This report, conducted by the Master’s students of the Technische Universität Berlin’s Urban Management program in coopera- tion with the GIZ - Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, examines strategies of sustainable heritage conservation for the Albanian villages of and .

With this report we wish to stimulate and contribute to an emerging discussion in regarding the development of creative, sustainable models for conserving the country’s rich cultural heri- tage and revitalizing village communities. Our intention is twofold. First, by elaborating on general principles of conservation in combi- nation with a broad collection of concrete and successful inter- national case-studies, we wish to inspire regional stakeholders to learn from elsewhere as they work to defne local solutions. Second, we hope that our proposal for the historic villages of Vuno and Qeparo - a Village Conservation Model based on the develop- ment of a Conservation Lab and dispersed Village Hotel - will be a constructive start to the preservation of the ’s southern coastal region.

Rizky Pratama Adhi, Moutasem Al Khnaifes, Ayse Merve Altinsoy, Haitham Audi, Mohammad Masoud Azimi, Comfort Badaru, Daniela Bonilla E., Katherine Cashman, Clémence Chapus, Efrosini Collazos, Lucas Counter, Ella Dodson, Daniel Escobar, Elizaveta Fakirova, Sofa Fernandez Rosso, Estefania Giesecke, Patricia Guena Trottenberg, Zaharatul Hasanah, Shankar Narayanan Iyer, Marcelo Julião de Seixas, Shadi Mehrpour, Daniela Nieto Lopez, João Rett Lemos.

Edited by Emily Bereskin and Christian Haid. in cooperation with

ISBN 978-3-9812769-8-5

Edition Berlin, 2018 Partners Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization:

Editors A Proposal for the Historic Villages of

Dr. Emily Bereskin Christian Haid Vuno and Qeparo, Albania

Proofreading Authors Mary Stewart Rizky Pratama Adhi Moutasem Al Khnaifes Ayse Merve Altinsoy Layout Haitham Audi Report on the Results of a Mohammad Masoud Azimi Fanny Harder Case Study Research Project (2017) Comfort Badaru Daniela Bonilla E. Urban Management Program Katherine Cashman Print Berlin University of Technology Clémence Chapus Efrosini Collazos in Collaboration with Lucas Counter ‘Integrated Sustainable Development of the Southern Coastal Region’, implemented by Ella Dodson Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Albania Daniel Escobar Edition Elizaveta Fakirova Sofa Fernandez Rosso Berlin, February 2018 Estefania Giesecke Patricia Guena Trottenberg Zaharatul Hasanah Shankar Narayanan Iyer Marcelo Julião de Seixas Shadi Mehrpour Daniela Nieto Lopez João Rett Lemos

ISBN 978-3-9812769-8-5 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Preface

Preface

With this report we wish to stimulate and extremely pleased to work collectively with the and communities excited to play a role in the contribute to an emerging discussion in Albania GIZ on the important issue of conservation and future of their homes. Although many challenges regarding the development of creative, sustain- alternative forms of heritage financing. lay ahead, we are hopeful and have been excited able models for conserving the country’s rich to have been part of the process. cultural heritage and revitalizing village commu- In a ten-day fieldtrip to the Southern Coastal nities. Our intention is twofold. First, by elabo- Region of Albania, the young professionals Emily Bereskin and Christian Haid rating on general principles of conservation in became familiar with the context and the complex Urban Management Program, combination with a broad collection of concrete challenges facing the region. In the following two- Technische Universität Berlin and successful international case-studies, we month period, this onsite fieldwork evolved into wish to inspire regional stakeholders to learn the report at hand, which presents a proposal for from elsewhere as they work to define local solu- sustainable heritage conservation in Southern tions. Second, we hope that our proposal for the Albania, and offers a rich collection of comparable historic villages of Vuno and Qeparo—a Village international case-studies all across the world. Conservation Model based on the development of a Conservation Lab and dispersed Village Hotel— We would like to express our gratitude to all will be a constructive start to the preservation the people who were involved in and who have of the villages of the Albania’s southern coastal supported this project. Our thanks go to our part- region. ners from the GIZ in Albania, especially to Hans- Juergen Cassens, country director of GIZ Albania, Since 2003, the Urban Management Program without whom this cooperation would not have at Technische Universität (TU) Berlin has fruit- been possible and to Valbona Koci for coordinating fully collaborated with the GIZ. The TU Masters the project onsite and for sharing with us her enor- program brings together an international group mous expertise. We are further grateful to Erisa of young professionals from various disciplinary Nesimi and Eneida Berisha for their constant help backgrounds, such as architecture, economics, and daily presence on site. Additional thanks go to engineering, geography, urban planning, and the local Albanian professionals and students who sustainable development. The students have worked with us during our time Albania. While years of experience working in cities as diverse as developing the report back in Berlin, Prof. Dr. Ares Lima, Dar es Salaam, Damascus, Kabul, Bangalore, Kalandides was immensely helpful in developing Detroit, Jakarta, Buenos Aires, Quito, Ankara, the economic model together with the students Moscow, Paris, Bogotá and Sao Paolo. The group’s and us, and we are deeply indebted to him for his collective expertise is a unique resource that can, time and expertise. Above all, we want to thank as in the case of the present report, be utilized to the students of the Urban Management Program help create proposals for new strategies and poli- for their great commitment and engagement. cies. The GIZ, in turn, provides the students with case-studies where they, as a group, are given the There is great potential for the sustainable conser- chance to develop an integrated urban manage- vation and revitalization of Vuno, Qeparo, and Image 1: ment project. The focus of these annual projects the other mountain villages in Southern Albania. Cover Vuno is chosen by the GIZ and encompasses diverse During our time in the region, we encountered Image 2: issues such as waste management, urban regen- experts with great knowledge and respect for Field Work eration, and risk management. This year, we were building traditions, visionary and capable leaders,

4 5 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Foreword

Foreword

Albania is a country rich in natural and cultural heri- heritage will endure and contribute to the overall analysis, presentation of initial ideas to key stake- tage. The 400 km long coastline, the diferent moun- development of the region, only if there is some holders; and the follow-up analysis/discussions. tain ranges, natural rivers and cultivated lands are economic perspective. matched with an abundance of cultural heritage, We truly believe that the ideas and the models in this some dating back to Illyrian times. More recent The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale report will serve as a reference for future develop- history is still very present in cities and villages also. Zusammenarbeit - GIZ [the German Organization ments in the feld of urban conservation and revi- The southern coastal region of Albania is no excep- for International Cooperation, on behalf of the talization; aimed not only to the related institutions, tion. Mountains, the Mediterranean Sea, a rich German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and professionals or academia, but to the [heritage] cultural landscape, ancient sites and old traditional Development is supporting a project of the Albanian house-owners and interest groups the real drivers / villages are characteristics of this area and a huge Government for the sustainable development of actors of economic development. The elaborated asset for development. the southern coastal region. In this context, the Village Conservation Model will be applicable not Integrated Sustainable Development of the Southern only for Vuno and Qeparo, but hopefully for other As in other parts of the world, new opportunities Coastal Region programme and the partners such traditional and historic villages of similar contexts in over the last 20 years have changed the social struc- as National Territorial Planning Agency [NTPA], , Albania. tures in those villages. Many people have left to the Institute of Culture Monuments [ICM], the move to cities or even abroad, some have moved Municipality of Himara etc, are pleased to have coop- We truly hope that putting “Village Conservation nearby into more modern [recently constructed] erated with the Urban Management [UM] Masters Model” into practice can give the traditional /historic housing, some have stayed in the old buildings but Programme of the Technical University Berlin [TU villages in Himara a chance to start a heritage-based with little means to maintain them. In many cases, Berlin], in co-organizing the summer school on urban development approach! complicated heritage structures make investments conservation aiming at developing “Sustainable in the preservation and use of the built-up heritage Models of Conservation and Revitalization for Finally, we do express our gratitude to all the people additionally difcult. the Historic Villages of Vuno & Qeparo, in Himara, who were involved in this process! Albania”. Over the last years, the Albanian government has Hans-Juergen Cassens increasingly invested in the tangible heritage of Considering that there are many good experi- GIZ Albania Country Director settlements in cities such as Korça, Gjirokastra, ences on economic models for urban conservation Berat, etc but increasingly also in village settings. and revitalizing traditional settlements around the Integrated Sustainable Development of the Southern For example, Vuno and Qeparo [together with world, the fndings of this research conducted by Coastal Region Progamme Manager Dhërmi and old Himara settlement] were declared as 22 international students in the UM Program at the “historic centers”, thus national heritage sites, back in TU Berlin of diverse backgrounds such as architec- Deutsche Gesellschaft für 2016; plans to support the renovation of infrastruc- ture, planning, engineering, administrative sciences, Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH ture and some old ensembles are underway. ect, guided by professors at TU Berlin and working alongside participating students from Albanian However, in order to sustain eforts for preserving universities, ISDSCR programme team and partners, the rich architectural and cultural heritage assets of can enrich the discussion on fnding own ways and the old villages in southern coastal region, there is contextual means for urban conservation in Albania. a need for such Economic Models of Conservation and Revitalization, which would provide not only This research / report summarizes the results of for return of investments in the preservation and the term-long research: preparations, feldwork modernization work, but an income for those who conducted in Albania from May 2 to 12 consisting of are engaged in this process as well. This precious expert and in-site resident interviews, site and SWOT

6 7 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Preface 4 8 The Village Corporation 85

Foreword 6 9 Overarching Governance Model 97

PART I: INTRODUCTION 10 Spatial Proposals 103

1 Village Conservation in the Albania’s Southern Coastal Region 13 11 Concluding Remarks 111

2 Methodology 27 ANNEX

PART II: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION References 117 MODELS AND SELECTED CASE-STUDIES Images, Figures and Tables 123

3 Principles of Heritage Conservation 35 Personal Profles 126

4 Case Studies 49

PART III: PROPOSAL FOR A SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION MODEL: VUNO AND QEPARO

5 Recommended Governmental Measures 67

6 Village Conservation Model Overview 73

7 The Village Conservation Lab 77

8 9 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization

Part I: Introduction

10 Village Conservation in the Albania’s Southern Coastal Region

1 Village Conservation in the Albania’s Southern Coastal Region

Albania’s southern coastal region, often referred to as the Albanian Rivera, is blessed with a beau- tiful natural landscape and a unique cultural heri- tage. The area has been inhabited since the Bronze Age, and has witnessed many tumultuous changes over the centuries. Today, the region faces many challenges. While the national economy has been growing since the fall of the communist regime in 1992, many of the mountain villages in the country’s south continue to sufer from economic stagnation, population depletion, and a crumbling infrastruc- ture. The Albanian government is currently working hard to overcome these difculties and to develop a new vision for the south.

