CATALOGUE ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 16(3): 431-438

AN ARBORETUM OF ENDEMIC OF AT UNIVERSITY CAMPUS, ,

B.V. Shetty and K.M. Kaveriappa

Department of Applied Botany, , Mangalagangothri, Karnataka 574199, India.

Abstract Cinnamomum (12), Garcinia (6), etc. (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986). Nearly a third of the endemic species of the Western Nine of the 21 species of Dalbergia reported from the Western Ghats are threatened and are believed to be on the verge Ghats are endemic. Out of about 26 wild species of palms, 22 of extinction. In situ conservation is known to be the species, including 18 species of Calamus (Renuka, 1992), are best way to preserve a species but sometimes ex situ endemic. Endemic gymnosperms are represented by Gnetum proves to be an effective alternative. An arboretum of contractum Markgraf and Negeia wallichiana (Presl.) Kuntz about three hectares has been established in Mangalore (= Podocarpus wallichiana Presl.), the latter being the only University Campus, Karnataka for the introduction of naturally occurring conifer of peninsular India. endemic taxa of the Western Ghats especially those occuring in Karnataka. Fifty-seven taxa of trees, two Since the endemic plants are found in restricted areas often species of , 23 species of shrubs including requiring special niche for survival, many of them, particularly woody climbers and 16 endemic species of herbs/under those with very restricted distribution, are extinction prone, shrubs have been introduced in the arboretum, the total especially if their habitats are disturbed. Nearly a third of the number of arborescent endemic plants being 2000. The endemic plant species of the Western Ghats are rare or threatened ex situ preservation of these taxa would be a great boon and several are believed to be extinct or on the verge of becoming to student community to learn about endemic plants in so, including tree species like Phaeanthus malabaricus Western Ghats as well as educate people regarding the Beddome, Sageraea grandiflora Dunn (Annonaceae), Hopea need to conserve them. It would also serve as a source jacobii C. Fischer (Dipterocarpaceae), Buchanania barberi material for micro-propagation of rare and threatened Gamble, Nothopegia aureo-fulva Beddome ex Hook.f. plants. (Anacardiaceae), Calliandra cynometroides Beddome, Cynometra beddomei Prain, Dialium travancoricum Bourd. Keywords (Leguminosae), Eugenia argentea Beddome, E. singampattiana Western Ghats, arboretum, Mangalore University Beddome, Syzygium bourdillonii (Gamble) Rathl. & Nair, S. Campus, ex situ conservation, endemic plants courtallense (Gamble) Alston, S. gambleanum Rathakr. & Chitra, S. palghatense Gamble (Myrtaceae), Actinodaphne bournae Gamble (Lauraceae), Pseudoglochidion anamalayanum Gamble The Western Ghats represent a rich and varied flora with (Euphorbiaceae), etc. enormous species diversity abound in endemic taxa and therefore recognised (together with Sri Lanka) as one of the 25 Although in situ conservation is the best way to preserve a Hot Spots in the world (Mittermeier et al., 2000). There are species, in view of the persisting threats to the flora of the about 54 genera (of which 44 are monotypic), 1720 species and Western Ghats because of the various anthropogenic activities, 135 infraspecific taxa of flowering plants endemic to this region it may not always be feasible to resort to this course, and ex situ (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986; Nair & Daniel, 1986; Shetty & preservation may sometimes prove to be an effective alternative. Kaveriappa, 1991; Nayar, 1996). Of these over 80 endemic species Thanks to the financial assistance from John, D. and Catherine, of trees and shrubs are confined only to the evergreen forests T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, U.S.A. (1992-1994), an (Pascal, 1988). Sixteen genera of woody plants have five or arboretum extending over an area of about three hectares has more endemic species in the Western Ghats e.g. Syzygium (18), been established in Mangalore University Campus, Karnataka for the introduction of the endemic taxa of the Western Ghats, especially those occuring in the Karnatak region. Introduction Received on 24 August 2000 Accepted on 10 January 2001 of additional taxa in the arboretum is being continued.

