DOCSLIB.ORG

1 BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Kimono Merupakan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Kimono Merupakan BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Kimono merupakan pakaian tradisional Jepang. Kata kimono berasal dari kata ki yang berarti memakai dan mono yang berarti barang, secara harafiah kimono berarti sesuatu yang dipakai atau pakaian. Pada zaman dulu, masyarakat Jepang memakai kimono dalam kesehariannya. Pada zaman monarki, feudal hingga modern, bentuk kimono mengalami perubahan yang cukup pesat hingga akhirnya menjadi bentuk kimono yang sekarang ini. Lowry (2014), menjelaskan bahwa pada masa Jomon dan Yayoi (660SM-552), sejarah tertulis Jepang tidak begitu jelas, tetapi para arkeologis menyimpulkan bahwa sekitar tahun 300 SM, Jepang menggunakan serat kayu dan sayuran untuk membuat kain, kemudian memadukannya sebagai pakaian berlapis dua dengan tali diikat. Bentuk kimono pada masa ini masih sangat sederhana yang berlengan pendek dengan celana yang diikat seperti tas. Di Jepang, zaman monarki terdapat dua fase yaitu monarki awal dan akhir. Zaman monarki awal terdapat periode Yamato, Asuka, Hakuho, dan Nara, sedangkan monarki akhir terdapat periode Heian. Pada periode Asuka (552-695), Jepang melakukan transaksi perdagangan antara China dan Korea. Dari perdagangan ini, Jepang mendapat masukan barang berharga berupa pakaian dari China yang merupakan bentuk dasar dari kimono dan juga masuknya agama Buddha dari Korea yang memberikan pengaruh besar terhadap bidang kebudayaan terutama pada kesenian di Jepang. Pada periode Hakuho (695-710), bentuk kimono pada periode ini tidak terlalu berbeda dari kimono yang ada di periode Asuka. Pada periode Nara (710-785), bentuk kimono pada periode ini mengikuti bentuk original dari China yang memiliki potongan lurus dengan lengan baju yang lembut dan lebar yang jatuh dari bahu hingga ke pergelangan tangan serta ditambahkan aksesoris seperti syal atau ikat pinggang. Kimono jenis ini bertahan selama lebih dari dua abad. Pada periode Heian (785-1185), para bangsawan mempunyai ketertarikan dalam bidang pakaian. Pada masa ini, Jepang berinisiatif menciptakan ‘gaya’ sendiri dan kimono yang paling terkenal di zaman ini adalah kimono yang dipakai oleh kaum wanita bangsawan yang disebut sebagai jyuuni- 1 2 hitoe atau kimono yang terdiri dari 12 lapis. Masing-masing dari lapisan kimono ini lebih besar dan ringan dari lapisan sebelumnya. Kimono ini juga masih dalam bentuk kotak, namun ukurannya sangat besar dan ditambah lipatan ekor yang panjang. Zaman feodal di Jepang juga mengalami dua fase, yaitu feodal awal dan akhir. Zaman feodal awal terdapat periode Kamakura, Muromachi, dan Azuchi-Momoyama, sedangkan feodal akhir terdapat periode Edo-Tokugawa. Pada periode Kamakura (1185-1333), kebudayaan aristokrat masa Heian turun dan diganti dengan kelas samurai yang mengontrol pemerintahan. Perpindahan ibukota juga terjadi pada masa ini yaitu dari Kyoto ke Kamakura. Kimono pada periode ini mengalami perubahan pada bagian lengannya. Jenis kimono pada periode ini lebih praktis dan nyaman untuk menyelaraskan kesederhanaan kehidupan samurai. Para wanita bangsawan juga tidak lagi memakai jyuuni-hitoe dikarenakan terlalu besar dan tidak praktis serta lengan kimono yang lebar. Wanita bangsawan pada periode ini memakai kosode yang merupakan kimono dengan lebar lengannya lebih pendek, serta memakai hakama yang merupakan celana panjang yang tergerai dan biasanya berwarna merah. Kimono jenis ini juga dipakai oleh rakyat jelata. Kimono pada zaman ini bertahan berabad-abad sebagai baju formal wanita bangsawan yang sampai sekarang masih dipakai oleh miko (penjaga kuil wanita) ketika mengadakan upacara ritual Shinto. Untuk upacara ritual juga terdapat beberapa pakaian yang terbuka di atas kimono yang dipakai yaitu uchikake . Setelah itu, keshogunan Kamakura diambil alih oleh keshogunan Ashikaga yang kemudian terjadi perpindahan ibukota kembali ke Kyoto. Klan Ashikaga terkenal sebagai klan yang memiliki citarasa dan semangat dalam mempertahankan bidang kesenian. Pada periode Muromachi (1333-1573), wanita