Since 2015, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) has collaborated with various partners in the Albanian government to create a new development programme for the southern coastal region: the Integrated Sustainable Development of the Southern Coastal Region (ISDSCR). The project emphasises sustainable growth and endeavours to ensure that the rural population benefts from new development (GIZ 2016b). The frst phase of ISDSCR (2015-2017) was composed of two main pillars or areas of intervention: (1) The creation of spatial development plans and the provision of technical assistance for its drafting, both at the national and Image 3: the local level in the coastal municipalities of Vlora, Qeparo (p. 10-11) Himara, Saranda and Konispol; (2) The development Image 4: of models for sustainable tourism, supporting and Conversation with Qeparo using outdoor activities and events such as hiking, Homeowner (p. 12)

13 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Village Conservation in the Albania’s Southern Coastal Region

mountain biking, cultural tours and festivals as cata- conservation in the southern coastal region. Two lysts for sustainable practices.1 villages, Vuno and Qeparo, were selected by the GIZ as focal points for the study. ISDSCR is now entering its second phase (2017- 2019), and one of its major objectives is developing The study’s primary objective was to develop a pilot new “instruments and models for urban conserva- project able to sustainably fnance village conserva- tion” (GIZ 2016a, p. 44). This objective recognises tion projects. Secondary goals of the project were the architecture and urban design of the villages to align with the broader development goals of in the coastal region as an important resource the ISDSCR, which include promoting local invest- that demands preservation, both for its social and ment, increasing economic activity, enhancing site historical importance as well as for its potential to development, supporting heritage awareness, and contribute to the economic, tourism-based, regen- boosting tourism in the area. eration of the region. As detailed below, much is currently happening in Albania to help preserve the The following report, “Sustainable Models of architectural heritage and traditional character of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization: A Proposal Qeparo Vuno the southern coastal villages. Funds for conserva- for the Historic Villages of Vuno and Qeparo, Albania”, tion projects, however, are extremely limited and it presents the fnal fndings of the study based on the short overview of our Village Conservation Model, historical villages nestled in these mountains where is therefore essential to consider creative alternatives feld trip workshop, strategic analysis and best-prac- delineating the entities involved and how they work the GIZ is currently doing work. Both have recently for sustainable fnancing. tice comparative analysis. In it, we present our vision in concert. Chapter 7 presents our proposal for the been given protected status as historical centres by for a sustainable conservation model which draws Village Conservation Lab, an educational centre that the National Institute for Cultural Monuments due to In support of this goal, the present study was under- on maximising existing resources, limiting depen- will conduct conservation works. Chapter 8 pres- their remarkable architectural monuments, as well as taken by students of the Urban Management master dency on public sources, and creatively drawing ents the Village Corporation, an organisation that their vernacular architecture and spatial layout. programme of the Technische Universität Berlin on local and third sector resources. We tie funding will attempt to leverage land to get a small busi- under the guidance and support of the GIZ and sources into a business plan congruent with the ness loan for the village hotel. Considerations and The settlement of Qeparo is situated atop the steep the Albanian National Territorial Planning Agency ISDSCR’s vision on growth in the tourism sector. suggestions for a governance structure are explored hillside of Mount Gjivlash and can be reached only (AKPT). Students from Berlin travelled to Albania, in Chapter 9, and in Chapter 10, we present a short by way of a winding and rocky road. Those who where they undertook feldwork alongside students The report proceeds as follows. The remainder of the spatial proposal and visualization of our proposed reach the top are rewarded with stunning views from Albania and Kosovo from 2nd – 12th May, 2017 introduction presents our case studies and details project. In Chapter 11, we look at some of the major and a wonderfully labyrinthine urban fabric. Narrow with the purpose of developing diverse alterna- the problem at hand. Part 2 then outlines some challenges of the project. In Chapter 11, we conclude cobblestone pathways (sokak in Albanian) wind tives for economic models supporting architectural general considerations in funding heritage conser- by examining some of the major risks and challenges through a maze of stone dwellings, churches, and vation projects and discusses both traditional and of the project. These fnal remarks should help guide the ruins of formerly thriving social sites. A large 1 For a detailed overview of the results of this phase, see GIZ, Steering alternative models for sourcing necessary inputs. local stakeholders as they determine next steps and plane tree looms at the centre of the village in front Committee Meetings, 2016 and GIZ, Development of Albania’s Southern Coastal Region, accessed 25.06.2017 This section is then augmented by a series of interna- actions. of the Church of St. Mary. Below its branches, resi- tional case studies that best represent diferent ways dents drink cofee and chat idly. The children living in which actors elsewhere have funded conserva- in the village are few, but they run and play football tion projects by looking beyond the public sector, to 1.1 The Villages together along the stone alleyways. Out on the hill- the private sector, the non-proft sector, and to local side, shepherds can be seen herding large focks of communities. The focus of our study are two of the region’s histor- sheep and goats. Terraced felds stretch down the ical villages—Qeparo and Vuno—whose histories hillside, where for centuries villagers have grown In Part 3, we present our own project, a model that are noted in Ottoman registers as early as the 15th olives and citrus fruits. capitalises on local land values and labour and envi- century. Evidence of settlements as old as the Bronze sions a new adaptive re-use function of a village hotel. Age has been found on both sites. Both villages are As opposed to Qeparo and most of the other moun- However, before expanding on our own proposal, located in Vlora county, in the Himara municipality. tain villages that were built atop mountain peaks, we frst, in Chapter 5, discuss the role of the state and The area is characterised by its striking topography, Vuno is a sea-facing village built in a steep incline Image 6: the necessary measures that must be implemented with the large mountains of the southern ranges across the hillside in an arcing semi-circle. It is Qeparo Image 5: before any business-oriented conservation project rising steeply out of the snaking coastline of the divided by a busy road that travels between Himara Image 7: Spatial Map Discussion, Vuno can be successful. Then, in Chapter 6 we present a . Vuno and Qeparo are just two of ffteen and Dhermi, separating the village into upper and Vuno

14 15 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Village Conservation in the Albania’s Southern Coastal Region

lower registers. Above and below, village houses are of tourists who visit their villages in the summer piled on top of one another along switchback path- season. There are two locally-owned guesthouses in ways. At the centre of the village, just of the main Qeparo, as well as a third operated by a non-local. In road, is a small restaurant and plaza that serves as Vuno, there is a small hostel that operates during the the village’s central meeting place. Nearby, a monu- summer months. One of the principle goals of the ment stands honouring those who died defending ISDSCR’s tourism strategy is to lure beachside tour- the village in World War II. ists up into the villages with promises of picturesque settings, historically-important architecture, and Vuno and Qeparo have retained many aspects of glimpses of traditional Albanian ways of life. To this traditional village life, and many of the practices end, the Himara Municipality Local Development related to the villages are typical of the southern Plan (2012) outlines plans to integrate the mountain Laberian ethno-culture (Metohu 2015, pp. 15-16). zone of historical cultural villages with the sea and Many inhabitants produce their own food, growing sand coastline for the mutual beneft of sustain- fruit and vegetables, and raising sheep and goats for able tourism. They have now issued a detailed Local Albania cheese and other dairy products. Households distil Development Plan for Himara, which introduces their own raki. Women continue to make traditional much-needed building regulations, and cross- handicrafts and textiles; older women continue sectional integrated territorial plans for the coast, to the tradition of changing dress colours as they age. use seaside tourism to channel funding into cultural Donkeys, ideal for carrying heavy loads up steep preservation projects in the mountain villages. pathways, are still used to transport materials around the villages. Culturally, the southern region is also unique in Albania due to its proximity to and histor- 1.2 Current Situation and Challenges ical ties with Greece.2 Many in the region speak both in the Villages Albanian and Greek, and in contrast to the Muslim majority in Albania, the area is predominately Greek Vuno and Qeparo are currently facing numerous Orthodox. challenges. Population is declining; housing and infrastructure are in a state of serious disrepair; and To protect themselves against seafaring invaders, economic opportunities are scant. Population in the traditionally settled in the mountains as two villages began declining after 1991. Without opposed to along the seashore. Over the course of state intervention, local manufacturing consolidated the 20th century, however, residents have moved near Tirana, and large numbers of residents were closer to the sea, and both Vuno and Qeparo now forced to move to the capital in order to secure work. have seaside counterparts, “New Vuno” and “New Large numbers also left Albania to seek economic Vuno Qeparo.” These coastal villages are comparatively opportunities in other countries. Given their prox- better of economically, beneftting primarily from imity to Greece, the vast majority have gone there, summer beach tourism. In the summer months, the in search of permanent or seasonal work.3 Others 4 Himarë seaside villages see a sharp increase in residential go to Italy, Germany, Switzerland or further afeld. population as residents living abroad or in Tirana Local census numbers are higher, but GIZ estimates travel home to take advantage of this opportunity. the current population of both Qeparo and Vuno as around 650 – 700 residents (Koci, personal corre- Similarly, though in smaller numbers, residents of the spondence, 2017). Herrle and Nebel put the perma- hillside villages who spend most of the year working nent population of Vuno at approximately 50 – 80 Figure 1: elsewhere return to service the limited number Map of Albania 3 The 2010-2011 economic crisis in Greece prompted waves of return Figure 2: Qeparo 2 Along with other villages in the region, residents of Vuno and Qeparo migration to Albania. Location of Vuno and were part of the Ottoman resistance in the 18th and 19th centuries and 4 The decade after the fall of the communist regime witnessed mass migra- then fought alongside Greece during the Balkan Wars (Pettifer and tion across the country as hundreds of thousands left Albania to settle Qeparo in Albania Poulton 1994). abroad.

16 17 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Village Conservation in the Albania’s Southern Coastal Region

residents (Herrle and Nebel 2015b, p. 22), and GIZ Qeparo, but all villages in the region remain far from unknown.5 The site can therefore not be adequately 1.3 Village Architecture members with experience in Qeparo estimate similar the capital Tirana, and a lack of public transport is preserved and the building is starting to collapse. numbers there. As stated above, the population a further deterrent to the hoped-for tourism-based Many buildings in Vuno are owned by multiple Although there are records of Vuno and Qeparo in increases during the summer months, when regional economic growth. owners living elsewhere in Albania or abroad. The 15th century registers,6 most of the buildings that we tourism ofers seasonal work. MAPO Commercial Warehouse, which is used occa- see in the two villages today date from the 18th and A major impediment to development is the issue sionally as a community centre, has two owners, who 19 th centuries. Both villages converge around a main A severe lack of services has also driven people from of property ownership and abandonment, which is live in Tirana and Athens respectively; and the owner site: in Qeparo, it is the old church and the plane the villages. Neither village has a doctor and resi- discussed in detail in Chapter 5. Many of these issues of the hostel lives in the capital. Herrle and Nebel tree and in Vuno, it is the central plaza near the main dents requiring care must travel to Himara. During arose after the collapse of communism and the (2015b, p. 22) suggest that 75% of the homes in Vuno road. Residences are clustered tightly together: this interviews, residents in Qeparo repeatedly empha- disintegration of state-owned property, rendering are not used, or are only used for a few weeks each density was sometimes necessitated by an uneven sised the lack of health care as a major deterrent to many sites under the ownership of many scattered year. They cite 10% of village structures as being in a and sloping terrain, other times it was created for remaining in the village. Similarly, there is no school individuals. Take, for example, the old commu- critical condition. defence purposes or to conserve agricultural land in either village. Students in Qeparo must walk down nist museum next to the one restaurant in Qeparo. (Pashako 2015, p. 6). Houses are separated by narrow the mountain each day to school in “New Qeparo” After communism fell, the museum was looted and In spite of the problems facing the villages, locals pathways, paved in traditional style with large on the coast; the last school in Vuno was closed in all the objects, artefacts, and furniture inside were project a sense of pride and love of their land. Many cobblestones. Many homes incorporate a construc- 2008/2009 and students in the village must travel to stolen. Now the top foor of the building is owned said they could not imagine living anywhere else. tion feature unique to Albania, whereby the ground Himara to attend classes. by one family living in the U.S. and the bottom foor foors are cut into arches or vaulted passageways is owned by another family whose whereabouts are that these alleyways can run beneath (Image 10).