March 2001 Zoos' Print Journal 16(3): 431-438 431 An arboretum of endemic plants of Western Ghats at Mangalore University Campus .... B.V. Shetty and K.M. Kaveriappa

In all 57 taxa of trees, two species of bamboos (Table 1) and 23 gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson, Holigarna ferruginea Marchand, species of shrubs, including woody climbers (Table 2) have so H. grahamii (Wight) Kurz, H. nigra Bourd., L. far been introduced in the arboretum, the total number of etc.; plants yielding paper pulp e.g. Garcinia indica Choisy, arborescent endemic plants in the arboretum being over 2000. Gamble, Vateria indica L., etc., plants In addition, 16 endemic species of herbs/under shrubs (Table 3) yielding edible fruits, e.g. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., Baccaurea are also being maintained in the arboretum. Of the above, the courtallensis Muell.–Arg., Flacourtia montana Graham, following species are reported to be rare/threatened. Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson, G. indica Choisy, etc; and plants of medicinal importance e.g. Calophyllum apetalum Trees Willd., Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch.-Ham.) Oken, Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz (Anacardiaceae) Hymenodictyon obovatum Wallich, Memecylon malabaricum Hopea canarensis Hole (Dipterocarpaceae) (C.B. Clake) Cogn., etc. Myristica fatua Houtt. var. magnifica (Beddome) Sinclair (Myristicaceae) The ex situ preservation of some of the endemic, rare and M. malabarica Lam. (Myristicaceae) threatened plants of the Western Ghats of Karnataka in the Pterospermum reticulatum Wight & Arn. (Sterculiaceae) arboretum will not only help in educating the people, particularly Vepris bilocularis (Wight & Arn.) Engl. (Rutaceae) the student community, about the diversity of plants in the Western Ghats and the need to conserve them but can also Scandent shrubs serve as a source material for micro-propagation of rare and Aspidopteris canarensis Dalz. (Malpighiaceae) threatened plants. In this connection it may be noted that Grewia heterotricha Masters (Tiliceae) successful micropropagation of some endemic species has been Rubus fockei Gandhi (Rosaceae) undertaken in the laboratory using the material from the arboretum.

Herbs Acknowledgements Crotalaria lutescens Dalz. (Papilionaceae) The authors are indebted to the MacArthur Foundation, Paracautleya bhatii R.M. Smith (Zingiberaceae) Chicago, U.S.A. for the financial assistance. They are also grateful to Dr. K.G. Bhat, Poornaprajna College, , Karnataka, It is also of interest to note that the following monotypic genera, and Messrs. H. Soorya Prakasha Shenoy, P. Rama Bhat and K. endemic to the Western Ghats, are represented in the arboretum. Purushotham of this department for their help in the collection The name of the solitary species under each is mentioned of endemic taxa. against the respective genus: References Blepharistemma Wallich ex Benth. (Rhizophoraceae) Ahmedullah, M. and M.P. Nayar (1986). Endemic Plants of the – B. mambranifolia (Miq.) Ding Hou Indian Region I. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 261 pp. Moullava Adans. (Caesalpiniaceae) Mittermeier, R.A., N. Myers, P.R. Gil and C.G. Mittermeier (2000). – M. spicata (Dalz.) Nicolson Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and most Endangered Terrestrial Otonephelium Radlk. (Sapindaceae) Ecoregions. Cemex, Conservation International, Washington D.C., – O. stipulaceum (Beddome) Radlk. 430 pp. Paracautleya R.M. Smith (Zingiberaceae) Nair, N.C. and P. Daniel (1986). The floristic diversity of the Western – P. bhatii R.M. Smith Ghats and its conservation: A review. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Science/Plant Science) Supplement 127- 163. In addition, Poeciloneuron Beddome (Guttiferae), a genus Nayar, M.P. (1996). Hot spots of Endemic Plants of India, Nepal and endemic to the Western Ghats with two species, is represented Bhutan. Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute, in the arboretum by P. indicum Beddome. , pp. 254. Pascal, J.P. (1988). Wet Evergreen Forests of the Western Ghats of Several endemic species in the arboretum are of economic India. Institut Francais De Pondichery, Travaux de la Section importance and include timber yielding plants e.g. Artocarpus Scientifique et Technique 20, 345 pp. hirsutus Lam., Dipterocarpus indicus Beddome, Hopea Renuka, C. (1992). Rattans of the Western Ghats – A Taxonomic parviflora Beddome, Kingiodendron pinnatum (Roxb. ex DC.) Manual. Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 61 pp. Shetty, B.V. and K.M. Kaveriappa (1991). The Western Ghats – Harms., Poeciloneuron indicum Beddome, Vateria indica L., need for preservation. In: Perspectives on Dakshina and etc.; plants used for weaving baskets, for making furniture and Kodagu. Mangalore University Decennial Volume, 258-272, in handicrafts e.g. Calamus nagabettai Fernandez & Dey, Mangalagangothri. Ochlandra scriptoria (Dennst.) C. Fischer, O. travancorica Gamble etc.; plants yielding gums and resins e.g. Garcinia

432 March 2001 Zoos' Print Journal 16(3): 431-438 An arboretum of endemic plants of Western Ghats at Mangalore University Campus B.V. .... Shetty and K.M. Kaveriappa nd Ghats – In moist deciduous to evergreen – In evergreen to semi-evergreen forests up to Wallich ex Benth. is monotypic and is endemic to Wallich ex Benth. is monotypic Western Ghats – , , Karnataka, Kerala a Western Ghats – Maharashtra, Blepharistemma Nadu. Nadu. low altitudes, up to 600m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and low altitudes, up to 600m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, . Tamil – In evergreen forests between 150-900m. Endemic to Western Ghats Nadu. Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil /western coast – In moist deciduous to semi Endemic to Western Ghats Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra, evergreen forests up to 1100m. Tamil Tamil genus Nadu. Tamil forests. Karnataka, Kerala and forests between Endemic to Western Ghats – near river banks in evergreen Nadu Tamil 900-1300m. Karnataka, Kerala and evergreen forests Endemic to Western Ghats – In semi-evergreen to Nadu Tamil between 900-1300m. Karnataka, Kerala and to 900m. Maharashtra, Endemic to Western Ghats – In evergreen forests up Nadu Tamil Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and forests up to Endemic to Western Ghats – In semi-evergreen to evergreen Nadu Tamil 900m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and forests. Endemic to Western Ghats – In moist deciduous to semi-evergreen Karnataka and Kerala the Western Ghats region. Nadu. Tamil Nadu. Tamil 1000m. Karnataka, Kerala and Nadu. to 1000m. Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Endemic to Western Ghats – In moist deciduous to evergreen forests up to Nadu. Tamil 1300m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Remarks Nadu. and Tamil Karnataka, Kerala Gersoppa, , KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, 21 KarnatakaMangalore, , 56 Dakshina Kannada, KarnatakaPuttur, KarnatakaUdupi, Dakshina Kannada, 64 3 forests. Karnataka, Kerala and Endemic to Western Ghats – In evergreen Ghats /western coast – Karnataka and Kerala. The Endemic to Western Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 32 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 9 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 43 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 4 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 12 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 48 Endemic to Western Ghats Gersoppa and Kaiga, Uttara Kannada,Karnataka 55Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka semi-evergreen forests Endemic to Western Ghats – along river banks in 47 Endemic to southern Western at , Kodagu, Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 18 43 KarnatakaSringeri, Chickamagalur, forests. Karnataka and Kerala Endemic to Western Ghats – In evergreen Endemic to Western Ghats – In semi-evergreen and evergreen forests up 5 Gersoppa and Kaiga, Uttara Kannada,Gersoppa and Karnataka 38 KarnatakaKudremukh, Chickamagalur, 41forests up to 900m. Ghats – In semi-evergreen Endemic to Western Endemic to Ebenaceae Plamae Moraceae Euphorbiaceae Rhizophoraceae Euphorbiaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Dipterocarpaceae Guttiferaceae Lauraceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Celastraceae Lauraceae (Miq.) Ding Hou (Burm. f.) Blume (Muell.