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V. Yüzyillarda Pamphylia Kentlerindeki Toplumsal Değişimler

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V. Yüzyillarda Pamphylia Kentlerindeki Toplumsal Değişimler AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Yasemin AKIN İS. III. – V. YÜZYILLARDA PAMPHYLIA KENTLERİNDEKİ TOPLUMSAL DEĞİŞİMLER Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tez Antalya, 2012 AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Yasemin AKIN İS. III. – V. YÜZYILLARDA PAMPHYLIA KENTLERİNDEKİ TOPLUMSAL DEĞİŞİMLER Danışman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ebru Nuriye AKDOĞU ARCA Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Antalya, 2012 ἐννέα καὶ εἴκοσι ζωῆς ἀδελφῷ, εὐχαριστίας καὶ φιλοστοργίας ἕνεκα et Mea carissima magistra, tibi multas gratias ago propter benevolentiam tuam İ Ç İ N D E K İ L E R ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ ......................................................................................................... iii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................................ iv ÖZET .................................................................................................................................... v SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... vi G İ R İ Ş ................................................................................................................................ 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ROMA İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN İS. III. YÜZYILDAKİ SİYASİ DURUMU İKİNCİ BÖLÜM İS. III. - V. YÜZYILLARDA PAMPHYLIA 2.1 Pamphylia Coğrafyası ve Ekonomisine Genel Bakış .................................................... 14 2.2 İS. III. – V. Yüzyıllarda Pamphylia’da Gerçekleşen Tarihi Olaylar ............................. 25 2.3 İS. III. – V. Yüzyıllarda Pamphylia’da Gerçekleşen Siyasi Olaylar ............................. 32 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM PAMPHYLIA’NIN TOPLUMSAL DURUMU 3.1 Roma İmparatorluk Döneminde Pamphylia Toplumu (I–II. 2. yy) ............................... 40 3.2 İS. III.-V. Yüzyıllarda Pamphylia Toplumu .................................................................. 42 -Attaleia ................................................................................................................... 43 -Perge ....................................................................................................................... 45 -Sillyon ve Aspendos ............................................................................................... 47 -Side ......................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.1 III. Yüzyıl ve Sonrasında Euergesia ve Euergesia Sistemindeki Farklılaşmalar ..... 53 3.2.2 Mimari Faaliyetler .................................................................................................... 57 3.2.3 Dinsel Değişim ......................................................................................................... 63 3.2.1.1 Pagan Dinin Durumu ve Bayramlar ...................................................................... 64 -Bayramlar ............................................................................................................... 68 3.2.1.2 Hristiyanlığın Yayılışı ........................................................................................... 69 3.2.1.3 Yahudi İnancı ........................................................................................................ 72 ii DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM TESTIMONIA 4.1 Epigrafik Belgeler..................................................................................................... 74 4.1.1 Siyasi İçerikli Yazıtlar ................................................................................................ 74 4.1.2 İthaf Yazıtları .............................................................................................................. 76 4.1.3 Toplumsal İçerikli Yazıtlar ......................................................................................... 85 4.1.4 Euergesia Yazıtları .................................................................................................... 94 4.1.5 Bayram İçerikli Yazıtlar .......................................................................................... 101 4.1.6 Mimari Faaliyetleri İçeren Yazıtlar .......................................................................... 103 4.1.7 Din İçerikli Yazıtlar .................................................................................................. 114 4.1.7.1 Pagan Dini .................................................................................................. 114 4.1.7.2 Hristiyanlık ................................................................................................ 116 4.1.7.3 Yahudilik ................................................................................................... 