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Food Insecurity and Food Aid in 'Advanced' Neoliberalism

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Food Insecurity and Food Aid in ‘Advanced’ Neoliberalism Interrogating the trajectory of neoliberalism through a study of food insecurity and food aid in contemporary Bradford Madeleine Sarah Power BA, MSc (Hons) PhD University of York Health Sciences August 2017 2 Abstract This thesis explores whether a particular form of neoliberalism – aligned with contemporaneous constructions of religion and race – constitutes a meta-narrative to explain food aid and food insecurity. It addresses two religions (Christianity; Islam) and two ethnic groups (white-British; Pakistani). It uses a mixed-methods case-study of Bradford, composed of three interlinked studies. Study 1 involved focus groups and interviews with food aid providers/stakeholders (N=27). In Study 2, data from the Born in Bradford study were matched with data on food insecurity and self- reported general health from the nested Born in Bradford 1000 study, and mental health data from GP records (N=1280). Study 3 involved three focus groups and one interview with Pakistani- Muslim (N=8) and white-British (N=8) women in/at risk of food insecurity. There is a relationship between socioeconomic status and both food insecurity and the use of food aid. Secular and religious food aid is becoming formalised as part of a denuded welfare system and, within this system, service providers and users pathologise and individualise (food) poverty, and deny racial difference. Food insecure participants are controlled within and outside food aid, particularly via self-surveillance. Nevertheless, food aid usage, and the experience and health impacts of food insecurity, are shaped by ethnic and religious identity in addition to socioeconomic status. Food aid is a multifaceted phenomenon; it cannot be defined as a ‘shadow state’. Religious involvement in food aid is underpinned not by belief in the superiority of religious welfare but a Caritas framework. Food aid best emulates nineteenth-century systems of philanthropy, shaped by Calvinist ideas of the deserving/undeserving poor. Outside food aid, systems of mutual aid – often informed by Islam – operate despite the neoliberal state. This case-study suggests that whilst a neoliberal meta-narrative may explain components of contemporary food aid and food insecurity, it cannot describe the phenomena in their entirety. 3 Table of contents Abstract 3 Contents Table of contents 4 List of tables 9 List of figures 11 Acknowledgements 13 Authors’ declaration 14 Introduction to the thesis 15 Chapter 1 Literature Review 17 1.1 Dominant theoretical models of food banking 18 1.1.1 Food insecurity 19 1.1.2 Neoliberal political economy 21 1.1.3 Racial neoliberalism 30 1.1.4 Religion and neoliberalism – religious neoliberalism? 34 1.1.5 Religion and (food) charity: Theological foundations 41 1.2 Contemporary food aid 43 1.2.1 Conceptualising food aid 44 1.2.2 Food aid according to neoliberal political economy 46 1.2.3 Historical responses to hunger and poverty 50 1.3 The lived experience of food aid and food insecurity 52 1.3.1 Accessing food charity in ‘advanced’ neoliberalism: Constructs of the ‘food poor’ and their relationship with food charity 53 1.3.2 Outside food aid: The lived experience of food insecurity 64 1.4 Resistance and alternatives 89 4 1.4.1 Third theoretical framework on food banking 89 1.4.2 Mutual aid 90 1.4 Conclusion and hypothesis 91 Chapter 2 Describing the data: The Born in Bradford study and the Born in Bradford 1000 study 93 2.1 The Born in Bradford study 93 2.1.1 Born in Bradford study protocol 93 2.1.2 Born in Bradford data characteristics 94 2.2 The Born in Bradford 1000 study 96 2.2.1 Born in Bradford 1000 study protocol 96 2.2.2 Born in Bradford data characteristics 97 2.3 Creating a food insecurity dataset 98 2.4 External validity 99 Chapter 3 Methodology 102 3.1 Setting: Bradford 103 3.1.1 A brief history of Bradford: 1850 to the present day 103 3.1.2 Demography and deprivation 105 3.2 Research methodology 105 3.2.1 Methodology: Theoretical framework 105 3.2.2 Case study approach 108 3.2.3 Mixed methods study 111 3.3 Study design 113 3.3.1 Study 1 113 3.3.2 Study 2 125 3.3.3 Study 3 135 3.4 Reflexivity and reciprocity 149 3.4.1 Reflexivity 149 3.4.2 Reciprocity 154 5 Chapter 4 Study 1: Food aid, religion, race and the state 156 4.1 Food aid and the state 156 4.1.1 Conceptualising food aid 157 4.1.2 Viability and conference: Is food aid a coherent, effectual alternative to the (welfare) state? 163 4.1.3 History, development, motivations and objectives 166 4.1.4 Coercion, exclusion and adequacy 169 4.1.5 The institutionalisation of food aid: Structural or discursive? 