harus tunduk pada suaminya. Bentuk kimono pada masa ini terlihat sederhana, terutama pada kaum laki- laki dikarenakan mereka sering pergi berperang. Pada periode Azuchi-Momoyama (1573-1615), terjadi penyatuan seluruh Jepang oleh Daimyo atau tuan tanah Oda Nobunaga. Setelah Nobunaga terbunuh, kekuasaannya diwariskan kepada Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Kematian Hideyoshi juga menandakan akhir perseteruan antara keturunannya yang telah berjuang selama 17 tahun dengan Tokugawa Ieyasu. Dalam periode ini, para seniman dan pemahat mendapatkan kesempatan untuk menunjukkan ketrampilan yang mereka miliki. 3 Kimono pada masa ini juga masih merupakan kosode , tetapi mengalami banyak perubahan seperti pada sulaman, hiasan, motif, dan warnanya. Pada zaman Edo, sistem pemerintahan berpusat pada kaum samurai di bawah pimpinan dari Shogun Tokugawa. Para wanita memiliki peran penting dalam sebuah klan yang ingin mempengaruhi politik di istana. Karena itu, wanita dipakai sebagai alat politik, yaitu melalui perkawinan politik. Dengan cara perkawinan politik, wanita dipakai untuk memberikan keturunan kepada kaisar. Keturunan tersebut akan memiliki hak waris dalam kekuasaan kerajaan. Kaum wanita pada periode ini, dididik agar taat dan setia kepada keluarga. Para wanita dari golongan bangsawan juga diajarkan tentang etika tradisional untuk melayani tamu. Pada periode ini, terdapat berbagai jenis pakaian yang dapat mencerminkan status ekonomi, sosial, jenis kelamini, usia, dan pekerjaan dari pemakainya. Anggota kelas militer yang menduduki tingkat teratas pada zaman ini, semakin dibatasi secara eknomi. Bagi anggota kelas pedagang dan juga kalangan bangsawan, perbedaan posisi sosial dan kekayaan mereka dapat dilihat dari pakaian mereka. Kemudian pemerintah Tokugawa mengeluarkan undang-undang untuk mengatur jenis pakaian yang cocok untuk kelas masyarakat tertentu. Undang-undang tersebut mencerminkan upaya pemerintah untuk mempertahankan perbedaan sosial dengan melarang individu melanggar batas kelas yang dapat mengganggu hierarki sosial yang berlaku (Hartono, 2007). Pada awal tahun 1617, di Edo terdapat sebuah undang-undang yang dikeluarkan untuk melarang penggunaan warna emas dan perak pada pakaian para pelacur. Kemudian pada tahun 1656, pemerintah Tokugawa mengancam penangkapan pada siapa pun yang memakai pakaian mewah atau berpenampilan lancang. Kemudian setelah kebakaran besar di Edo pada tahun 1657, dikeluarkan peraturan ketat tentang warna dan gaya dekorasi yang diizinkan untuk dikenakan oleh pedagang. Pada tahun 1663, Shogun mengeluarkan perintah yang membatasi jumlah uang yang dapat dihabiskan untuk pakaian yang dikenakan oleh janda permaisuri, para putri kekaisaran, selir shogun dan juga pelayan wanita di istana. Perintah serupa juga dikeluarkan pada tahun 1713 untuk mengatur pakaian istri daimyo (tuan feodal) (Milhaupt, 2014). Seiring perjalanan waktu sekitar zaman Meiji, budaya Barat masuk ke Jepang sehingga masyarakat Jepang mulai memakai pakaian bergaya Barat dalam 4 kesehariannya, sedangkan untuk menghadiri acara tertentu, masyarakat Jepang memakai kimono , misalnya pada acara pernikahan atau pemakaman dan lainnya. Kimono juga merupakan hasil dari kesenian tenun tradisional Jepang yang bernilai seni. Kimono formal hanya dibuat dari kain sutera kelas terbaik dan hanya dijahit dengan tangan. Umumnya kimono tidak pernah dijual dalam keadaan jadi, melainkan harus dipesan dan dijahit sesuai ukuran badan. Kimono untuk wanita sangat beragam dari segi jenis, warna, hingga motif. Warna dan motif yang digunakan selalu disesuaikan dengan umur dan gender, terutama di kalangan wanita. Selain itu, warna dan motif pada kimono juga memiliki makna dan arti filosofis. Dalam penggunaan warna, kimono wanita muda dihiasi dan berwarna cerah, sedangkan kimono wanita yang lebih tua menggunakan warna yang lebih halus serta motif yang lebih tenang. Penggunaan motif kimono berkaitan dengan status pemakai, mencerminkan emosi atau yang berhubungan dengan musim atau kesempatan. 