– Arg.) Euphorbiaceae Balakr. Muell. – Arg. (Muell. –Arg.) Croizat Willd. (Hook.f.) Pax & Hoffm. Beddome Dalz. Kosterm. Lam. Beddome Dalz. Heyne ec Wallich Griffith (Wight) Saldanha Meliaceae Arenga wightii Artocarpus hirsutus Baccaurea courtallensis Blepharistemma membranifolia Cleistanthus malabaricus Croton malabaricus Diospyros paniculata Diospyros pruriens Diospyros saldanhae Dipterocarpus indicus Calophyllum apetalum Cinnamomum malabarum Drypetes confertiflora Epiprinus mallotiformis Euonymus indicus Table 1. List of endemic tree taxa in the Mangalore University arboretum. University the Mangalore tree taxa in endemic 1. List of Table speciesName of the Family Source # Plants Actinodaphne malabarica Actinodaphne Aglaia lawii

March 2001 Zoos' Print Journal 16(3): 431-438 433 An arboretum of endemic plants of Western Ghats at Mangalore University Campus B.V. .... Shetty and K.M. Kaveriappa Daman, coast of Gujarat, northern Maharashtra and Goa. forests up to 850m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu Tamil forests up to 850m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Remarks Nadu. Tamil Kerala and Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, up to 1000m. shola evergreen and Ghats – In semi-evergreen, Endemic to Western Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and 1830m. Maharashtra, Goa, forests up to Nadu. – In evergreen and deciduous forests up to Endemic to Western Ghats Nadu. Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and 400m. Maharashtra, Goa, – In evergreen forests up to 1300m. Karnataka, Endemic to Western Ghats Nadu. Tamil Kerala and 600m. – In moist forests up to Ghats/W.coast Endemic to Western Kerala. Maharashtra, Karnataka and Nadu. Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and – In shola and evergreen forests between 500- Endemic to Western Ghats Nadu . Tamil 2100m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and coast – In semi-evergreen forests. Ghats/W. Endemic to Western Nadu. Tamil Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and forests. Goa, Endemic to Western Ghats –In semi-evergreen to evergreen Nadu. Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Rare (Ahmedullah & Tamil Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and 1986). Nayar, Nadu. Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and (Ahmedullah Endemic to Western Ghats – Karnataka. Rare and threatened 1986). & Nayar, Karnataka, Ghats – In wet forests up to 1100m. Endemic to Western Nadu Tamil Kerala and to evergreen Endemic to Western Ghats /western Coast – In semi-evergreen Tamil Kerala and forests up to 1500m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Nadu. semi-evergreen Endemic to Western Ghats – In moist deciduous and 44 to semi-evergreen forests moist deciduous to Western Ghats – In Endemic Karnataka Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada, KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara 42 KarnatakaMangalore, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, 45 KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, 36 KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, 16 KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, 28 KarnatakaKudremukh, Chickamagalur, 37 and evergreen forests up to 2300m. Endemic to Western Ghats – In shola , Kodagu, KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 7 25Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 31 Karnataka and Kerala. Endemic to Western Ghats – In semi-evergreen to evergreen forests. Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, KarnatakaKaiga, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 37 KarnatakaKudremukh, Chickamagalur, deciduous to evergreen forests. Endemic to Western Ghats –In moist 35 KarnatakaKudremukh, Chickamagalur, 16 Endemic to Western Ghats –In evergreen forests between 650-1250m. Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka Dakshina Kannada, , 59 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 32 Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada, KarnatakaKaiga and Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, 42 Karnataka Flacourtiaceae Guttiferae Guttiferae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Theaceae Myristicaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Flacourtiaceae Kurz Wight (Buch.-Ham.) Oken (L.) N. Robson Hook.f. (White) Furtado Palmae Goa 6 Endemic to Diu, Marchand Wight Hook.f. Graham (Wight) Hole Walich ex Wight & Arn. Beddome Bourd. (Thouars) Choisy (Dennst.) Mabb. Holigarna ferruginea Name of the speciesName Family Source # Plants Flacourtia montana Garcinia gummi-gutta Garcinia indica Glochidion ellipticum Glochidion johnstonei Glochidion neilgherrense Gordonia obtusa Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook.f. ex Thomson) Warb. Holigarna arnottiana * Holigarna grahamii Holigarna nigra Hopea canarensis Hopea parviflora Hopea ponga Hydnocarpus pentandra Hyphaene dichotoma

434 March 2001 Zoos' Print Journal 16(3): 431-438 An arboretum of endemic plants of Western Ghats at Mangalore University Campus B.V. .... Shetty and K.M. Kaveriappa ergreen forests m. Maharshtra, Ghats – In evergreen forests up to 1200m. – In evergreen forests. Karnataka, Kerala and – In semi-evergreen to evergreen forests up to Ghats – In evergreen forests between 200-900m. Kerala. Rare and threatened (Ahmedullah & Nayar, 1986). Kerala. Rare and threatened (Ahmedullah & Nayar, estern Ghats - Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Tamil Kerala and - Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, estern Ghats 1200m. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu Tamil 1200m. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Endemic to Western Ghats – In evergreen forests at low elevations. Nadu. Rare and threatened (Ahmedullah & Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and 1986) Nayar, between 1000m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Tamil Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and between 1000m. Maharashtra, Nadu. Tamil Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and up to 1000m. Maharashtra, Nadu Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and Nadu. Tamil and evergreen forests up to 1800m. Karnataka, Kerala deciduous to evergreen Endemic to Western Ghats /western coast – In moist Tamil Kerala and forests up to 1800m. Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Nadu. & Nadu. Rare and threatened (Ahmedullah Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and 1986) Nayar, forests up to 800 Ghats – In evergreen Endemic to W. banks up to 450m. Endemic to Western Ghats /western coast – on river Nadu.Tamil Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Nadu Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and Kerala and Tamil Nadu Tamil Kerala and – In semi-evergreen and ev Endemic to Western Ghats Nadu. Tamil Nadu Tamil Remarks forests up to 1200m. Maharashtra, Ghats – In deciduous Endemic to Western Nadu Tamil Kerala and Goa, Karnataka, 43 forests Ghats – In moist deciduous to semi-evergreen Endemic to Western 50 Ghats – In swampy areas of evergreen forests. Endemic to Western 3 Nadu. Tamil Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Ghats - Maharashtra, Western Karnataka Karnataka and galore and Udupi, Dakshina Kannadagalore and Udupi, Dakshina 25 – In moist deciduous to Endemic to Western Ghats /western coast Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 46 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 21 Endemic to Western Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Kannada,Gersoppa and Kaiga, Uttara Karnataka 30Karnataka Endemic to Western Ghats – In evergreen forests. Maharashtra, Goa, Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada, KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 25 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, KarnatakaHosmata, Dakshina Kannada, 31 Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 14 Karike, Kodagu, Karnataka 30 Endemic to Western Ghats Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 45 Endemic to Western Ghats Sampaje, Kodagu, Karnataka KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, 25 40 to 900m. Karnataka, – In evergreen forests up Endemic to Western Ghats Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 4 17 KarnatakaKudremukh, Chickamagalur, Endemic to western coast. 