173 4.2 Food aid, religion, race and neoliberalism 179 4.2.1 How does religion materialise in food aid? 179 4.2.2 Why does religion materialise in food aid? Theological, pragmatic, neoliberal underpinnings? 186 4.2.3 The perceived user experience 191 4.3 Conclusions 197 Chapter 5 Study 2: Food insecurity amongst two ethnic groups: Demographic characteristics and mediating factors 200 5.1 Prevalence and socio demographics of food insecurity: What factors make a difference and what are the implications of this for understanding food insecurity as a neoliberal phenomenon? 200 5.1.1 Prevalence of food insecurity in BiB1000 200 5.1.2 Socio-demographic characteristics in relation to food insecurity 204 5.1.3 Ethnicity and food insecurity 209 5.2 Food insecurity and health outcomes: How do socio-demographic factors mediate the relationship, and what does this imply? 211 5.2.1 General health and food insecurity over time amongst Pakistani and white British women 211 5.2.2 Mental health and food insecurity over time amongst Pakistani and white British women 216 5.3 Conclusion 218 6 Chapter 6 Study 3: The lived experience of food insecurity amongst two ethnic groups: Channeling and resisting neoliberalism 221 6.1 Responses to food insecurity amongst two ethnic groups: Individual ‘coping’ and social solidarity 221 6.1.1 The nature and concealment of food insecurity 222 6.1.2 Management of food in the context of poverty: Similarities and variations between white British and Pakistani women 229 6.1.3 Food aid in the context of poverty: Similarities and variations between white British and Pakistani Muslim women 240 6.2 Control of a ‘feckless’ poor: Surveillance, shame and the ‘Other’ 245 6.2.1 Language and perspectives on food insecurity 245 6.2.2 Arenas of securitisation and surveillance: Internalising, enacting and resisting neoliberal narratives 247 6.3 Conclusion 258 Chapter 7 Discussion 260 7.1 Main findings 260 7.1.1 Food insecurity and food aid are neoliberal phenomena 261 7.1.2 Food insecurity and food aid are not neoliberal phenomena 268 7.1.3 Resistance and alternatives: Mutual aid 277 7.2 Strengths, limitations and recommendations for further research 279 7.2.1 Study 1 279 7.2.2 Study 2 283 7.2.3 Study 3 287 7.2.4 Strengths and limitations of the PhD as a whole; directions for future research 290 7.3 Recommendations for policy and practice 295 7.4 Conclusion 298 Chapter 8 Conclusion 299 Appendix 1 Study 1 Phase 1 Focus Groups Information Sheet and Topic Guide 301 Appendix 2 Study 1 Phase 2 Interviews Information Sheet and Topic Guide 307 7 Appendix 3 Study 3 Information Sheet and Topics Guide 313 Appendix 4 Household Food Insecurity Survey Module 319 Abbreviations 325 References 327 8 List of Tables Table 1.1 Terminology associated with food aid (author’s own) 45 Table 1.2 Food security metrics 73 Table 2.1 Baseline characteristics of the Born in Bradford 95 Table 2.2 Baseline characteristics of the Born in Bradford 1000 sample 98 Table 2.3 BiB1000 sample characteristics for food insecurity at 12 months 99 Table 3.1 Sequential study design 111 Table 3.2 Focus group coding framework 121 Table 3.3 Interview coding framework 122 Table 3.4 Phase 1 focus groups and interview sample 123 Table 3.5 Phase 2 interviews sample characteristics 124 Table 3.6 Mean exposure per time period and the population adjusted for exposure 131 Table 3.7 Crude and exposure adjusted for CMD 131 Table 3.8 Sample characteristics BiB1000 12 month survey wave 133 Table 3.9 Sample characteristics analysis of food insecurity and mental health 134 Table 3.10 Study 3 focus groups and interview details 143 Table 3.11 Sample characteristics Study 3 145 Table 3.12 Coding framework Study 3 148 Table 4.1 Overview of organisations in Bradford involved with food insecurity by organisation type 157 Table 4.2 Overview of study participants by organisation type and professional role 158 Table 4.3 Activities of study organisations 160 Table 4.4 Sources of income in study organisations 161 9 Table 4.5 Staff structures in study organisations 162 Table 4.6 Organisational objective(s) 167 Table 4.7 Number of faith-based organisations in sample according to model of food provision 181 Table 4.8 Categorisation of study food aid organisations according to religion/denomination 181 Table 5.1 Maternal characteristics according to household food security status 205 Table 5.2 Proportion food insecure (12 months) by social security (baseline) 206 Table 5.3 Proportion food insecure (12 months) by household size (12 months) 207 Table 5.4 Logistic regression analysis of food insecurity (12 months) by explanatory variables at baseline (except for household size, which is captured at 12 months) 208 Table 5.5 Proportion food insecure by ethnic group (six categories) 210 Table 5.6 Logistic regression analysis of fair/poor general health by food insecurity status 214 Table 5.7 Logistic regression analysis of fair/poor general
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