1.1.1 Kimono Uchikake Hill (2011), menjelaskan bahwa pada periode Edo, wanita kelas atas atau kalangan bangsawan memakai kimono uchikake pada keseharian dan juga pada saat upacara khusus dan acara keluarga. Uchikake adalah kimono luar besar yang terbuat dari tekstil sutra mewah atau jubah formal yang menjuntai panjang dengan lengan lebar yang melapisi kosode polos dan hakama . Kosode (小袖) adalah kimono dasar yang dipakai untuk pria dan wanita. Kosode ini dapat dipakai sebagai pakaian dalam maupun pakaian luar. Secara harfiah kosode adalah kimono yang berlengan pendek. Dalam cuaca hangat, ikatan uchikake sering dilepaskan dari bahu sehingga lengan panjang dari uchikake menjuntai ke lantai. Uchikake juga merupakan kimono yang paling indah dan dipakai oleh wanita pada saat pernikahannya. Namun pada zaman modern seperti sekarang, dikarenakan pengaruh dari budaya barat, kimono uchikake hanya dipakai pada saat penikahan tradisional. Kimono ini juga tergolong sangat mahal, sehingga kebanyakan orang tidak membelinya, namun meminjam dengan harga yang sangat mahal. Korpus data yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kimono uchikake pada zaman Edo adalah drama Atsu Hime . 5 1.1.2 Atsu Hime （（（篤姫（篤姫））） Gambar 1.1.2 Drama Atsu Hime (Sumber: http://www.dramafans.org/drama/azns_atsu_hime) Atsu Hime （篤姫）merupakan drama sejarah Jepang yang dirilis pada tahun 2008 karya Motohiko Sano. Drama ini memiliki 50 episode yang ditayangkan dari tanggal 6 Januari 2008 sampai 14 Desember 2008. Drama ini menceritakan tentang kehidupan seorang putri yang bernama Atsuko dari wilayah Satsuma di Jepang selama tahun-tahun terakhir Keshogunan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2022 Cherry Blossoms
    photo © japan-guide.com photo © kumamoto-guide.jp ate n Off the Be n Path: A Different Side of Japa 2022 CHERRY BLOSSOMS GUARANTEED! SAIGO TAKAMORI HISTORY TOUR RISK FREE! Very Unique Tour Itinerary! Fly Non-Stop to Fukuoka and Return from Osaka! Cancel for Any Reason by 12/29/21! 10 Nights / 12 Days • 23 Meals (10 Breakfasts, 7 Lunches, 6 Dinners) No Penalties & No Cancellation Fees! Escorted from Honolulu • English-Speaking Local Guide April 01 – 12, 2022 • Tour Manager: Lana Ige Saigō Takamori (1828–1877) was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history. As a leader COMPLETE in the Meiji Restoration, he was instrumental in the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government) and the return of the control of the country to direct imperial rule under Mutsuhito (the PACKAGE! emperor Meiji). While this brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country, it also meant the abolishment of the privileged social status of Saigō’s beloved samurai class. $4588* Disenfranchised with his new government, Saigō escaped to Kagoshima and opened a private military INCLUDES ROUNDTRIP AIRFARE FROM academy as a way to employ the faithful samurai who had also left Tokyo to follow him. As tensions grew HONOLULU, 10 NIGHTS HOTEL, 23 MEALS, between the imperial government and the samurai class, Saigō was reluctantly persuaded by his peers to TIPS FOR LOCAL TOUR GUIDES AND lead a revolt against the government just 9 years after helping to place it in power. The rebellion lasted BUS DRIVERS, ALL TAXES & FEES just 9 months before Saigō was shot and mortally wounded.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Interpretation of the Bakufu's Refusal to Open the Ryukyus To
    Volume 16 | Issue 17 | Number 3 | Article ID 5196 | Sep 01, 2018 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus A New Interpretation of the Bakufu’s Refusal to Open the Ryukyus to Commodore Perry Marco Tinello Abstract The Ryukyu Islands are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to In this article I seek to show that, while the Taiwan. The former Kingdom of Ryukyu was Ryukyu shobun refers to the process by which formally incorporated into the Japanese state the Meiji government annexed the Ryukyu as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. Kingdom between 1872 and 1879, it can best be understood by investigating its antecedents in the Bakumatsu era and by viewing it in the wider context of East Asian and world history. I show