Those who do remain in the villages have few 5 Interview with local residents 14th May, 2017. economic opportunities. Many partially support Apart from this distinctive element, the houses themselves through animal husbandry, by raising tend to be rather simplistic in their ground plan goats and sheep, and by agriculture, growing olives, and feature only a few rooms. Often rooms on the grapes, and citrus fruits. People in Vuno were seen ground foor were used to store livestock or grain, selling their produce in the market, at the village whereas the rooms in the upper story were used as bar, or along the national road that cuts through living spaces.7 The houses’ exteriors are constructed the village. Others are involved in the construction from large stones and lime mortar. Decoration tends sector, working with wood and stone. However, the to be limited, but distinguishing features can often overwhelming majority of the permanent residents be seen around the doors, windows, and cornices. of the villages are elderly, and live on remittances In Qeparo, one notable house is the residence of from family members living abroad. Minella Gjika, a three-storey house with a cylindrical vault tunnel on the ground foor. Distinctive houses Local development is also impeded due to a lack in Vuno include the tower house of Shane Koka and of infrastructure and connectivity. Basic service the residence of Odise Kasneci, of which only the provision is also problematic: villagers complain of exterior shells remain. electricity cuts, water shortages, and severe waste management issues. All of these problems exacer- Apart from their vernacular architecture, both bate stagnation and make Vuno and Qeparo unap- villages also feature signifcant religious and histor- pealing to both tourists and long-term residents. ical monuments. In the centre of Qeparo stands the In addition, while roads have improved greatly in Church of St. Mary, which dates back to 1796 and Albania in the past few years, there is still a signif- boasts a stunning bell tower. Nearby is the Church cant lack of connectivity. The mountain villages of St. Demetrius, a simple domed structure dating remain isolated from the coastal settlements below from 1760. Another two important historical monu- as the road infrastructure is not adequate to trans- ments are only a short walk away. On the banks of Image 8: port visitors and residents between the villages, Architectural Damage, Vuno due to steep roads with gravel coverage and limited 6 Pashako argues that the villages date back to the 12th century (Pashako 2015, p. 5). Image 9: space for big vehicles. Being located on a national Image 10: 7 For more on the typologies of village architecture in the Himara Region, Vaulted Architecture in Vuno Ruined Properties, Vuno road, Vuno is comparatively more accessible than see (Pashako 2015).

18 19 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Village Conservation in the Albania’s Southern Coastal Region

the Qeparo River stands the prehistoric Castle of vation of cultural heritage has signifcant benefts be transformed into a living thing, either through there his whole life. He cherishes the stone architec- Karos, which was built by the Greek Chaonian tribe. for social and economic growth across scales, from use or interpretation. At the same time, it should not ture: “I wouldn’t trade my home for the world. I only One kilometre north of the village is the multi- small communities to international communities. be commercialised to the point where it becomes need one blanket to stay warm in the winter, and my storey Tower House of Ali Pasha, the Ottoman ruler Architectural heritage can link communities together merely a product and loses its valuable historical and wife in the bed,” he laughed. of . Vuno is also home to many signifcant and provide individuals with a narrative sense of cultural connections. The link between buildings Orthodox churches, including the Church of St. their connection to history and their visions for the and people should be strengthened. Communities Michael, St. Spyridon’s Church, St. Saviour’s Church future. It also has considerable economic benefts, in should be involved in the interpretation of their heri- 1.5 Steps thus Far and St. Mary’s Church, Mesodhi. The Church of St. that it can spur further development and investment tage as well as in decisions related to its use. Spyridon was recently restored by the Institute opportunities. The development of cultural tourism The Albanian government has taken a proactive for Cultural Monuments. Many of these churches is a major aspect of the newly-developed tourism Attitudes toward traditional vernacular architecture stance towards conservation and many positive feature stunning stone iconostases with frescoes strategies, and consultants involved thus far on the in the villages appear mixed. The number of poor steps toward strengthening conservation prac- dating back to the late 18th century (Image 11). Also in project mention the mountain architecture specif- preservation attempts and the preference for and tices have already been taken. Pashako details the village, is a 200-year-old schoolhouse, built at a cally as a viable resource for local tourism-driven use of modern materials suggest a higher valuation that vernacular heritage preservation was already time when Greek education proliferated throughout development, (Metahu 2015; AGEG 2015). placed on economics and convenience. However, strongly supported by the communist regime, and the villages of Vlorë. many of the villagers we spoke with expressed a that measures to preserve Albania’s domestic archi- Herrle and Nebel acknowledge that architectural deep appreciation of their traditional homes. One tecture were already established during the 1970s, design alone is not enough and that the chal- old man who we encountered drinking raki at the actions that she argues have allowed for the survival 1.4 Importance of Heritage for the Region lenges facing the region need to be conceived of village restaurant in Qeparo told us his home’s of many traditional housing types today (Pashako Image 12: and addressed in an integral fashion (Herrle and history: the traditional stone dwelling was built by 2015, p. 3). Qeparo Resident in The preservation of both these historical monuments Nebel 2015b p. 5). This means that a balance among his relatives 200 years ago and has been passed Front of Home Restored Image 11: and the vernacular character of the villages should cultural, historical, and economic values needs to be down through the generations. His parents gave the In recent years, the state has taken many new steps under Roof Repair and Iconostasis, St. Spyridon, Vuno be considered of utmost importance. The conser- found. Architecture cannot be fossilised, but should home to him and his three brothers, and he has lived towards safeguarding tangible cultural heritage and Facades Programme

20 21 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Village Conservation in the Albania’s Southern Coastal Region

protecting the traditional mountain villages as an as the restoration of the Volgi Tower and another The Albanian National Tourism Agency, with the invaluable part of cultural heritage. This has often house near the road, and considered their imple- ISDSCR programme, created the Outdoor been conducted in collaboration with international mentation as guesthouses. These projects have Festival 2017 season highlight event, which ran partners. A selection of initiatives related to our not yet been implemented.8 between 5th and 7th May 2017 and included the project are as follows: Reconstruction plans and cost estimates have identifcation and marking of hiking trails and the been conducted for the two aforementioned resi- creation of guidebooks and maps of mountain dences in Vuno, the tower house of Shane Koka and biking and hiking trails in the Hinterland-Himara, 1.6 Regulations the residence of Odise Kasneci (Spaho et. al. n.y.). which brought people to the area and are being used by local communities, tour operators, etc. A new law is currently being drafted aimed at to enhance income from tourism (Image 13). strengthening regulations protecting cultural 1.9 Tourism-related Initiatives heritage nationwide. Part of this law includes Government eforts are also being augmented provisions for the establishment of a Care The renovation of Vuno’s main square by the Many projects related to the frst phase of the with help from civil society and non-governmental National Fund of Cultural Heritage, which would Himara Municipality. ISDSCR, particularly those related to tourism devel- organisations. As detailed in the case study profles help fnance the protection of tangible cultural The renovation of selected squares and alleyways opment in the villages, are worth mentioning here that follow, one group in particular, Cultural Heritage heritage. The draft law currently proposes new in Qeparo. as they indicate potentials for our adaptive re-use without Borders (CHWB), has been extremely active tarifs and other fnancing instruments that The restoration of the Church of St. Spyridon and project for the Village Hotel. in the country, both in terms of executing resto- would help raise money for the fund (Council of St. Mary’s Church by the Institute for Cultural ration projects and in terms of raising awareness Ministers 2016). Monuments. The development of a tourism concept, marketing about the importance of cultural heritage (Section In 2016, the Council of Ministers, following on the Through the Albanian Development Fund, a strategy, brand (AGEG 2015; Metohu 2015) and 4.5).9 Another constructive development from proposal by the Institute of Cultural Monuments, number of restoration, conservation, and research tourism brochures for the southern coastal region the tertiary sector is the recent establishment of a declared Vuno and Qeparo (alongside Himara and projects were developed last year. The restoration (SCR). Some promotional activities include a Master Programme in the Restoration of Cultural Dhermi) as “Historical Centres.” They produced a project carried out in Vuno was implemented in website portal for promoting tourism in the SCR, Monuments, a programme implemented by the series of guidelines and regulations designed to St. Michael’s Church. “The Mysterious South Albania” video, a facebook Faculty of Architecture and Planning (FAP) at the protect the integrity of these centres and estab- page, a Source brochure featuring 15 Himara State University of Tirana, in collaboration with the lish a framework for their administration (Council villages, promotional cards of villages in the region Institute of Culture Monuments, the Institute of of Ministers 2016b and 2016c). 1.8 Studies Commissioned and Conducted and the branding of “The Mysterious South”. Archaeology, other international faculty partners of The local planning commission for the Himara The Traveller and the Olive Grove report presents FAP Albania, and the Municipality of Korça. municipality has also taken measures to preserve The GIZ-commissioned report, The Potential of concepts for eco-tourism activities in the Qeparo village integrity, including limiting the unplanned Tourism Oriented Development in the Villages of region (CITYFÖRSTER, MVO Nederland 2016). Based on these developments, we identify the and sprawling growth of new developments, and Himara Municipality, while focused on a more Atelier Albania similarly developed suggestions following strengths: providing a set of morphological guidelines for the holistic view of regional development, includes for tourism activities with their Farmers with a View mountain villages (Municipality of Himare 2012). a specifc study that stresses the need for conser- report (Atelier Albania Summer Academy 2015). Know-how. Many expert conservators exist in vation, adaptive re-use, and the development of Their research ofers architectural solutions and Albania. Universities and organisations such as public space and infrastructure (Herrle and Nebel events that can serve as catalysts for sustainable Cultural Heritage without Borders ofer exper- 1.7 Projects 2015b). tourism development in the villages. tise in traditional construction techniques. Many Also commissioned by the GIZ, the Systematic Doctoral programmes at Polis University in Albania villagers are also well versed in local methods. The state-led “Roof Repair and Facades Analysis of Urban Conservation Approaches in the and Ferrara University in Italy have published Political will. As described above, the current Programme” (2011-2014) allowed residents to Southern Coastal Region of Albania report details a study on the Albania Riveria, providing an government is invested in pursuing village conser- apply for reimbursement of 70% of the cost and evaluates many of the projects undertaken in economic and design vision for the year 2030 vation, both as a means to preserve architectural accrued in the repair of the roofs and facades of the region by the government and international (OMB 2016). heritage and as a means to pursuing sustainable their homes (Image 13) partners in recent years. (Pashako 2015) economic growth. The Ministry of Urban Development and Tourism The research document produced by Son Group Designations. Legal frameworks are already in 8 “Urban Requalification of Vuno village in Himara Municipality; and National Territorial Planning Agency issued in 2016 on behalf of the ADF contains a proposal Restoration works in the old village of Vuno (roads, sidewalks, squares, place and further protections are likely to increase. facades of traditional houses, public lighting,) part of the “Heritage – an a series of design competitions in 2014 and 2015 for public lighting, the paving of paths and the engine for development”. Programme implemented by the Ministry of Image 13: to create ideas for development initiatives in the restoration of Vuno’s main plaza. The study also Culture and Institute of Culture Monuments on behalf of the Government of Albania. Executing Agency: Albanian Development Fund [ADF]. 9 For an overview of the projects conducted by CHWB, see CHwB – Cultural Outdoor Festival southern coastal region. contained plans for some private projects, such Consultant: Son Group, 2016. Heritage without Borders (2014)

