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2016. Klamath River Basin Study

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2016. Klamath River Basin Study Final Report Klamath River Basin Study Technical Memorandum 86-68210-2016-06 Prepared by: Klamath River Basin Study Technical Working Group U.S. Department of the Interior State of California State of Oregon Bureau of Reclamation Department of Water Resources Water Resources Department March 2016 This page intentionally left blank Mission Statements The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. This page intentionally left blank Abbreviations and Acronyms AF acre-feet AFY acre-feet per year BA Biological Assessment Basin Study Klamath River Basin Study BCSD bias corrected and statistically downscaled BiOp Biological Opinion BLM Bureau of Land Management CDFG California Department of Fish and Game (became CDFW in 2013) CDFW California Department of Fish and Wildlife CDWR California Department of Water Resources CEQA California Environmental Quality Act cfs cubic feet per second CMIP3 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 3 CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 COPCO California Oregon Power Company CRLE complementary relationship lake evaporation CRS Congressional Research Service CT central tendency CVP Central Valley Project degrees C degrees Celsius degrees F degrees Fahrenheit DPS distinct population segment DRI Desert Research Institute EIS/EIR environmental impact statement/environmental impact report ENSO El Niño/southern oscillation EOM end of month EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ESA Endangered Species Act ET evapotranspiration ETc crop evapotranspiration ETo reference evapotranspiration Abbreviations and Acronyms (continued) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission GCM general circulation model GDD growing degree days gpcd gallons per capita per day HD hot-dry HDe ensemble hybrid delta method HUC hydrologic unit code HW hot-wet Interior U.S. Department of the Interior IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change KAF thousands of acre-feet KBPM Klamath Basin Planning Model KBRA Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement KHSA Klamath Hydropower Settlement Agreement LKNWR Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge M&I municipal and industrial MODFLOW modular finite-difference flow (model) MWAT maximum weekly average temperature NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NIWR net irrigation water requirement NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NWR National Wildlife Refuge OWRD Oregon Water Resources Department PDO Pacific decadal oscillation PDSI Palmer drought severity index Pe effective precipitation PET potential evapotranspiration P.L. Public Law PM Penman Monteith dual crop coefficient method Abbreviations and Acronyms (continued) Prcp mean annual precipitation Project Reclamation’s Klamath Project PRMS precipitation runoff modeling system Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation RBM10 River Basin model-10 RO runoff SECURE Science and Engineering to Comprehensively Understand and Responsibly Enhance SONCC ESU Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast Ecologically Significant Unit SWE snow water equivalent Tavg mean daily average temperature Tmax maximum daily air temperature Tmin minimum daily air temperature TMDL total maximum daily load TWG technical working group UKL Upper Klamath Lake USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USFS U.S. Forest Service USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USGS U.S. Geological Survey VIC variable infiltration capacity (model) WaterSMART Sustain and Manage America’s Resources for Tomorrow WD warm-dry WW warm-wet WWCRA West-Wide Climate Risk Assessments This page intentionally left blank Chapter 1 Klamath River Basin Study Introduction This page intentionally left blank Contents Contents Chapter 1 Introduction...................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Purpose, Scope, and Objectives of the Study .......................................... 1-3 1.3 Location and Description of the Study Area ............................................ 1-4 1.3.1 Geographic and Geologic Setting ................................................... 1-4 1.3.2 Historical Climate and Hydrology .................................................. 1-6 1.3.3 Vegetation, Wildlife, and Fish ........................................................ 1-8 1.4 Present Water and Related Resources Development ............................... 1-9 1.4.1 History of Settlement ...................................................................... 1-9 1.4.2 Water Resources Development ..................................................... 1-11 1.4.2.1 Upper Klamath Basin ....................................................... 1-11 1.4.2.2 Lower Klamath Basin ....................................................... 1-13 1.4.3 History of Water Management Challenges ................................... 1-14 1.5 Future Challenges and Considerations ................................................... 1-17 1.5.1 Previously Identified Management Alternatives .......................... 1-17 1.5.2 Development of Water Quality Criteria ........................................ 1-18 1.5.3 Past or Existing Restoration Efforts .............................................. 1-19 1.5.3.1 Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement and Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement ................................... 1-20 1.5.4 Future Challenges ......................................................................... 1-21 1.6 Collaboration and Outreach ................................................................... 1-22 1.7 What to Expect in this Study ................................................................. 1-23 1.8 Supporting Information .......................................................................... 1-24 1.9 References Cited .................................................................................... 1-24 i – March 2016 Klamath River Basin Study Figures Figure 1-1.—Klamath River Basin overview map .............................................. 1-2 Figure 1-2.—Klamath Irrigation Project map. ................................................... 1-12 Figure 1-3.—Klamath River Basin Study organizational chart. ........................ 1-22 Figure 1-4.—Overall approach for Klamath River Basin Study, highlighting Chapter 1. ............................................................ 1-23 Tables Table 1-1.—Summary of Klamath Basin dams ................................................... 1-7 Table 1-2.—Summary of Klamath Basin TMDLs ........................................... 1-19 ii – March 2016 Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The Klamath River Basin is the second largest watershed in the State of California (approximately 15,700 square miles), after the Sacramento River Basin (approximately 27,900 square miles; see Figure 1-1). Approximately 60 percent of the watershed is public land (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS], 2007). It supports habitats and numerous fish and wildlife species in addition to supplying water for agriculture, hydropower, recreation, the environment, and tribal, municipal, industrial, and domestic uses. The watershed is divided by the Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains, which create two distinct climates: an arid climate in the upper basin, generally east of the mountains, and a maritime climate in the lower basin. The upper portion of the basin covers approximately 38 percent of the watershed but contributes only 12 percent of the entire watershed’s annual flow (Congressional Research Service [CRS], 2005). The lower portion of the basin covers approximately 62 percent of the watershed, yet contributes 88 percent of the watershed’s annual flow. The primary tributary inflows are located in the Lower Klamath Basin and include the Shasta, Scott, Salmon, and Trinity Rivers. The Klamath River Basin has a history of complex water management challenges, dating back more than a century. In large part, these challenges relate to the competing needs of the various mainstem users, irrigation diversions on the Scott, Shasta, and Trinity Rivers (tributaries to the Klamath), and the construction of six mainstem dams (see Figure 1-1), which have altered the natural flow and nutrient and sediment regimes in the river and have inhibited upstream passage of migratory fish above Iron Gate Dam (river mile 190). Managers of natural resources in the Klamath River Basin have long called for a comprehensive and integrated approach to water management. In 2008, the National Research Council reported that “the most important characteristics of research for complex river-basin management were missing for the Klamath River: the need for a ‘big picture’ perspective based on a conceptual model encompassing the entire basin and its many components” (Thorsteinson et al., 2011). 1 Figure 1-1 produced by Michael Neuman, Klamath Basin Area Office of the Bureau of Reclamation. 1-1 – March 2016 Klamath River Basin Study Figure 1-1.—Klamath River Basin overview map The Klamath River Basin Study takes a comprehensive approach to evaluate water supply and demand over the entire
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