that, following negotiations with Commodore Perry, the bakufu recognized the importance of claiming Japanese control over the Ryukyus. This study clarifies the changing nature of Japanese diplomacy regarding the Ryukyus from Bakumatsu in the late 1840s to early Meiji. Keywords Tokugawa bakufu, Bakumatsu, Ryukyu shobun, Commodore Perry, Japan From the end of the fourteenth century until the mid-sixteenth century, the Ryukyu kingdom was a center of trade relations between Japan, China, Korea, and other East Asian partners. According to his journal, when Commodore Matthew C. Perry demanded that the Ryukyu Islands be opened to his fleet in 1854, the Tokugawa shogunate replied that the Ryukyu Kingdom “is a very distant country, and the opening of its harbor cannot be discussed by us.”2 The few English-language studies3 of this encounter interpret this reply as evidence that 1 16 | 17 | 3 APJ | JF the bakufu was reluctant to become involved in and American sources relating to the discussions about the international status of negotiations between Perry and the bakufu in the Ryukyus; no further work has been done to 1854, I show that Abe did not draft his guide investigate the bakufu’s foreign policy toward immediately before, but rather after the Ryukyus between 1854 and the early Meiji negotiations were held at Uraga in 1854/2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Flexible Structure of Politics in Meiji Japan
    DLPPolicy and Practice for Developmental Leaders, Elites and Coalitions DEVELOPMENTAL LEADERSHIP PROGRAM Research Paper 07 The Flexible Structure of Politics in Meiji Japan Junji Banno, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo and Kenichi Ohno, Professor Emeritus., The University of Tokyo April 2010 www.dlprog.org The Developmental Leadership Program (DLP) addresses an important gap in international thinking and policy about the critical role played by leaders, elites and coalitions in the politics of development. This growing program brings together business, academic and civil society partners from around the world to explore the role of human agency in the processes of development. DLP will address the policy, strategic, and operational implications about ‘thinking and working politically’ - for example, about how to help key players solve collective action problems, negotiate effective institutions and build stable states. The Developmental Leadership Program E: [email protected] W: www.dlprog.org 3 Abstract Japan’s transformation period following the encounter with the powerful West, in which the political regime was revised and new national goals and strategies were agreed, started with the signing of commercial treaties with the West in 1858 and ended with the settlement on the basic directions of political and economic reforms in 1881. In the intervening years, two goals of establishing a public delib- eration mechanism (kogi yoron) and raising economic and military capability (fukoku kyohei) were set, which later split into four policy groups of a constitution, a national assembly, industrialization, and foreign expedition. The simultaneous pursuit and eventual achievement of multiple goals was supported by the flexible structure of politics in which goals, alliances, and leaders and leading groups evolved dynamically without solidifying into a simple hard structure or falling into uncontrollable crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Satsuma
    CHAPTER THREE ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH OF HOLME, RINGER & CO. The ‘Anglo-Satsuma War’ of 1863 was a brief but bloody clash between the British government and the Satsuma domain (present-day Kagoshima Prefecture) over the murder of Charles L. Richardson, a Shanghai mer- chant who had interfered with the train of the daimyo of Satsuma on a country road near Yokohama and suffered a gory death at the hands of the daimyo’s retainers the previous year. The Tokugawa Shogunate, anxious to avoid a confrontation, submitted a formal apology and offered an indem- nity of 10,000 pounds. The Satsuma domain, however, refused to either apologise or pay