22 23 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Village Conservation in the Albania’s Southern Coastal Region

Potential. Strong potential for tourism It is with these strengths and challenges in mind increase, which will bring both money and that we developed our proposal for a Conversation provide opportunities for adaptive re-use. Lab and Village Corporation. Our project specif- cally draws on the reservoirs of local knowhow and labour power, while envisioning a model that would 1.10 Remaining Challenges allow people to use their renovated properties to gain income through a sustainable tourism plan that In spite of these positives, signifcant challenges has been developed by the GIZ and the National remain. Some of the main challenges identifed in Planning Agency. the study villages are as follows:

Lack of fnancing. Public funds are limited, as is fnancing from international sources. Innovative methods of fnancing must be found. Property conficts. Conservation works cannot proceed until instruments are in place to attend to the myriad property-related issues. Abandonment, multiple ownership, lack of title deeds —all of these problems impede the advancement of conservation projects. Lack of common will. While many Albanians already recognise the importance, both social and economic, of preserving architectural heri- tage, many remain less interested or committed, preferring instead more modern homes or construction techniques that may be simpler, less expensive, and less time consuming. Lack of management and oversight. Many governance-related issues remain. Furthermore, the lack of trust in organisations’ ability to correctly manage and oversee projects deters homeowners from participating in projects and schemes. Lack of vision for future use. Ideally, conserva- tion projects should be tied to a re-use plan. Abandoned properties should be re-envisioned with uses in order to ensure their continued main- tenance and also to strongly link the new build- ings to the broader economic development plan.

Image 14: Qeparo

24 25 Methodology

2 Methodology

2.1 Comparative Research and “Best Practice” Knowledge Transfer

In order to develop alternative proposals for urban conservation in the villages of Albania’s southern coastal region, this report employs a compara- tive best practice approach, which is based on the comparison of a myriad number of successful case studies of heritage conservation and economic models from all around the world.

Comparison is a useful way of broadening the horizon of analysis by “revealing and challenging our less evident assumptions and conceptions” (Azarian 2011), inserting a local issue into a wider setting (Azarian 2011), and by importing methods which make more efcient society’s afairs (May cited in Azarian 2011). Furthermore, UNESCO’s World Heritage Capacity Building Strategy (2012), acknowl- edges that sharing successful and sustainable prac- tices for heritage management and protection “helps other sites fnd solutions that work” (UNESCO 2012). Best practice case studies in heritage manage- ment can include “everything from involving local people in site management, to creating innovative policies and regulating tourism” (UNESCO 2012).

In the development of this report, best practice case studies from all over the world were collected, analysed, and then classifed in terms of organisa- tional structure (NGOs, private sector, public agen- Image 15: cies, international cooperation, cooperatives, etc.), Public Funds Discussion (p. 26)

27 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Methodology

income streams (private investment, operational for increasing attractiveness and for developing Presenter / Expert Organisation / Institution Subject revenues, donations, public funds, international alternative proposals for the conservation of cultural Expert in restoration, Institute of cooperation funds, crowdfunding, etc.) and factors heritage in the villages. Hes Pirro Thomo Cultural monuments in Albania of production (capital, land, labour, material and Cultural Monuments ICM knowhow). A smaller selection of the most relevant The study was conducted by an interdisciplinary National Territorial Planning Integrated cross-sectorial plan cases for the Albanian context was further analysed group of international professionals with back- Fiona Mali Agency NTPA for the coast and is presented in Chapter 4 of this report. As well grounds in architecture, economics, engineering, as international cases local case studies were also geography, urban planning and sustainable develop- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hans Juergen Cassens Project scope, objectives, and included since they share the same cultural, political ment. All were postgraduate students in the Urban internationale Zusammenarbeit Valbona Koçi GIZ work in Albania and socio-economic background. Management master programme at Technische (GIZ) in Albania Universität Berlin, Germany. In addition, a group Project Manager/Deputy Head Of course, best practice transfer has its limits. On the of local Albanian professionals and students, with Elena Mamani of Cultural Heritage Without Site visit in Gjirokastra one hand, policy transfer has recognised factors of backgrounds in architecture, archaeology and urban Borders CHWB failure that apply to some degree to best practice planning, assisted the analysis, especially during the transfer. According to Dolowitz and Marsh (2000), ten-day feld trip to the region in May 2017. Ilia Kristo Financial instruments and there are three reasons for this: insufcient infor- Adelina Greca Academic/municipality legal framework for heritage mation on how the policy or institution works in Arta Dollani conservation the country of origin; non-transference of crucial Expert Interviews elements of success; and poor attention paid to the Analysis of the Urban Context Resident Interviews socio-political and economic context of both cases. During the feld study, meetings with experts such Although the Albanian context both at the national as local academics, architects, municipality of- Site visits aimed at analysing the space and build- For both villages, Vuno and Qeparo, primary data and local levels was carefully included in the analysis cials, and NGO members were conducted, in order ings in the villages of Vuno and Qeparo. This analysis was obtained by interaction with locals and narra- and proposals, it is important to understand the to gain a deeper understanding of the Albanian included documentation of architectural features tive interviews which recorded information about limitations of transferring knowledge in a holistic context. Additionally, these meetings were useful for such as the use and condition of buildings, avail- social life, living conditions and economic activities. manner. collecting secondary information from regional poli- ability of public space and existing infrastructure, In total, nine interviews with residents in Vuno and cies and previous studies in the felds of territorial accessibility (in terms of proximity to the road and eight with residents in Qeparo were conducted, for planning, local revitalisation and cultural heritage the current condition of paths), location, and land- which direct translation by the Albanian partners 2.2 Data Collection conservation. Table 1 summarises the meetings and scape (view to the beach, mountains, inside the was required. These interviews covered questions interviews held during the study. village). around topics such as social life, demographics, Apart from the case study research, site visits with public infrastructure, economy, culture and tradi- on-site feldwork, group discussions and meetings tions, buildings and spaces, and conservation. with local experts and stakeholders were essential in Sourcegraphic Documentation confrming and selecting the most feasible options In the feld of urban conservation, “Sourcegraphic Document Analysis documentation [is] an essential technique for recording the nature of heritage objects and illus- The analysis of a wealth of documents such as local trating conservation procedures” (Beck 2013). policies, master plans, development plans, legal Therefore, the use of this type of digital technology texts and previous reports focusing on the heritage was essential, in order to track the current condition of the villages in the southern coastal region comple- of the heritage sites and to keep a record for further mented the set of data considered. conservation activities in the villages. It is relevant to remark that the activities of recording and docu- The frst results of the workshop and site visit were Image 16: menting heritage information are recognised as presented in Albania at the Reja on 11th May, 2017 Interviewing Local the basis for monitoring, management and mainte- (Image 18-21). The work on the report continued in Residents in Vuno nance of a site, as well as a means “to transmit knowl- Berlin between May and July 2017. Table 1: Image 17: edge about heritage places to future generations” Meetings with Experts Public Funds Brainstorming (Letellier 2007). and Stakeholders

28 29 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Methodology

Image 18: Image 20: Presentation of First Presentation of First Results, Tirana May 2017 Results, Tirana May 2017 Image 19: Image 21: Presentation of First Presentation of First Results, Tirana May 2017 Results, Tirana May 2017

30 31 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization

Part II: General Principles of Conservation Models and Selected Case-Studies

32 Principles of Heritage Conservation

3 Principles of Heritage Conservation

This chapter discusses the principles that need to be considered in establishing models for urban conser- vation. A model of urban conservation that achieves characteristics of sustainability requires valuing heri- tage and creating conditions for its use. It is gener- ally accepted that among the most important factors that determine whether a heritage site or object continues to have relevance is a consideration of its original and current uses. As MacDonald (2011) states, good conservation is about having a manage- ment set-up that cares about the site’s preservation and sustainability, as well as the interpretation of its signifcance. In this chapter, we review the relevant theoretical literature on the topic, focusing on the fundamental elements of conservation models. When designing a conservation model, many diferent factors need to be considered, including funding sources, management models, and site-use. This chapter, alongside the case-studies that follow in the next section, aims to present an overview of possible considerations and solutions.

Rojas (2002) diferentiates between the economic and socio-cultural values of heritage. The former has value for both direct and indirect use, as well as non-use value. The latter includes aesthetic, spiritual, social, historical and symbolic value. The study of Image 22: the defnition and identifcation of these values has Saint Spyridon Church, become an important aspect in models of sustain- Vuno (p. 32-33) ability in heritage. Moreover, Getty (1999) suggests Image 23: that certain concepts necessarily accompany the Ruins of a Large Village economic approach to heritage. He explains that Residence, Vuno (p. 34)

35 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Principles of Heritage Conservation