35 – In evergreen forests. Karnataka, Kerala and Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to southern Western Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, KarnatakaUdupi, Dakshina 5 Kannada, Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, KarnatakaGersoppa, Uttara 37 W Sterculiaceae Myrtaceae Myristicaceae Cornaceae Melastomataceae Man Melastomataceae Rubiaceae Sapindaceae Annonaceae Caesalpiniaceae Myristicaceae Pandanaceae Palmae Guttiferae Rubiaceae Aquifoliaceae Rubiaceae Gandhi Wallich) Wight & Arn. (C.B. Clarke) Cogn. (Beddome) Radlk. magnifica Wight Lythraceae (Roxb. ex DC.) Harms (Roxb.)Mabberly Brandis Beddome Beddome Warb. (Dalz.) Beddome (Roxb.) Blume (Buch.-Ham.) (Hook.f. & Thomson) Warb. (Wight) Roxb. Houtt. var. Houtt. var. Beddome Hymenodictyon obovatum Hymenodictyon Memecylon malabaricum Memecylon talbotianum Pterospermum reticulatum Syzygium laetum Lagerstroemia microcarpa Mastixia arborea * * Myristica fatua (Beddome) Sinclair Myristica malabarica Lam.Ochreinauclea missionis (Wallich ex G. Don) Ridsd. Otonephelium stipulaceum Myristicaceae Polyalthia fragrans Kingiodendron pinnatum Knema attenuata Pandanus unipapillata Pinanga dicksonii Poeciloneuron indicum Name of the speciesName Family Source # Plants Hymenodictyon orixense Hymenodictyon (= Ilex malabarica Ixora brachiata

March 2001 Zoos' Print Journal 16(3): 431-438 435 An arboretum of endemic plants of Western Ghats at Mangalore University Campus B.V. .... Shetty and K.M. Kaveriappa ts up banks at – In evergreen forests. Karnataka and Ghats /western coast– usually in evergreen forests Ghats /western coast– usually Ghats – In moist deciduous forests between 900- Ghats - In evergreen forests between 300-700m. low elevations. Karnataka and Kerala. low elevations. Karnataka Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and to 1000m. Endemic to Western Ghats - In evergreen forests up Nadu. Tamil Kerala and Karnataka. 1500m. Maharshtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Tamil 1500m. Maharshtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and to 1500m. Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Tamil to 1500m. Karnataka, Kerala and Remarks Karnataka, Endemic to Western Ghats – In evergreen forests. Maharshtra, Nadu Tamil Kerala and to semi-evergreen Endemic to Western Ghats/Deccan – In moist deciduous Nadu. Rare and Tamil forests. Maharshtra, Karnataka, Kerala and 1986). threatened (Ahmedullah & Nayar, Remarks Nadu. Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and Maharshtra, Endemic to Western Ghats /western coast– In open forests up to 900m. In open forests up Ghats /western coast– Endemic to Western Nadu. Tamil and Goa, Karnataka, Kerala Maharshtra, Tamil Maharshtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and streams at low altitudes. Nadu. Nadu. Tamil Kerala and up to 1300m. Karnataka, 1986). & Nayar, Nadu. Rare (Ahmedullah Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and 50 up to 1300m. Ghats – In semi-evergreen forests Endemic to Western Karnataka .R.I., Peechi, Kerala 4 Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka Kerala. Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka Sampaje,Forest nursery, Dakshina Kannada, Subramanya,Forest nursery, 5 42to Western Ghats – In evergreen forests at about 85m. Endemic Endemic to Western Ghats Forest nursery, Subramanya,Forest nursery, 10 Endemic to Western Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 5 Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 5 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 20 Endemic to Western Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada, KarnatakaMangalore, Dakshina 20 Kannada, KarnatakaB.C. Road, Dakshina 20Hosmata and Mangalore, coast – along river banks and Endemic to Western Ghats /western Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, 35 Endemic to Western nae Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 10 – on river and stream Endemic to Western Ghats /western coast nae Uttara Kannada, Karnataka Gersoppa, 14 Endemic to southern Western Ghats – gregarious in evergreen fores Palmae Anistrocladaceae Malpighiaceae Papilionaceae Euphorbiaceae Rutaceae Wallich Apocynaceae Wallich ex Grah. Dalz. Benth. ex Gamble Grami Becc. Palmae K.F Renuka Palmae (Dennst.) C. Fischer Grami Fernadez & Dey Renuka Palmae (Wight & Arn.) Engl. & (Wight Benth. Wight & Arn. L. Dipterocarpaceae Vateria indica Vateria Tabernaemontana heyneana Tabernaemontana Ochlandra travancorica Calamus hookerianus Calamus lakshmanae Calamus nagabettai Calamus dransfieldii Table 2. List of endemic shrub taxa (including scandent shrubs) in the Mangalore University arboretum. 2. List of endemic shrub taxa (including scandent Table Name of the species Family Source # Plants Bamboos Ochlandra scriptoria arboretum area. * Plants of these species also occur naturally in the Ancistrocladus heyneanus Aspidopteris canarensis Atylosia lineata Name of the speciesName Family Source # Plants * Trewia polycarpa * bilocularis Vepris

436 March 2001 Zoos' Print Journal 16(3): 431-438 An arboretum of endemic plants of Western Ghats at Mangalore University Campus B.V. .... Shetty and K.M. Kaveriappa Ghats – In evergreen forests up to 800m. Ghats – In evergreen forests at about 530m. forests at about Ghats – In evergreen Ghats – In evergreen forests between 200-750m. forests between Ghats – In evergreen Adans. is monotypic and is endemic to the Western Moullava Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Kartnataka and Endemic to Western Ghats/western coast – Maharashtra, Kerala. and Kerala. The Endemic to Western Ghats – up to 900m. Karnataka genus Remarks Karnataka. Nadu Tamil and Karnataka, Kerala Ghats Also in Salem of Eastern Nadu. Tamil Kartnataka, Kerala and Tamil Goa, Kartnataka, Kerala and between 500-900m. Maharashtra, Nadu. and Kerala Nadu. Rare (Ahmedullah Tamil Kerala and Maharashtra, Goa, Kartnataka, 1986) & Nayar, – Maharashtra, Endemic to Western Ghats/Bababudan Hills up to 1250m. Nadu. Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Ghats. and Kerala Nadu Tamil Kerala and threatened In evergreen forests. Karnataka and Kerala. Rare and 1986). (Ahmedullah & Nayar, Maharashtra, Endemic to Western Ghats – In evergreen forests. Nadu. Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Maharashtra, Endemic to Western Ghats – In evergreen forests. Karnataka and Kerala. 5 Nadu. Tamil Ghats – Karnataka and to Western Endemic 10 forests Ghats – In evergreen to semi evergreen Endemic to Western 33 forests. Ghats – In deciduous to semi evergreen Endemic to Western Karnataka Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka.Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, 11 Karnataka , Chickamagalur, Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 5 Forest nursery, Subramanya,Forest nursery, Dakshina Kannada, Subramanya,Forest nursery, Karnataka Dakshina Kannada, 25 KarnatakaUdupi, Dakshina Kannada, 25 4 Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Endemic to Western to Western Endemic – Maharashtra, Goa, Endemic to Western Ghats/western coast KarnatakaSringeri, Chickamagalur, Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, 12 Endemic to Western Ghats/Bababudan Hills – Maharashtra, Karnataka Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 11 Subramanya, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 41 to Western Endemic Kaiga, Uttara Kannada, KarnatakaUdupi, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 4 25 KarnatakaSringeri, Chickamagalur, coast - Maharashtra, Kartnataka Endemic to Western Ghats/western Kartnataka, Endemic to Western Ghats/western coast - Maharashtra, 5Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 5 Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka Hills – Endemic to Western Ghats/Bababudan and Biligirirangan 12 Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Caesalpiniaceae Palmae Palmae Papillionaceae Annonaceae Papilionaceae Tiliaceae Acanthaceae Caesalpiniaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rosaceae Papilionaceae Vitaceae Mabb. T. Anderson T. Benth. ex Baker (Baker) Wight ex Cooke Wight Shetty & P. Singh Shetty & P. Wallich Masters Hook.f. Lakshmana & Renuka Lakshmana Renuka Talbot (Dennst.) (Dalz.) Nicolson Wight (Hook.f.