an indemnity, insisting that Richardson had been at fault by failing to pay proper respect. The British rebutted by pointing to the guarantee of extraterritoriality embedded in the Ansei Treaty, which they said exonerated Richardson of any wrongdoing. The suspense rose to a climax in August 1863 when the British despatched seven warships to Kagoshima and submitted a set of demands directly to the leaders of the domain. The Satsuma shore batteries opened fire, and the British warships promptly retaliated, destroying three steamships anchored in the harbour and inflicting damage on the city. The gunfire from the Japanese mean- while resulted in the death of several British personnel, including the commander of one of the warships. Satsuma was one of the wealthiest and most powerful domains in Japan, its territories sprawling over a large section of southern Kyūshū and its influence extending to the Ryūkyū Islands (present-day Okinawa Prefecture) to the southwest.
    [Show full text]
  • Aa 2010/2011
    Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue, Culture e Società Scuola di Dottorato in Lingue, Culture e Società XXVI Ciclo (A.A. 2010/2011―A.A. 2012/2013) The termination of the Ryukyuan embassies to Edo: an investigation of the bakumatsu period through the lens of a tripartite power relationship and its world SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA:[L-OR/23] Tesi di Dottorato di Tinello Marco, 955866 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutore del Dottorando Prof. SQUARCINI Federico Prof. CAROLI Rosa Co-tutore del Dottorando Prof. SMITS Gregory 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 6 Introduction Chapter 1-The Ryukyuan embassies to Edo: history of a three partners’ power relation in the context of the taikun diplomacy 31 1.1. Foundation of the taikun diplomacy and the beginning of the Ryukyuan embassies 34 1.2. The Ryukyuan embassies of the Hōei and Shōtoku eras 63 1.3. Ryukyuan embassies in the nineteenth century 90 Chapter 2-Changes in East Asia and Ryukyu in the first half of the nineteenth century: counter-measures of Shuri, Kagoshima and Edo to the pressures on Ryukyu by the Western powers 117 2.1. Western powers in Ryukyu after the Opium War and the Treaty of Nanjing 119 2.2. Countermeasures of the Shuri government to the Gaikantorai jiken 137 2.3. Countermeasures of Kagoshima and Edo after the arrival of Westerners in Ryukyu 152 Chapter 3-Responses of Edo, Kagoshima and Shuri to the conclusion of international treaties: were Ryukyuan embassies compatible with the stipulations of the treaties? 177 3.1. Responses of Edo and Kagoshima to the Ansei Treaties 179 3.2.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Involvement in Shimazu Nariakira's Plan to Open
    Accounting for Transient Hopes : The French Involvement in Title Shimazu Nariakira's Plan to Open Trade with the West in Ryūkyū Author(s) Beillevaire, Patrick Citation International journal of Okinawan studies, 1(2): 53-83 Issue Date 2010-12-24 URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/33985 Rights IJOS: International Journal of Okinawan Studies 1. 2 (2010), 53–83. Accounting for Transient Hopes: The French Involvement in Shimazu Nariakira’s Plan to Open Trade with the West in Ryūkyū Patrick Beillevaire* つかの間の希望： 島津斉彬の琉球・西洋貿易計画とフランスの関与について パトリック・ベイヴェール 1857 年、通商条約締結の前夜、明治期の富国強兵論の先駆けとなった薩摩藩主・島津斉彬は、西 洋諸国との密貿易計画を側近の家臣に明かした。江戸幕府への対抗策となるこの大計画には、蒸 気式軍艦や武器の入手以外に、西洋への留学生派遣や海外からの指導者招聘という目的もあった。 計画の実施には、江戸幕府の監視外にあった琉球王国の承諾が必須であった。斉彬がフランスを 貿易相手国として最適とした理由には、フランス人宣教師が琉球に滞在していたこと、1855 年に 国際協定（琉仏条約）が締結されていたこと、そして 1846 年に、フランスが琉球との間に通商協 定を結ぼうとしていたということが挙げられる。目的の達成へ向けて、1857 年秋に西洋科学技術 の専門家である市来四郎が琉球へ派遣され、板良敷（牧志）朝忠などの有力人物を含む現地の協力 者と共に、斉彬の命を遂行する重責を担った。1858 年、琉球王国の執行部にも重要な変化が生じ る一方で、市来四郎は、滞琉中のフランス人と連携し、その協力を得て 1859 年夏までに軍艦や武 器の他、多種多様な装備品が那覇へ届くように手配した。しかし全く想定外なことに、軍艦が琉 球に到着するまであと 2 週間というところで斉彬の死去という訃報が届いた。また島津の後継者 は、この事業の即刻中止を通達した。本論文では、薩摩藩が着手しようとしていた対フランス貿 易について、数少ないフランス側史料を英訳して解説すると同時に、その内容を日本側の史料と 照合していく。 