heritage can be a capital asset, providing cultural Finally, it is important to identify stakeholders/actors Actors Service Output capital with strong sustainability. with defned roles and responsibilities. Particular attention is needed to fnd a suitable leader for the Install a consortium to facilitate the Public Usually, preservation does not fall to the public sector process as this will determine the success of the realization of the different projects alone. It is a mix of public sector, private sector, and project. Actors’ roles are strongly defned by the Provide regulatory framework, third sector, etc. actors. However, there are some values and uses they attribute to the heritage sites External finance and knowledge to technical assistance, and the space and to the development monitoring cases where the state alone can support the process in question. International Cooperation because of the high levels of expertise and expen- of the projects with Social diture required. Complexity arises when heritage In the following sections, fve general aspects are Responsibility. conservation includes the historical value of a whole elaborated on which need to be considered in order Decision making in a practical Provide resources and knowledge, area with buildings, landscapes and traditions. In to build a model for urban heritage: stakeholders, Private way, independently from the ensure the success and continuity these cases, ownership is not well-defned and factors of production, income streams, project predominant political party. of the projects usually is spread among several actors. In such cases, governance, and organisational structure. Enlarge the network of private it is highly recommended that conservation eforts Technical assistance and investors, get national and clearly recognise the various values and contributions The following questions raise points that can provide Third Sector promotion inside and outside of international funds. Reinforce the of local owners and communities (MacDonald 2011). clues about aspects to be analysed before designing the community. and implementing a model of urban conservation. contact with the local community. The chosen conservation model varies based on Participate as consultants and Envision the results in the short its specifc context and needs. However, basic deci- Who is involved? Academics advisors, give their fields of and the long term, offering a more sions related to regulations, institutions and fnancial What is or are the products or results that we experience. realistic approach. instruments need to be made in relation to the three want to achieve? spheres of action that Aylin (2000) identifes: physical How do we plan to deliver this product? conservation, spatial conservation and social conser- What are the inputs? Who is going to pay? most efcient solution. As Getty (1999) points out, tools have less efect on the normal dynamic of the vation. Who is going to use the product and how? such interventions are explained partly by the high market, but are also less controllable because they cost of conservation, the access to information that depend on good design to meet the desired objec- In the following section, some essential aspects of heri- governments have, and the resources that allow tive. tage conservation models are delineated to provide a 3.1 Stakeholders in Urban Heritage them to coordinate and lead expertise requirements better understanding of how concepts and practice in the heritage processes. The historical path of the Finally, governments also participate in conserva- join together to achieve success and sustainability. Public Stakeholders country is also a factor that infuences the role of tion heritage processes by regulating property First, the scope of the conservation model needs to the public sector. Getty explains that in countries rights. Depending on what is defned as the heritage be set and specifc goals need to be decided upon. Public actors at diferent scales of government with a communist background the state once totally product, this can be land or building ownership, for Will the conservation model include only restoration enable the implementation of projects by providing controlled heritage management and when public example. In the case of a building, the state usually and maintenance? Or will there also be a provision of resources, a proper regulatory framework, technical funds were insufcient was no longer willing to get imposes restrictions on alterations to the facade or other supporting services like tourism? Will this be a assistance, and monitoring. involved in direct interventions. the whole structure. Other goods afected can be reason to rethink certain public policies such as land valuable historical or artistic pieces destined to be management? Since heritage is characterised as a public good, it The public sector can also take on the role of devel- exhibited in museums and used as economic goods sufers also from market failures that deprive it of an oper, to attract the private sector by guaranteeing to generate proft. It is then important to determine what is needed to adequate allocation of resources and investment. basic market conditions and taking care of communal achieve this goal and what products or goods will be Information within this market is usually incomplete, spaces. Governments encourage the private sector produced in the process. Inputs or factors of produc- and neither consumers nor providers act as they do and other organisations to engage in the conserva- International Cooperation tion to be transformed into the selected product or with classical goods. tion of heritage. They defne standards, set regula- service must also be considered. From a traditional tions and act as examples of good management of International development cooperation plays an economic point of view, these inputs will be classi- In the case of communal property, the government heritage property. (MacDonald 2011). Governments important role in the conservation of heritage. fed as land (tangible property), labour (workers), and can act in the public interest, as owner, administrator use not only instruments of direct intervention but It provides external fnance and knowhow in the capital (material, equipment, money). An additional and operator of heritage. In order to preserve certain also indirect instruments that afect the decision- development of projects. International actors Table 2: element is entrepreneurial activity, or how these heritage goods, the government can take respon- making processes of other actors: for instance, incen- provide knowledge and invest funds in socially Actors, Possible factors are to be optimally combined and used. sibility, even when there is no proof that it has the tives such as grants or tax deductions. These indirect responsible projects. In exchange, it gains trust and Services and Output

36 37 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Principles of Heritage Conservation

support from the government and the community, large corporations and landowners. Good examples Residents groups are a major actor since they have In other words, inputs undergo a transformation enhancing relationships among the diferent coun- of private actors involved in heritage processes are more knowledge than anyone else about the prob- process to generate other outputs. These factors can tries involved. chambers of commerce, transportation enterprises, lems, potentialities, and opportunities of an area. be categorised in four groups: land, labour, capital, developers, businesses and local entrepreneurs. Through their life experience, entrepreneurship, and and knowhow. Meskell (2013) argues that the major international desire to improve their place, the projects under- instrument for safeguarding world heritage is the taken can be sustained. Their support and partici- In general, land refers to the natural resources used UNESCO convention. At the same time, she strongly Third Sector Stakeholders pation is very important to ensure the future moni- in the transformation process. Usually, these factors criticises the methods the convention and the inter- toring, maintenance, and sustainability of a project. are fxed because they cannot be increased as easily national community use to identify, protect, and MacDonald (2011) describes the third sector as the An interesting example of community action can be as other factors, which means that natural resources promote privileged places as world heritage. voluntary or community sector represented by non- found in Savoca, Italy, where the residents’ crowd- are considered to be limited. The concept of scar- proft organisations that represent social interests. funding initiative raised enough money to pay city is particularly interesting in heritage because it International and supranational agencies are very This third sphere, cited by Getty (1999) as the locus of for the restoration of three frescoes at the local St. increases the value of a particular site and any goods important stakeholders because they can provide non-market, non-governmental and economic activ- Michael’s Church. or services that may grow around it. Landowners specifc knowledge and external funds. International ities, is of great signifcance to heritage conservation. receive money, as rent, to let other people use their actors sometimes also provide monitoring and the Landowners are particularly important in urban property. Because of the scarcity and limited avail- promotion of knowledge exchange. Good examples, that include both individuals and management models of conservation because they ability of these resources, the price of land-based organised groups from civil society, are founda- are linked to property issues as well as to the impor- resources tends to increase over time. In conserva- tions, NGOs, and the church. That is, people who tant factor of production. They have diferent roles tion processes, land can refer to all spaces, including Private Stakeholders are outside of government and private companies and approaches depending on the characteristics of streets, green areas and buildings. and who work in the interests of the citizens. They each case. Private actors help to ensure the continuity and provide technical assistance and help promote the The labour factor refers to the time and human efciency of a conservation project. As MacDonald projects from both inside and outside the commu- efort given during the production process. Labour (2011) explains, the private sector has an agility that nity. They are able to widen the network of private Academic Stakeholders inputs are variable and depend on what is being generally the government does not have. Also, it is investors, with access to national and international produced and by whom. Heritage building conser- able to provide fnancial capital, raise and negotiate funds. The academic sector can provide technical knowl- vation requires an expert labour force with special funds, and follow long-term visions, while govern- edge and a space for the research and development skills capable of preserving the value of the site. If ment institutions are often constrained by the limits Rojas (2002) explains that the private sector can be of new techniques, materials, or other elements the project is the restoration of a historical building, of political terms. Private sector actors value results defned by two groups: civil society organisations useful to the project. It has the tools to enrich the labour required will likely include architects and and efciency. They are proft-driven and interested and real estate investors. The frst group widens the the process and make it more efcient. In addi- builders. in boosting their own business and infuence in the range of activities and the area of infuence while the tion, it ofers broad-based technical and practical area. second group gains privileged information for future knowhow, with experts not only from the local area, In addition, any conservation process needs capital, investments. but also from other regions of the country and from both physical or fnancial. The former, physical The interests of actors in the private sector may vary abroad. capital refers to the materials, equipment and according to their diferent backgrounds: some are The third sector has also the role of reinforcing machines used in the transformation process over developing new businesses, profting from invest- contact with the local community, increasing the long term. In building restoration, these mate- ment in a particular project, contributing to corpo- participation and the exchange of information and 3.2 Factors of Production in Heritage Planning rials can be stones, or bricks and mortar. The latter, rate social responsibility (CSR), increasing their knowledge, developing feelings of belonging, and fnancial capital, is represented by money which visibility within the community and with the govern- consequently ensuring the future maintenance and Certain factors would speak to cultural heritage as is used by the businesses as an investment to buy ment. As explained by Eirinber (1998), the multina- sustainability of the projects. a public good. It provides benefts to the public, in physical capital and to operate. When capital is tional companies’ involvement in heritage conserva- most cases through free, non-exclusive access, and used in economic activities, the owners of the tion is often linked to CSR and is more closely aligned Civil society’s importance is constantly increasing as also generates external benefts for the the area capital receive in exchange interest or revenues. For with philanthropic activity than with business for it engages with conservation outcomes that are not in which it is located. As a good, cultural heritage instance, when heritage is evaluated and enters the proft. just the responsibility of governments. As MacDonald and its conservation can also be better understood market as a good, the revenues generated by the (2011) suggests, the community role should not be in thinking through their production inputs. As businesses can later support the maintenance of The private sector encompasses a range of forms only for consultation. Communities should also be Samuelson and Nordhaus (2004, p. 9) explain, factors the heritage and contribute to the cyclic process of in terms of both scale and nature. It can be catego- involved in acquiring the economic means towards of production are those goods or services used by capital accumulation. rised into business associations, small businesses, achieving conservation and sustaining it. businesses to produce other goods and services.

38 39 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Principles of Heritage Conservation

taxes, fees, incentives and subsidies that can be used through public subsidies to be allocated exclu- to fnance conservation plans; and (2) International sively for conservation purposes, with the capa- cooperation, a mechanism by which the public bility to generate a proft of cultural signifcance. As administrations of other nations assist the develop- mentioned in the “Financial Incentives for Historic ment proposals of a country by providing resources Preservation” report (McCleary 2005), many heri- such as knowhow and capital. tage organisations obtain their funding from direct government subsidies in the form of grants In the case of national and local governments, public and loans, making these organisations intermedi- money, derived from taxation and other fees, can aries for government money. Government loans contribute to the fnancing of conservation proj- can be made available with low or no interest, ects. The central government can allocate obligatory thereby supporting individuals, communities and imposed tax revenues, raised to cover government small businesses, and encouraging innovation and spending, to a specifc budget for urban conservation entrepreneurship. Such payments or concessions initiatives; the local administration can use municipal granted by the state or other public entities serve fees for fnancing and maintaining specifc services. to stimulate greater output and investment and, in the case of industries and businesses, to keep the Government subsidies and incentives can also price of a commodity or service low. Government serve as a form of fnancial initiative. Pickard (2009) validation and a system of voluntary certifcation proposes the introduction of monetary grants granted to individuals who have demonstrated

It is accepted, however, that there is a fourth type of becoming self-sufcient and sustainable over COMMUNITARIAN FUNDS PUBLIC FUNDS of factor or input in production. That is, the ability the long term (Srinivas 2015). Therefore an under- Governmental Budget to organise and direct companies, namely, entre- standing of the methods that can be used to preneurship. Entrepreneurship is described as the generate or earn incomes that will provide funding Incentives and Subsidies set of economic activities responsible for grouping for a long-term economically sustainable project is Crowdfunding Governmental and combining the factors of production, to obtain essential. Most revenues that go into conservation National and Local Validation a higher outcome in production. To simplify, it is projects are generated by governments or charity Taxes and Fees knowing how to make the transformation economic organisations; however, private and community process efcient: knowhow. Without this ability to funds can also play a major part in the development Labour Banks form and organise, businesses and enterprises could of a sustainable proposal. From public budgets and Development Cooperation not operate. For example, knowledge of how to donations to crowdfunding and microfnance, this International and Technical Assistance successfully combine and administrate projects with section will present income streams analysed from Cooperation Debt Swaps private and public interests in the conservation of the perspective of three major inputs: public funds, Microfnancing heritage is a valuable skill for the industry. private funds and communitarian funds (see Figure 3). In the following section, the reader will be ofered a description of some income streams that can fund Charity and conservation projects. The analysis will focus on Public Funds Donations the sourcing of money to be transformed into other factors. Often considered the most obvious option for on-going fnancial support, public funds are gener- Direct Proft: Local ated by a country’s administration to provide goods Business Businesses, Entrepreneurship 3.3 Income Streams of Urban Conservation and tangible benefts to the public. This funding Activities Indirect Proft: Sponsorship stream can be obtained from two major sources: Promotion, CRS Figure 3: Image 24: Success in fnancing heritage projects depends on (1) The national and local governments where the Income Streams for Qeparo the development of conservation models capable project is located, through the implementation of PRIVATE FUNDS Conservation Projects