& Thomson) Safford Gandhi Ixora polyantha Lasianthus parvifolius Moullava spicata Name of the speciesName Family Source # Plants Calamus prasinus Calamus vattayila Dalbergia horrida Desmos lawii Flemingia nilgheriensis Grewia heterotricha Gymnostachyum latifolium Humboldtia brunonis Psychotria dalzelli Psychotria flavida Rubus fockei Spatholobus purpureus gamblei Tetrastigma

March 2001 Zoos' Print Journal 16(3): 431-438 437 An arboretum of endemic plants of Western Ghats at Mangalore University Campus B.V. .... Shetty and K.M. Kaveriappa Ghats /western coast – Maharashtra and Kartnataka R.M. Smith is monotypic. Western Ghats – Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Western Ghats – Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala Endemic to Western Ghats – In evergreen forests up to 1800m. Ghats – In evergreen Endemic to Western Nadu Tamil and Karnataka, Kerala Nadu Tamil Karnataka, Kerala and Also in Nadu and Karnataka. Tamil Ghats – Endemic to Western Cuddapah, Andhra Pradesh. Tamil At low altitudes. Goa, Kerala, Ghats – Endemic to Western Nadu and Karnataka – up to 1800m. Maharashtra,Goa, Endemic to Western Ghats Nadu and Karnataka Tamil Kerala, Endemic to Western Ghats /western coast – Maharashtra and Kartnataka. Endemic to Western Ghats /western coast – Maharashtra 1986) Rare and threatened (Ahmedullah & Nayar, Rare Endemic to northern Western Ghats of Central Maharashtra. 1986) and threatened (Ahmedullah & Nayar, Paracautleya Tamil Nadu Tamil nts Remarks >100 >100 , Karnataka. 12 up to Gujarat, 900-1500m. Endemic to Western Ghats, extending Sources # Pla Jodupala, Kodagu, KarnatakaJodupala, Kodagu, KarnatakaSulkirimogru, Dakshina Kannada, 5Agumbe, Shimoga 2 to Western Ghats Endemic KarnatakaUdupi, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka Sringeri, Chickamagalur, 3 – Maharashtra and Karnataka Endemic to Western Ghats 2 KarnatakaSeethanadi, Dakshina Kannada, 10 Ghats – In evergreen forests between 500-900m. Endemic to Western Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 10 to Western Endemic Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka Kaiga, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka GoaBotany department, Goa University, 6 Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka 8 /western coast – Karnataka. The genus Endemic to Western Ghats Sringeri, Chickamagalur, KarnatakaSringeri, Chickamagalur, KarnatakaSringeri, Chickamagalur, 3 3 Endemic to Peninsular India Endemic to Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka., Shimoga, Karnataka. 3Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka 3 Endemic to Western Ghats – Maharashtra and Karnataka Endemic to Western Ghats – Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka Araceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae GoaPapilionaceae >100 Papilionaceae MusaceaeAsclepiadaceae Agumbe, Zingiberaceae Urticaceae Orchidaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Engl. (Schott) Wight Orchidaceae (Wight) Benth. Beddome Santapau Dalz. Nees R.M. Smith K.G. Bhat (Graham) Ramam. (Roxb.) Cheesman Dalz. Benth. Bennet Benth. Dalz. Table 3. List of endemic herb taxa in the Mangalore University arboretum. University in the Mangalore herb taxa of endemic 3. List Table speciesName of the Family Amomum cannicarpum Amomum ghaticum Amomum muricatum Amorphophallus commutatus Andrographis lineata Asystasia dalzelliana Bulbophyllum neilgherrense Crotalatria filipes Crotalatria lutescens Ensete superbum Frerea indica Paracautleya bhattii Pouzolzia wightii Trias stocksii Zingiber cernuum Zingiber neesanum

438 March 2001 Zoos' Print Journal 16(3): 431-438