in the library for Intemet: bookstore.gpo.gov reference use by the public. -
Spatially-Explicit Modeling of Modern and Pleistocene Runoff and Lake Extent in the Great Basin Region, Western United States
Spatially-explicit modeling of modern and Pleistocene runoff and lake extent in the Great Basin region, western United States Yo Matsubara1 Alan D. Howard1 1Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia P.O. Box 400123 Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123 Abstract A spatially-explicit hydrological model balancing yearly precipitation and evaporation is applied to the Great Basin Region of the southwestern United States to predict runoff magnitude and lake distribution during present and Pleistocene climatic conditions. The model iteratively routes runoff through, and evaporation from, depressions to find a steady state solution. The model is calibrated with spatially-explicit annual precipitation estimates and compiled data on pan evaporation, mean annual temperature, and total yearly runoff from stations. The predicted lake distribution provides a close match to present-day lakes. For the last glacial maximum the sizes of lakes Bonneville and Lahontan were well predicted by linear combinations of decrease in mean annual temperature from 0 to 6 °C and increases in precipitation from 0.8 to 1.9 times modern values. Estimated runoff depths were about 1.2 to 4.0 times the present values and yearly evaporation about 0.3 to 1 times modern values. 2 1. Introduction The Great Basin of the southwestern United States in the Basin and Range physiographic province contains enclosed basins featuring perennial and ephemeral lakes, playas and salt pans (Fig. 1). The Great Basin consists of the entire state of Nevada, western Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming. At present it supports an extremely dry, desert environment; however, about 40 lakes (some reaching the size of present day Great Lakes) episodically occupied the Great Basin, most recently during the last glacial maximum (LGM) [Snyder and Langbein, 1962; Hostetler et al., 1994; Madsen et al., 2001]. -
Got a Pocket Full of Sunstone? Maybe Think Twice
Page 1 of 5 Got a pocket full of Sunstone? Maybe think twice Sunstone falls part of the Feldspar The larger and more abundant the mineral group. It is known for inclusions are, the more exhibiting what is called “Aventurescent” the stone will be “Aventurescence”. and the deeper the golden colour will appear. There are also transparent Sunstones from Oregon in the USA. They are often green and/or red in colour, with small copper inclusions (often in “streams”) creating a Aventurescence is a type of “Schiller” effect. iridescence (a play-of-colour) that is caused by the reflection of small, thin and platy inclusions - copper, goethite and/or hematite in the case of Sunstone - that are spread in a parallel orientation through the gem. This causes interference of light between the layers of platelets which creates the glittery sheen associated with Sunstone (see image on the above right). Kaylan Khourie, FGA All rights reserved. 08/09/2019 Page 2 of 5 Sunstone falls into three species Sunstone can fall into three species of the Feldspar group: Orthoclase, Oligoclase and Labradorite (this is also into where the Oregon material falls). Orthoclase falls under the “Alkali Feldspar” category whereas Oligoclase and Labradorite fall under the “Plagioclase Feldspar” category. Below is a table of each species of Sunstone and some of their properties: Specific Refractive Species Chemical Composition Birefringence Gravity Index Orthoclase KAlSi₃O₈ 2.58 1.518 - 1.526 0.005 -0.008 Solid solution between Oligoclase 2.65 1.539 - 1.547 0.007 - 0.010 NaAlSi₃O₈ and CaAlSi₂O₈ Solid solution between Labradorite 2.70 1.559 - 1.568 0.007 - 0.010 NaAlSi₃O₈ and CaAlSi₂O₈ ↳ Oregon Solid solution between 2.67 - 2.72 1.563 - 1.572 0.009 material NaAlSi₃O₈ and CaAlSi₂O₈ However, the gems being marketed as “Sunstone” are almost always pieces of man-made glass containing an abundance of tiny copper inclusions. -
Lemhi County, Idaho
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR BUIJLETIN 528 GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS 1 OF LEMHI COUNTY, IDAHO BY JOSEPH B. UMPLEBY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1913 CONTENTS. Page. Outline of report.......................................................... 11 Introduction.............................................................. 15 Scope of report......................................................... 15 Field work and acknowledgments...................................... 15 Early work............................................................ 16 Geography. .........> ....................................................... 17 Situation and access.........................--.-----------.-..--...-.. 17 Climate, vegetation, and animal life....................----.-----.....- 19 Mining................................................................ 20 General conditions.......... 1..................................... 20 History..............................-..............-..........:... 20 Production.................................,.........'.............. 21 Physiography.............................................................. 22 Existing topography.................................................... 22 Physiographic development............................................. 23 General features...............................................'.... 23 Erosion surface.................................................... 25 Correlation............. 1.......................................... -