40 41 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Principles of Heritage Conservation

a certain level of competence in an occupation or tion funding programmes (Pickard 2009). example of cooperation between a local community Communitarian Funds industry should also be considered. For example, in and the CSR wing of a company, in this case Condor the Art Bonus Program in Italy (see Case Study 4.10) The link between the private sector and heritage is Travel. Both entities entered into a collaboration that The fnal stream able to generate the necessary which is a governmental tax deduction program discussed in “Encouraging Private Investment in the helped reconstruct village architecture and increase income for heritage preservation comes from the which gives tax credits to individuals, non-profts Cultural Sector” (IMO 2011), a report that explains tourism revenue for both local residents and Condor community itself, through the implementation and corporations for the conservation of public heri- how public funding can be categorised into three Travel. Private funding can also be obtained from of communitarian funds, described as the money tage. areas, depending on the investors’ motives: invest- charitable trusts, a mechanism by which a person or generated by the civil society to be invested in social ments in which self-proft is the main purpose; organisation (trustee) is given a property or asset to improvement and community development activi- In public funding, international cooperation also investments with a two-sided motivation (obtaining manage for the beneft of others (benefciaries), and ties. According to Carman (2001), this funding system plays an important role, particularly in two areas: a proft, plus cultural benefts); and investments whereby all incomes derived must be diverted exclu- must respond to three main characteristics: it has debt swaps; and development cooperation and whose main motive is social and non-economic sively to charitable ends. (Pickard 2009). Within this been created by the donations of multiple actors in technical assistance. Debt swaps are fnancial trans- gain. Taking this into account, the following section spectrum, donations, described as the concessional the society; it serves specifc geographic communi- actions by which an international organisation will categorise private funding schemes into two capital directed into the investment of prospects for ties or localities; it meets the public support test. The converts the currency debt of a developing country specifc areas: (1) Those arising from business activi- high developmental impact and with possible high following section will address two main mechanisms into additional funding for its local programmes ties created by direct proft from local business and risks and low returns (Koening and Jackson 2016) in communitarian funds: (1) The implementation of (Kaiser and Lambert 1996). Debt swaps can be used entrepreneurship or by indirect proft through spon- are a central aspect to consider, as they often follow crowdfunding initiatives; and, (2) Microfnance and to pursue two goals: to give monetary responsi- sorship, CSR and promotion; and (2) Private chari- community-oriented cultural values and do not rely labour banks. bility relief to highly-indebted nations, and to direct table trusts, created by foundations and donations. for their main motivation on proftability. As with this debt relief towards development-related uses It is important to note that their behaviours will be sponsorships, individual and corporate donations Thanks to digital technology, online fundraising has (Berensmann 2007). Numerous examples can be founded on diferent drives and will be afected by are supported by tax incentives for donors, who become an important new instrument for addressing found of debt-swap schemes—so called “debt-for- whatever policy instruments might be chosen (Rizzo however sometimes choose to remain anonymous, private investment in the spheres of culture and heri- nature” swaps that have been used to fund nature 2006). thus renouncing any possible benefts to be gained tage. Crowdfunding is a mechanism that facilitates conservation projects (UNDP 2017). Similar programs from publicity. An example of small-scale sponsor- donations from the general public through web- could easily be put in place to fund cultural heritage The business activities in the frst category will ship is the Cangdong Project in China, which has based platforms Buschke (2014). Donations can be projects as well (Mac Lean et. Al 1991). mostly actively provide direct profts and encourage restored four heritage buildings thanks to the dona- money, goods or services. Projects must begin with creativity, and will ensure commercial viability and tions of former villagers and entities from educa- an initial target, which with the help of internet dona- Moreover, many international organisations, such as promote local entrepreneurship. Buschke (2014) tional centres (see Case Study 4.1). Another example tions must be reached within a specifc time period UNESCO, Europa Nostra and the European Council, states that many issues in conservation can be dealt would be the corporate sponsorships of major in order to be considered successful and imple- tend to provide technical assistance and fnancial with by following an entrepreneurial approach, conservation eforts in Italy. mented (IMO 2011) The beauty of this scheme lies in support in the form of grants towards conserva- which encourages individuals to overcome difcul- its operative technique as it depends on the internet, tion project initiatives without expecting a mone- ties using innovative tools, to deliver higher conser- Another mechanism for the provision of private ofering simplicity, keeping costs to a minimum, tary recompense. The work of Cultural Heritage vation revenues from the money spent. support are foundations. These non-proft organ- and enhancing public awareness of specifc causes without Borders, for instance (see Case Study 4.6) isations, created by private corporations for the (Hollow 2013). A good example of crowdfunding is conducted in afliation with Europa Nostra and Regarding indirect profts and sponsorships (increas- purpose of donating funds, supporting other entities implementation is the “Save the Soul of Savoca” with fnancial backing from Sweden’s International ingly more crucial in heritage investment), are or ofering income streams for their own charitable initiative undertaken by the St. Michael’s Church Development Cooperation. often highly benefcial private sector initiatives. purposes, in most cases provide backing for social group in Savoca, Italy, which attracted funding Sponsorships increase a corporation’s presence in agendas in the cultural sector (IMO 2011). In Peru, from around the world, to fnance the restoration the global market and improve their public image, the aforementioned Mullak’as Misminay project was of the church interior and three frescoes (see Case Private Funds as well as raising revenues and creating funding for implemented by a foundation created by a private Study 4.7). Another good example is the “This Place heritage. As sponsorships are linked with business travel company, which, together with international Matters” crowdfunding platform run by the National Private funds, i.e., money generated by private activities that are a source of taxable income, many funding, assisted in sustainable development plans Trust of Canada which combines crowdfunding with organisations, play a substantial role in heritage specifc measures can be taken to promote their for the local community. matching funds (see Case Study 4.9). conservation projects when government budgets development: tax incentives, co-fnancing proce- face limitations. Foundations, limited liability dures and the adaption of legal frameworks to allow Community funding can also be obtained through companies, associations and charitable trusts can businesses to adopt philanthropy as part of their communal microfnancing systems, where indi- raise considerable revenues for heritage proposals management scheme (Pickard 2009). The Mullak’as viduals or entities make loans instead of donations by encouraging private investors to assist conserva- Misinmay project (Case Study 4.11) is an excellent to small-medium enterprises and startups, in the

42 43 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Principles of Heritage Conservation

process gaining access to advantageous interest be formalised in legislation to provide the necessary rates since they present a lower risk of loan default regulatory tools for the protection of cultural site Conventional Approach to Planning Values-led Approach to Planning (Pickard 2009). This fnancial stream ofers a great strategies (Wijesuriya et al 2013). opportunity for those investors who favour market- Defne (identify) Collect data driven conservation over its moral- or tax-based This formalisation of the activities of the group (signifcance implied) equivalent, preferring to endorse participation should be parallel to their vision and goals, which in Assessing signifcance in productive activities or ofer support to small most cases come into play when the group starts to Documentation (Values and attributes) businesses. An interesting example of this fnan- manage or share resources that need to be audited. Assessing conditions Assessing conditions cial model is ofered by the Dogon Culture Bank in In this aspect, institutional frameworks empowered Fombori, Mali, which accepts cultural objects as by formal legislation could bring together perma- Planning for conservation interventions Planning for conservation / management collateral for microloans at a three percent interest nent organisational structures with responsibility rate per month, transforming people’s tangible heri- divided according to involvement (Wijesuriya et al tage into a resource for economic development (see 2013). The establishment of the structure should Case study 4.8). include not only legal recognition but also a def- nition of the scope of the organisation´s actions. in negotiations between actors. This role would be newer values-led approach, which promotes an The scope should comprise territorial and resource flled by the advisory team, who would participate in assessment of the signifcance of a place based on 3.4 Project Governance management aspects in order to cover all realistic discussions and ofer opinions, but would not have input from all stakeholders (not only experts) and activities that the body might develop. decision-making powers. the use of a “statement of signifcance” as a basis for Governance can be defned as active interaction developing conservation and management strat- that involves: structures, responsibilities, practices Finally, as regards the organisation process, an egies (Wijesuriya et al 2013). While the traditional and organisational methods used by a committee Roles and Responsibilities administrative group would be needed, responsible approach is more focused on registering and docu- to accomplish its mission. Its importance in heri- for logistics, contacting members, organisation, menting, the new approach concentrates on fnding tage initiatives relies on the fact that cultural heri- Understanding the “who” of decision making, accounting and similar activities. It is highly impor- the values and attributes that the places and objects tage is a major source of economic development, deciding where responsibility lies, and addressing tant that this team remains neutral on the issues contribute to society. Figure 4 delineates these hence should enhance constitutional legitimacy, the actions to be taken within a given period of discussed. diferences. administrative competence, public participation and time are key elements for discussion. The participa- accountability to achieve the desired results (Shipley tion of all possible stakeholders and a collaborative Collaborative management in decision making and Kovacs 2008). The following section addresses approach to planning will help safeguard a common Management requires the involvement of representatives of the importance of an efective system of governance understanding and direct involvement. It is impor- all afected parties. This shared management which includes the institutional elements and poli- tant to begin with an initiator, a promoter who iden- As part of good governance in heritage conserva- model should create a network and channels of cies, the roles and responsibilities of multi-stake- tifes and lobbies possible partners for a specifc tion, a well-conceived and professional manage- communication, with power to direct initiatives holders, and the proper management mechanisms. project, in a catalysing process that promotes discus- ment system should be established to promote and guide society towards common objectives. In order to guarantee the workings of a governance sion about objectives amongst stakeholders and sustainable economic growth. The objective is Co-management can also increase the democratic system and to prevent corruption and the like, it is society. Depending on their structure and manage- not only to capture resources, but also to manage legitimacy of political decisions and stimulate important to install an independent body that evalu- ment, these processes can be addressed top-down them in a sustainable way, with investments in the local sustainable development (Frey 2007). As joint ates and monitors the workings of the system peri- or bottom-up. Once the idea permeates the territory, local economy as well as in heritage conservation. management through cooperation strengthens odically over time. it is easier to approach all necessary actors. Shipley and Kovacs (2008), explain how the project territorial governance and increases the project’s management criteria for good governance follow a odds of success, power should be equitably distrib- In addition, a number of interested players should collaborative decision-making model. They require: uted among the stakeholders. They will make deci- Institutional Elements be gathered in order to promote a functional and an existing plan based on a strategic vision which sions regarding the type of projects that should be representative team. It is important to defne the includes human development and historical, cultural implemented, their budget, promotion, and so on. To assure the participation of the stakeholders, the minimum number of members needed, which will and social complexities; adaptability, based on Any given management model can have a variety institutionalisation of a trustable body with a devel- vary from project to project. The choice of members responsiveness of institutions and processes to stake- of dialogue spaces, creating a network of projects oped and executed strategic plan for heritage pres- should take into account the need for representation holders; and they must be efective and efcient. managed by a main dialogue space that connects Figure 4: ervation needs to be supported and governed by a of all groups involved. Depending on the scope of Recent literature defnes two main approaches to the smaller ideas to the main proposal. Conventional vs. recognised legal instrument. Hence, a legal frame- the plan, some form of advisory team or consultancy heritage management: the conventional approach, Values-led Approach in work for the development of cultural heritage must might be needed, or even an intermediary to act which focuses on the fabric of the past; and the Heritage Management

44 45 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Principles of Heritage Conservation