In about 1990, while searching through the archives of the Foreign Mission Society of Paris for the letters sent by the Roman Catholic priests who sojourned in mid-19th century Okinawa, I came across an odd anonymous and undated letter of seven pages. It contains * Research director at the French National Center for Scientifi c Research（ CNRS）, 仏国立科学研究センター Former director of the Japan Research Center, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. 53 Accounting for Transient Hopes no other chronological indication than “September 8” incidentally mentioned on the third page. For unknown reasons, the person responsible for the classifi cation of the missionary archives, in the late 19th century, had ascribed the document to the year 1856 and indis- criminately credited the two priests then present in Okinawa, Barthelemy Girard and Eugène Mermet, with being its authors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Samurai: the Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori
    THE LAST SAMURAI The Life and Battles of Saigo- Takamori MARK RAVINA John Wiley & Sons, Inc. THE LAST SAMURAI THE LAST SAMURAI The Life and Battles of Saigo- Takamori MARK RAVINA John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2004 by Mark Ravina.All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada Design and production by Navta Associates, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as per- mitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty:While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accu- racy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials.The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suit- able for your situation.You should consult with a professional where appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by King's Research Portal This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Collapse of Tokugawa Japan and the role of Sir Ernest Satow in the Meiji Restoration, 1853-1869 Sakakibara, Tsuyoshi Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to: Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Nov. 2017 The Collapse of Tokugawa Japan and the role of Sir Ernest Satow in the Meiji Restoration, 1853-1869 Tsuyoshi Sakakibara Department of History King’s College London Submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy October, 2015 1 Declaration I confirm that the research contained in this thesis is in my own research and is submitted as such for the degree of Master of Philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Influence and the Transformation of Early Modern Japan
    Foreign Influence and the Transformation of Early Modern Japan YAYORI TAKANO The Meiji Restoration of 1868 is known as one of the great turning points in Japanese history. An event unique to Japan, it was the Meiji Restoration that set Japan apart developmentally from its Asian neighbors. However, to fully understand the nature of the Restoration and how it occurred, examination of the preceding years is necessary. We can thus say the nineteenth century, or more specifically, the years from 1853 to 1868, identified as the bakumatsu, were a watershed in the history of Japan. The bakumatsu, whose characters give it the literal meaning “end of the bakufu,” was the transition period from the Edo period to the new Meiji era. It was during this time that Japanese political thought changed radically, shaking up the entire nation. After two hundred years of seclusion, the Japanese finally made the decision to end its sakoku foreign policy. Central authority in Japan underwent a huge transition as the power of the Tokugawa bakufu, the governing body of the Edo period, slowly deteriorated, and the foundation for the new Meiji government emerged. While other Eastern nations fell further behind Western powers in the changing world, Japan strode forward, maintaining its sovereignty and quickly catching up to the other major foreign powers. Over the years, historians have studied and analyzed the complexities of these years and their implications repeatedly. Interpretational differences regarding the significance of the Meiji Restoration, as well as differences of emphasis, or even fact, have given rise to many scholarly debates. The biggest controversy, however, surrounds the causes of the Restoration.