COBALT GLASS AS a LAPIS LAZULI IMITATION by George Bosshart
COBALT GLASS AS A LAPIS LAZULI IMITATION By George Bosshart A ~lecl<laceof round beads offered as "blue quartz from India" was analyzed by gemological and addition~~l advanced techniques. The violet-blue ornamental material, which resembled fine-q~ralitylapis lazuli, turned OLJ~LO be a nontransparent cobalt glass, unlil<e any glass observed before as a gem substit~zte.The characteristic color irregularities of lapis (whjtein blue) had been imjtated by white crystdlites of low- crjstobalite .ir~cludeclin the deep blue glass. The gemological world is accustomed to seeing gemstones from new localities, as well as new or improved synthetic crystals. With this in mind, it is not surprising that novel gem imitations are also encountered. One recent example is 'lopalitellla 400 500 600 700 convincing yet inexpensive plastic imitation of Wavelength A (nm) white opal manufactured in Japan. This article de- scribes another gem substitute that recently ap- Figure 1. Absorptio~ispectrum of a cobalt glass peared in the inarlzetplace. imitating lapis lazuli recorded ~hrougha chjp of Hearing of an "intense blue quartz from India1' approximately 2.44 inm thickness in the range of was intriguing enough to arouse the author's sus- 820 nm 10 300 nm, ot room temperature (Pye picion when a neclzlace of spherical opaque Ui7jcam SP8-100 Spectrophotometer). violet-blue 8-mm beads was submitted to the SSEF laboratory for identification. Because blue quartz in nature is normally gray-blue as a result of the refractive index of the tested material (1.508)does presence of Ti02(Deer et al.! 1975! p. 2071 or tour- not differ marlzedly from that of lapis (approxi- maline fibers (Stalder) 1967)! this particular iden- mately 1.50)/ its specific gravity of 2.453 is tification could be immediately rejected. -
The Nevada Mineral Industry 1999
Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication MI-1999 Metals Industrial Minerals The Nevada Oil and Gas Mineral Industry Geothermal 1999 Exploration Development Mining Processing This report, twenty-first of an annual series, describes 1999 mineral, oil and gas, and geothermal activities and accomplishments in Nevada: production statistics, exploration and development including drilling for petroleum and geothermal resources, discoveries of orebodies, new mines opened, and expansion and other activities of existing mines. Statistics of known gold and silver deposits, and directories of mines and mills are included. Mackay School of Mines UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA RENO University and Community College System of Nevada 2000 Board of Regents Thalia Dondero, Chair Mark Alden David L. Phillips Jill Derby Howard Rosenberg Dorothy Gallagher Douglas Seastrand Douglas R. Hill Steve Sisolak Thomas E. Kirkpatrick Tom Weisner Jane Nichols, Interim Chancellor University of Nevada, Reno Joseph N. Crowley, President Mackay School of Mines Jane C.S. Long, Dean Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Jonathan G. Price, Director/State Geologist Scientific Research Staff Research and Administrative Support Staff Economic Geology Administration and Publication Sales Stephen B. Castor, Research Geologist Terri M. Garside, Executive Secretary John W. Erwin, Geophysicist (Emeritus) Cheryl Steed, Management Assistant Liang-Chi Hsu, Research Mineralogist (Emeritus) Charlotte Stock, Sales Manager Daphne D. LaPointe, Research Geologist Analytical Laboratory, Sample Curation, and Keith Papke, Industrial Minerals Geologist (Emeritus) Geologic Information Joseph V. Tingley, Research Geologist David Davis, Geologic Information Specialist Engineering Geology Paul J. Lechler, Chief Chemist/Geochemist John W. Bell, Research Engineering Geologist Mario Desilets, Chemist/Quality Assurance Officer Geoffrey Blewitt, Research Professor Bret Pecoraro, Laboratory Assistant Craig M. -
National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form
NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. ___X___ New Submission ________ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Lincoln Highway – Pioneer Branch, Carson City to Stateline, Nevada B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) Early Trails and Overland Routes, 1840’s-1863 Early Road Development in Nevada, 1865-1920’s Establishment of the Lincoln Highway and the Pioneer Branch, 1910-1913 Evolution of the Lincoln Highway and the Pioneer Branch, 1914-1957 C. Form Prepared by: name/title Chad Moffett, Dianna Litvak, Liz Boyer, Timothy Smith organization Mead & Hunt, Inc. street & number 180 Promenade Circle, Suite 240 city or town Sacramento state CA zip code 95834 e-mail [email protected] telephone 916-971-3961 date January 2018 D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR 60 and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. -
A Fundamental Study of Copper and Cyanide Recovery from Gold Tailings by Sulfidisation
Western Australian School of Mines Department of Metallurgical and Minerals Engineering A Fundamental Study of Copper and Cyanide Recovery from Gold Tailings by Sulfidisation Andrew Murray Simons This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University June 2015 STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Andrew Murray Simons i ABSTRACT Cyanide soluble copper in gold ores causes numerous problems for gold producers. This includes increased costs from high cyanide consumption and a requirement to destroy cyanide in the tailings before discharge into a tailings storage facility. Over recent years a cyanide recycling process known as SART (sulfidisation, acidification, recycle, and thickening) has gained attention as a method to remediate the increased costs and potential environmental impact caused by using cyanidation to process copper bearing gold ores. While sulfidisation processes, such as SART, have been demonstrated within the laboratory to be effective, there are several gold processing operations using sulfidisation which report high sulfide consumption compared to the expected reaction stoichiometry. Further to this problem, there is a lack of fundamental studies of sulfidisation of cyanide solutions resulting in a poor understanding of how various process variables impact the process. This thesis details work on sulfidisation of copper cyanide solutions to systematically determine the impact of process variables and impurities on the SART process. -
The Victory Highway in Nevada MPDF
NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. ___X___ New Submission ________ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing The Victory Highway in Nevada B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) The Victory Highway, Statewide, 1921-1926 Victory Highway/US 40 and National Numbered Highway System, Statewide, 1927-1939 C. Form Prepared by: Name/Title Alex Borger, Liz Boyer, Chad Moffett and Timothy Smith Cultural Resources Specialists Organization Mead & Hunt, Inc. Street & Number 180 Promenade Circle, Suite 240 City or Town Sacramento State CA Zip Code 95834 Email [email protected] Telephone 916-971-3961 Date April 2020 D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR 60 and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. _______________________________ _Nevada SHPO____________ ________________ Signature of Certifying Official Title Date _Nevada State Historic Preservation Office____________ State or Federal Agency or Tribal Government I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. -
Glossary of Jewellery Making and Beading Terms
Glossary of Jewellery Making and Beading Terms A jewellery glossary of beading terms and jewellery making terminology combining clear images with easy to understand dictionary like definitions. This bead glossary also provides links to more in depth content and bead resources. It can be used as a beading A to Z reference guide to dip into as needed, or as a beading and jewellery glossary for beginners to help broaden beading and jewellery making knowledge. It is particularly effective when used alongside our Beading Guides, Histories, Theories and Tutorials, or in conjunction with our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary and Venetian Glass Making Glossary. A ABALONE These edible sea creatures are members of a large class of molluscs that have one piece shells with an iridescent interior. These shells have a low and open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell’s outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of a dichroic substance called nacre or mother-of-pearl, which in many species is highly iridescent, giving rise to a range of strong and changeable colors, making it ideal for jewellery and other decorative objects. Iridescent nacre varies in colour from silvery white, to pink, red and green- red, through to deep blues, greens, and purples. Read more in our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary. Above are examples of Paua and Red Abalone. ACCENT BEAD Similar in purpose to a Focal Bead, this is a bead that forms the focus for a piece of jewellery, but on this occasion rather then through its size, it is usually through contrast.