3.5 Organisational Structure One of the most common organisation structures for heritage projects is an alliance of the public and The organisation of any heritage project should private sectors known as public-private partnerships determine an overall structure that answers to the (PPP), in which an agreement between the govern- immediate manageable problems and achievable ment and one or more private sector companies is goals of the stakeholders. Projects tend to start with reached regarding the provision of a public service the strong participation of a governmental actor and or infrastructure. MacDonald (2011) explains in the go on to involve contributions from private organ- “Leveraging Heritage: Public-Private, and Third- isations and enterprises working independently. Sector Partnerships for The Conservation of the Of course, the basic conditions and infrastructure Historic Urban Environment” report that, in a PPP, are continuously granted and guaranteed by the ownership between public, private and third sectors government throughout the various steps of pres- tends to follow one of four arrangements: long-term ervation and conservation. Private actors tend to be leases (which retain the asset in public ownership); more participative at the realisation stage when the sale with repurchase provisions; sale to a private investments required are smaller and proft is directly owner who then leases it back to the government; associated with revenues rather than with social and a lease-leaseback option. A thorough analysis beneft. However, the organisation structure can of these arrangements of Public Private Partnerships also be entirely state led, or a partnership between would be a task too exhaustive for this report. government and non-governmental parties. Despite its obvious benefts, and the fact that PPPs have been widely used in conservation initiatives A state-led initiative includes direct and indirect over the past 20 years (MacDonald 2011), it is vital to support from the state. In this structure, the govern- understand the importance of achieving a correct ment not only provides direct fnancial support for balance between stakeholders to avoid a mismatch the conservation project through subsidies, awards, of interests, such as the prioritising of the business grants, etc., transferred directly from public funds objectives of the corporate sponsors (IMO 2011). to the recipients’ accounts, but also provides indi- rect support in the form of tax breaks and matching As this chapter sought to outline, there are a series grants (IMO 2011). of considerations that need to be made in order to develop an appropriate and contextually adapted As a way of sharing the possible risks and returns model for urban conservation. We presented a whole of a heritage conservation project, the implemen- range of principles, potential stakeholders, factors tation of partnerships in which governmental and of production, income streams as well as govern- non-governmental stakeholders work together mental and organisational arrangements that need is an important strategy to be considered since to be accounted for in order to develop a concrete it brings together a wide range of skills and proposal of how to fnance, organize and govern resources. However, it is important to understand processes of conservation in the historic Villages of the complexity of such organisation structures. As Vuno and Qeparo. However, before presenting the explained in the “Funding for Architectural Heritage: proposal (Part III), the following chapter examines a A Guide to Policies and Examples” report (Pickard series of relevant urban heritage case studies from 2009), in order to balance power and satisfy the all over the world are collected - most of them have objectives in any partnership structure, several been mentioned above - in order to give an over- instruments and action plans must be taken into view of the various possibilities and potentials - but consideration and a management board between also the pitfalls - that heritage and conservation diferent levels of government, public funding agen- processes can entail. Image 25: cies, and community representatives needs to be set Traditional Sokak in Need of up. Restoration, Qeparo (p. 47)

46 47 Case Studies

4 Case Studies

4.1 Cangdong Heritage Education Centre 51

4.2 SCAD’s La Maison Basse 52

4.3 Million Donkey Hotel 53

4.4 Sextantio Albergo Difuso 54

4.5 Conservation of Gjirokastra 56

4.6 Cultural Heritage without Borders Regional Restoration Camps 58

4.7 Save the Soul of Savoca 59

4.8 Dogon Culture Bank 60

4.9 This Place Matters 61

4.10 Art Bonus 62

4.11 Mullak’as Misminay Project 63

Image 26: Typical Alley in Vuno (p. 48)

49 4.1 Cangdong Heritage Education Center

Cangdong Village, Guangdong, China Heritage Preservation Through Community Development and Education

The Heritage and Education Center (also called The Universities and schools also play a major role in Cangdong Project) is a social enterprise aimed at the project. Workshops and courses are ofered to restoring the village of Cangdong in the province of educational institutions, both national and interna- Guangdong, China. tional. The initial conservation work was conducted by Wiyu University. Villagers and their descendants The village’s construction began more than 700 contribute fnancially, and are also involved in many years ago and has valuable examples of architec- educational and restoration activities. Other villagers ture from many historical periods. The village has 51 help out with smaller tasks, including cooking and buildings and is inhabited by 50 villagers. Many of cleaning. the village’s former inhabitants have moved to larger Chinese cities and overseas, resulting in abandon- Income Streams ment and decay. The project is funded by donations coming mainly The Cangdong Project seeks to promote the local from former villagers or their descendants. Initial conservation of both tangible and intangible heri- funding came from two private individuals, one with tage. The group ofers education workshops in resto- ancestral ties to the village. The donations are allo- ration techniques, as well as in other aspects of local cated towards the cost of the initial restoration and culture. Projects are geared towards both locals and for the operation of the NGO. Additional funding foreigners of all age groups. The frst restoration comes from the educational workshops and training processes created a workspace and project room for programmes ofered. additional projects. So far, four buildings have been restored under the programme: two ancestral halls, Additional Inputs a temple, and a defensive watchtower. The project enjoys remarkable involvement and commitment The local population is a major asset as their labour from the local population, and has thus spurred and knowhow provide a means of cultural transfer. other development initiatives. Thanks to the project, They help with the restoration using ancestral tech- abandonment of the village has begun to reverse, niques and involve students to teach them tradi- and heritage conservation as a value has spread tions and the culture of the village when educational The following section details a selection of interna- models for a Village Hotel, one run by a singular throughout the local population. The project has workshops and courses are ofered. tional case-studies of heritage conservation models. private entity and another from a bottom-up collec- been awarded an Award of Merit by UNESCO. Although there is increasing recognition worldwide tive. Case studies 4.5-4.6 highlight successful proj- Evaluation and Relevance of the importance of cultural heritage for social and ects in Albania that can be used either as models or Organisational Structure economic development—not to mention its intrinsic as direct collaborations for conservation projects in One of the most remarkable characteristics of the cultural worth—public funding for its restoration Vuno and Qeparo. Case studies 4.7-4.11 all highlight The Cangdong Project is a non-proft with several project is how it involves the local population and and preservation is growing more and more limited. additional instruments that can be used in conjunc- stakeholders. The head ofce is located in the village aims to restore the village while enhancing local Conservationists, governments and local communi- tion with the Village Conservation Model to increase and is run by a team of experts from various back- economic development as a means to ensure the ties are growing increasingly creative and resourceful start-up or extra funding. grounds, who are highly involved with local resi- sustainability of the project. The inclusion of locals in when fnancing projects. The following examples dents. The local government supports the project’s these processes is intended to improve living condi- represent a spectrum of possibilities, both in terms Of course, every model has its advantages and development by providing necessary policy and tions in the village and encourage the villagers to of income streams, stakeholder organization, and disadvantages, and trade-ofs will always have to legal frameworks, while the project ofers a profes- remain. site-use. The selection is by no means exhaustive, be made. Comparative research on the topic of heri- sional advisory service for other local governments. but rather focuses on projects with direct rele- tage fnancing and management is growing, and the vance to the Albania case and our proposed Village analysis of good practices from elsewhere allows Conservation Model. Case-studies 4.1-4.2 are good Albanian stakeholders to brainstorm new ideas, Sources practice examples of heritage-camps and workshops discover creative planning instruments, and critically Cangdong Heritage Education Center (2015): Cangdong Heritage Education Center. http://www.cangdongproject.org/, accessed 28.06.2017 Tan, J. (2015): Multi-Cooperation in Cultural Heritage Conservation: The Cangdong Project of Guangdong Province. similar to our proposal for the Village Conservation consider what solutions might ft their particular In: International Archives of the Sourcegrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-5/ Lab. Case-Studies 4.3-4.4 show two widely diferent goals and constraints. W7, 25th International CIPA Symposium, Taipei, Taiwan, 31 August – 04 September 2015, pp. 526-532

50 51 4.2 SCAD’s La Maison Basse 4.3 Million Donkey Hotel Lacoste, France Prata Sannita, Italy A Private University Restores a Medieval Village to Create a New Study Abroad Campus An Architectural Studio Organises a BlitzBuild - A Hotel in 24 Days

The historic village of Lacoste in southern France dates Income Streams Like the other villages described in these case Organisational Structure back to the 12th century. It has a strong artistic heri- studies, the municipality of Prata Sannita, located tage as many famous painters and writers, including The restoration project was funded by private invest- 80 km north of Naples, in the region of Campania, The project was initiated by a commissioning Van Gogh, Picasso, and the Marquis de Sade, stayed ment in the initial phase, and is maintained by opera- boasts a rich historical heritage, but has sufered body and led by the architectural frm Feld72, who in the village. An economic slump in the late 19th tional revenue coming from student tuition fees. After from abandonment and neglect. The town is split contributed the design, led the initiative and created century forced the majority of residents to leave the Pfriem’s death the buildings fell into desperate disre- into two levels. Plata Inferiore is the old medieval a website. Local volunteers were the main force in village, leading to widespread abandonment. In the pair and were gifted to SCAD, thereby transferring village surrounding a fortifed castle, and Plata the initiative and also provided a total of 4300 hours 1960s, two artists, Pierre Cardin and Bernard Pfriem, ownership to the university. Operational revenue for Superiore is the more modern town where farmers of labour within the 24-day period. An association of purchased several of the ancient village buildings continued funding for the 20-year university restora- have lived since the 16th century. Plata Inferiore is volunteers runs the hotel. for only $50 apiece. They invited their friends, other tion project comes from the tuition paid by students home to just 70 of the entire town’s approximately artists, to stay and work in the village, making the area who learn and work at SCAD Lacoste. 1,500 inhabitants. Income Streams a well-known artistic locale. In 1971, Pfriem estab- lished the Lacoste School of Arts. The Million Donkey Hotel was a project realised in The Million Donkey Hotel had a small budget of just 2004 as part of an art project commissioned by the 10,000 euros, which was provided by the commis- In 1999, the Lacoste School of Arts reached out to Paesaggio work group of Campania. Artists, from sioning body. professors from the Savannah College of Art and Italy and abroad, were invited to create projects that Design to enlist their help with restoring a 13th century would engage the local population and help address Relevance for Albania wall. After Pfriem’s death, the Savannah College of Art questions of “identity, territory, social space, and and Design (SCAD) took over the Lacoste School of Arts landscape” (Hollein 2003, p. 72). The Million Donkey Hotel is an excellent example of in 2001. The Lacoste School donated over 30 buildings how a difused hotel can get up and running with to the American institution, which then undertook The hotel was proposed by the Austro-Italian archi- surprisingly few fnancial resources and with the help the process of restoring the buildings, as well as some tecture frm Feld72. Over 24 days, the architects of local volunteers. It also underscores the efective- other houses in the village. Within the ancient village worked with 40 volunteers to turn the frst rooms in ness of intensive “blitz” actions that pool labour over walls, students and locals worked together to restore the old village into the start of a village hotel. Using short periods of time. It also shows that a difused 33 buildings, now called La Maison Basse campus. local expertise in traditional building methods as hotel model can be functional with only a small They took care to maintain the vernacular and to use well as local materials, the architects and volunteers number of rooms and provides a reminder to include historical materials and design, while renovating for Evaluation and Relevance transformed three rooms and one bathroom into the the development of public spaces that can be used contemporary uses. Some of the restored university start of the town’s difused hotel. The hotel is now by the community and not just by tourists. buildings include a former boulangerie which is now The Lacoste example is a direct inspiration for our run by a volunteer goup of “local heroes” (as they are a student library and a former chapel which is now proposed Conservation Lab. As detailed in Chapter dubbed), organised as an association. converted into a classroom. Since 2002, over 3,000 7, the villages of Vuno and Qeparo could beneft from students of architecture, art history, painting, historic making use of students and university professors The rooms were designed so that they could be preservation, and landscape design have studied at as sources of labour and knowhow in the restora- used by the villagers as public spaces during the of- Lacoste and contributed to the village’s restoration tion process. Like Lacoste, it is possible that only one season. In addition, in 2005, Feld72 led a follow-up and to growing the local economy university takes the lead on running the Conservation project, returning to help restore an amphitheatre Lab; however, we envision that in the beginning for public use. Organisational Structure the Lab will have various institutional partners and arrangements. It is currently unlikely that properties The restoration process was managed exclusively in either of the villages could be gifted to a univer- through the private non-proft sector, in this case a sity; however, the exchange of land for labour or single university. The board of the Lacoste School of capital is a possibility. Or, as proposed in Chapter 8, a Arts donated its campus buildings to SCAD and now university could become a shareholder in the Village the university oversees the site’s preservation process. Corporation. Sources feld72 (2008): Million Donkey Hotel. In: Hollein, L. (eds): Urbanism – for sale. feld72. Architecture, Design, Projects: Austrian Contribution to the 7th International Biennial for Architecture in Sao Paulo. Springer, Vienna, pp. 72-79 Sources feld72 (n.y.a): Million Donkey Hotel. http://www.feld72.at/en/million-donkey-hotel/#/, accessed 14.07.2017 feld72 (n.y.b): Million Donkey Hotel. http://www.milliondonkeyhotel.net/ accessed 14.07.2017 Image 27: Pham, D. (2012): SCAD Students Attend Class in a Spectacular Restored Medieval Village in Southern France. Inhabitat 22.10.2012. http:// inhabitat.com/scad-students-attend-class-in-a-spectacular-restored-medieval-century-village-in-southern-france/, accessed 24.05.2017 Slessor, C. (2009): Million Donkey Hotel by feld72, Prata Sannita, Italy. The Architectural Review 01.12.2009. https://www.archi- SCAD Lacoste, France Campus SCAD – Savannah College of Art and Design (n.y.): Maison Basse. http://www.scad.edu/maison-basse, accessed 22.05.2017 tectural-review.com/today/million-donkey-hotel-by-feld72-prata-sannita-italy/5218391.article, accessed 14.07.2017