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Thesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Collapse of Tokugawa Japan and the role of Sir Ernest Satow in the Meiji Restoration, 1853-1869 Sakakibara, Tsuyoshi Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 The Collapse of Tokugawa Japan and the role of Sir Ernest Satow in the Meiji Restoration, 1853-1869 Tsuyoshi Sakakibara Department of History King’s College London Submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy October, 2015 1 Declaration I confirm that the research contained in this thesis is in my own research and is submitted as such for the degree of Master of Philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • Jitsuo Tsuchiyamathe Balance of Power in Korea, and Japan
    Jitsuo Tsuchiyama The Balance of Power in Korea, and Japan* Jitsuo Tsuchiyama** Abstract This paper seeks to examine East Asia, particularly the situation surrounding North Korea, from the perspective of power politics. It specifically points out that a balance of power, the key concept in power politics, is an order that does not simply arise from maintaining a balance in military power but is in fact premised on a shared recognition among countries of “national interests” and “systemic interests”. It goes on to contrast the case of Europe, where the presence of these factors enabled power politics to take root, with the current situation in East Asia, which lacks these factors despite the seeming emergence of power politics in the region. The paper then explains the need for Japan – which at one point acted as if it had quickly mastered the balance of power, leading to misjudgments that culminated in tragedy – to consciously think and behave as a key actor in ways distinct from the past in forming a regional order encompassing the Korean peninsula. 018 marks 150 years since the Meiji Restoration: a period that at once may appear to be a long time, and yet also prompts the thought: has it only been that long? Modern Japan’s history is surprisingly short. Despite the shortness of its history, however, modern Japan’s diplomacy has been full of incident and turmoil, particularly in the prewar years. 2Japan was the first non-European country to enter the European international order under its own steam and join the great powers in their struggle for power and interests in East Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Meiji Intellectuals and the Japanese Construction of an East-West Binary, 1868-1912
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History Spring 5-7-2011 Finding their Place in the World: Meiji Intellectuals and the Japanese Construction of an East-West Binary, 1868-1912 Masako N. Racel Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Racel, Masako N., "Finding their Place in the World: Meiji Intellectuals and the Japanese Construction of an East-West Binary, 1868-1912." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2011. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/26 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FINDING THEIR PLACE IN THE WORLD: MEIJI INTELLECTUALS AND THE JAPANESE CONSTRUCTION OF AN EAST-WEST BINARY 1868-1912 BY MASAKO NOHARA RACEL Under the Direction of Douglas R. Reynolds ABSTRACT The Meiji era (1868-1912) in Japanese history was characterized by the extensive adoption of Western institutions, technology, and customs. The dramatic changes that took place caused the era’s intellectuals to ponder Japan's position within the larger global context. The East-West binary was a particularly important part of the discourse as the intellectuals analyzed and criticized the current state of affairs and offered their visions of Japan’s future. This dissertation examines five Meiji intellectuals who had very different orientations and agendas: Fukuzawa Yukichi, an influential philosopher and political theorist; Shimoda Utako, a pioneer of women's education; Uchimura Kanzō, a Christian leader; Okakura Kakuzō, an art critic; and Kōtoku Shūsui, a socialist.
    [Show full text]