118 4.2 Edebi Metinler ............................................................................................................. 121 SONUÇ ............................................................................................................................. 128 ANTİK KAYNAK KISALTMA LİSTESİ ve EDİSYONLARI .................................. 131 KAYNAKÇA .................................................................................................................... 133 Ö Z G E Ç M İ Ş .............................................................................................................. 145 iii ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ Şekil 1.1 Traianus Döneminde Roma İmparatorluğu ........................................................... 6 Şekil 1.2 Diocletianus İS.284-305 (İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzesi) ........................................... 7 Şekil 1.3 Tetrarkhia İmparatorları ................................. Hata! Yer işareti tanımlanmamış. Şekil 2.1 Pamphylia ve Komşu Bölgeleri Haritası .............................................................. 15 Şekil 2.2 Lollianus Yazıtına Göre Side’nin Mahalleleri ...................................................... 24 Şekil 2.3 Merkezi ve Doğu Pamphylia’nın Haritası (Kaleler) ............................................. 31 Şekil 2.4 Notitia Dignitatum’a Göre İS. 400 Civarlarındaki Roma İmparatorluğu Dioecesis ve Provincia Dağılımı (kaynak: http://members.ozemail.com.au/~igmaier/map.htm) ....... 34 Şekil 3.1 Tanrıça Athena'nın Sidece Basılmış Sikkesi ........................................................ 40 Şekil 3.2 Sillyon, Valerianus II Dönemi .............................................................................. 47 Şekil 3.3 Maximinus Thrax Dönemi Side Liman Tasviri .................................................... 50 Şekil 3.4 Perge-Side Homonoia Sikkesi ........................ Hata! Yer işareti tanımlanmamış. Şekil 3.5 Valerianus-Gallienus Dönemi Side Neokoros Sikkesi 1 ...................................... 52 Şekil 3.6 Valerianus-Gallienus Dönemi Neokoros Sikkesi 2 .............................................. 52 Şekil 3.7 Side Kent Sikkesi Ön Yüz: Athena, Arka Yüz: Nar BetimlemesiHata! Yer işareti tanımlanmamış. iv KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ A. g. e. Adı geçen eser Aşağ. Aşağıda Bkz. Bakınız Böl. Bölüm Col. Kolon, sütun Çev. Çeviren Dn. Dipnot Ed. Edisyon / edidit Eg. Exempli gratia Et al. Et alii İbid. İbidem (aynı yerde) İÖ. İsa’dan önce İS. İsa’dan sonra Km. Kilometre Krş. Karşılaştırınız Lev. Levha No. Numara N. N. Nomen noscio (adı bilinmiyor) Non vidi Görmedim Op. Cit. Opus Citatum (söz edilen yerde) s. Sayfa Str. Satır s. v. Sub voco/voce Tes. Testimonia Vac. Vacat yak. Yaklaşık yuk. Yukarıda yy. Yüzyıl v ÖZET Roma İmparatorluğu’nun İS. III. yüzyılda idari, askeri ve sosyal düzensizliklere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan ekonomik kriz yaşadığı kabul edilen bir gerçektir. Tezde bu çok boyutlu krizin Pamphylia bölgesini hangi alanlarda ve ne derecede etkilemiş olduğu incelenmiştir. İS. III. yüzyılda kentlerin yaşadığı savaş ortamı ve dış saldırılar Pamphylia’yı da etkilemiştir. Bu dönemde Pamphylia, Got saldırıları ve özellikle Isauria haydutlarının saldırılarına maruz kalmıştır. Bu saldırılar diğer Küçük Asya kentlerine nazaran Pamphylia kentlerini çok fazla etkilemediği görülmektedir. Tezde bu çok boyutlu krizin Pamphylia’yı nasıl ve ne derece etkilediği ve hangi sonuçları ortaya çıkardığı incelenmiştir. Diocletinus’un imparator olmasıyla birlikte (İS. 284-305) idari ve askeri bir takım değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Devlet yönetiminin merkezi sistem yapılması ve imparatorların vergi yüklerini arttırması, kentlerdeki soylu sınıfın kendilerini resmi görevlerden çekmesine, yani euergesia sisteminin çökmesine neden olmuştur. Bu da kent idaresinde bazı değişimlere yol açmıştır. Kentler artık comes olarak adlandırılan atlı sınıfa mensup bir vali tarafından yönetilmeye başlanmıştır. Ayrıca Hıristiyanlığın kabul edilmesiyle birlikte kentlerde piskopos’luk merkezleri kurulmuş ve kilise organizasyonu düzenlenmiştir. Pagan inancı İS. IV. yüzyıldan itibaren yerini Hıristiyan inancına bırakmış, tapınaklar ağırlıklı olarak kiliselere ya da az oranda sinagog yapılarına dönüştürülmüştür. Hıristiyanlar ve paganlar arasında yaşanan gerginlikler toplumu ciddi şekilde etkilemiştir. İS.V. ve VI. yüzyılda, değişen euergesia sistemininin bir sonucu olarak kentlerde merkezi yönetim tarafından euergesia yapması için atanan “pater tes poleos” (kentin babası) denilen yeni bir memuriyet ortaya çıkmıştır. Kentlerdeki imar faaliyetlerinden ya kentin valisi ya da kent babaları sorumlu olmuştur. Tezde yukarıda değinilen bu değişim ve gelişmeler epigrafik belgeler, edebi metinler, numismatik belgeler ve arkeolojik veriler aracılığıyla tespit edilmeye ve tarihi çerçevede açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu teze Yüksek Lisans
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