52 53 4.4 Sextantio Albergo Diffuso Santo Stefano di Sessanio, Italy Private Investment Transforms a Secluded Village Into a Luxury Hotel

Santo Stefano di Sessanio is a fortifed medieval Organisational Structure village lying on an ancient Italic-Roman site in the Abruzzo region of Italy, deep in the Apennine moun- The hotel is run by a private company that sought tains. Some of the village’s earliest structures date cooperation with qualifed institutions for its back to the 11th century and it has excellent examples regional study and also collaborated with the from the medieval, late medieval and pre-Renais- Albergo Difuso Association to help develop the sance periods. It was owned by the Carapelle Barony, hotel. The local government contributed by helping which had political and territorial dominion over the to create a regulatory framework that would put an region, as well as by two other famous families: the end to new building on the site, thereby ensuring its Piccolomini and, later, the Medici. The local wool future preservation. industry connected the area to Florence and the rest of Europe. After the unifcation of Italy, the village Income Streams became a municipality and, due to land privatisa- tion, the seasonal moving of sheep could no longer The funds for the project came largely from private take place and the economy declined, forcing many investment. Daniele Kihlgren, via Sextantio, invested villagers to move away. an inital 4.5 million euros in the project (Popham).

The impetus to preserve and transform the declining village came from one individual, businessman Daniele Kihlgren. In 2001, Kihlgren approached the municipality with a vision to transform the village into a difused, or dispersed, hotel. He agreed to provide fnancial investment and conduct the resto- ration project in exchange for a public agreement that no new building would be allowed in the area. Evaluation and Relevance In this way, the picturesque nature of the village would be preserved and his business investment in The agreement between Sextantio and the munici- successful example of private investment funding an “idyllic village” would be ensured. pality highlight the importance of preserving the conservation work as part of a business plan. The beauty of a heritage site as a means to solidify invest- beneft of such an approach is that investors have a The Sextantio Albergo DifusoCompany (led by ment in any tourism product. Fortunately, in the case larger pool of money and knowhow when it comes Kihlgren) bought approx. 3,500 m2 of real estate of Albania, the government has already committed to hotel management, etc. However, this risks alien- located in the historical centre of Santo Stefano di to limiting new development in these traditional ating current residents when the objective becomes Sessanio, including many of the village’s most well- settlements. This commitment should be high- company proft. Although we have suggested a known buildings. Sextantio also acquired an initial lighted to all potential new investors. diferent path for the development of a Village Hotel 1,000 m2 inside neighbouring villages belonging in Vuno and Qeparo, cooperation with a private to the historical-territorial tradition of the ancient According to Confalonieri (2011), the start-up and company is also an alternative. Were this to be Barony of Carapelle. development of an albergo difuso can happen in followed, measures should be put in place to ensure two main ways: through private initiative or public- that local residents beneft from the conservation Residents created the Ofcina Musicale, or Musical private cooperation. Sextantio Albergo Difuso is a works and proft economically as much as possible. Workshop, directed by Maestro Orazio Tuccella, which ofers an opportunity to guests and hosts alike to enjoy rehearsals and concerts. Entrance fees, which are exclusively by donation, are given to foun- Sources dations devoted to protecting the environment, or Central Europe, UN, Custodes (n.y.): Diffused Hotel a model to develop tourism through innovation and tradition. http://www. central2013.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/outputlib/Custodes_Diffused_Hotel_Model.pdf, accessed 19.06.2017 Image 29: architectural and historical heritage. Confalonieri, M. (2011): A typical Italian phenomenon: The “Albergo diffuso”, Tourism Management, 32(3), pp. 685-687 Popham, P. (2010): “Saviour of Santo Stefano”: One man’s crusade to save southern Italy’s ancient villages. The Santo Stefano di Sessanio Image 28: Independent 17.04.2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/saviour-of-santo-stefano-one- Santo Stefano di Sessanio mans-crusade-to-save-southern-italys-ancient-villages-1944769.html, accessed 19.06.2017 (Abruzzo): Tower

54 55 Gjirokastra, Albania The Restoration and Revitalization of an Ottoman Capital

Organisational Structure Income Streams Evaluation and Relevance Sources Image 30: Gjirokastra

56 57 4.6 CHWB Regional Restoration Camps 4.7 Save the Soul of Savoca Albania Savoca, Italy Volunteer Participants Work with Experts to Restore Signifcant Sites in Southeastern Europe Church Crowdfunding Campaign Funds Fresco Restoration

As discussed in the Chapter 1, an important heritage St. Michael’s Church is located in Savoca, Italy, a small two years of campaigning (from spring 2015 to NGO is currently active in Albania, Cultural Heritage hilltop village in Sicily. The ongoing “Save the Soul June 2017) they have raised over 10,000 euros. This without Borders (CHWB). One of the organization’s of Savoca” crowdfunding campaign was initiated has paid for the restoration of three frescoes, with many activities is the management of short-term in 2015 by a youth committee of the St. Michael’s eleven more remaining in the project. Italy’s Art restoration camps where university professors and Church group with the intent to restore the fres- Bonus programme (see Case Study 4.10) has helped restoration experts gather with volunteer partici- coes in the church’s elaborate but decayed interior. support donations to such campaigns by providing pants to work intensively on selected restora- Institutions and local associations have promoted tax credits for both organisations and individuals. tion projects. Over the course of each two-week the crowdfunding campaign through a self-created programme, participants are frst trained in neces- website. The campaign also uses social media to Evaluation and Relevance sary skills including, site evaluation, stonework, raise funds, to post updates about the progress of mortar construction, woodwork, etc. After training the church renovation projects, and to issue invita- The crowdfunding campaign undertaken by Savoca they are directed to a restoration site for work. The tions to events held in the church. residents illustrates the potential for organisational frst camp was held in Gjirokastra in 2007, and since structure and income streams deriving from the local then, the organisation has run fourteen additional The group also hosts cultural events to attract dona- community. Church organisations can be a powerful camps. They have also expanded this model to other Ministry of Economics, Energy, Transport; Regional tions, such as conferences, book presentations, gathering tool to work with public institutions for sites in Kosovo, Serbia and Bosnia Herzegovina. As of Development of Hessen, Germany; GIZ; Centre for and concerts. The Save the Soul of Savoca website restoration funding, especially since those who are 2015, the CHWB estimates 65 restoration initiatives International Migration and Development (CIM); accepts donations by credit card and PayPal, or spon- active in the church are often happy to volunteer with over 30,139 hours of volunteer labour (CHWB, Albanian-American Development Foundation; sorships can be ofered by communicating with the their time to organise such initiatives. Moreover, Regional Restoration Camps 2014, p. 11). Prince Claus Fund; International Coalition of Sites St. Michael restoration committee. The committee the campaign started on a small scale, with plans to of Conscience; Swiss Agency for Development and ofers incentives to donors, such as keeping track of restore frescoes in one church, but has the potential Organisational Structure Cooperation; German Embassy. the project’s evolution and the state of the restora- to grow, depending on the involvement of diferent tion activities. partners. This case also underscores the importance The camps are primarily run by CHWB, “an inde- Evaluation and Relevance for Albania of supporting individual donations with tax credits. pendent organisation ... dedicated to rescuing and Organisational Structure preserving cultural heritage afected by confict, This programme should be seen as a direct model neglect or human and natural disaster.”1 The organ- for the Conservation Lab. The two-week format with The “Save the Soul of Savoca” project was founded isation was founded in Sweden in 1995 and expanded volunteers is just one of many possibilities detailed and is run by a volunteer committee made up of its ofces to Albania in 2016. Local support in Albania in Chapter 7. The possibility also exists to partner church members of the Santa Maria Assunta parish is provided by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and directly with CHWB to hold camps in Vuno and (another church in Savoca). They work to promote Sports, Polis University, and the University of Tirana.2 Qeparo. the project in collaboration with the municipality of Savoca, who have contributed to the cause with a Income Streams small donation.

The camps are funded by national and interna- Income Streams tional donations. Some donors include: Sweden’s The crowdfunding campaign solicits donations from the local community, governments, and busi- 1 http://chwb.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/RCC-Camp-booklet- nesses, but also from family and friends living 2014-10Mb.pdf abroad. Their goal is to raise 60,000 euros through 2 Other partners can be found here: http://chwb.org/albania/who-we-are/ partners/ donations, sponsorships, and initiatives, and after

Sources Sources Image 31: GHWH - Cultural Heritage without Borders (2014a): Regional Restoration Camps. http://chwb.org/albania/activities/rrc/, accessed 22.06.2017 Cosentino, A., Pasquale, S. (2016): Crowdfunding per il Patrimonio Culturale nei Centri Storici GHWH - Cultural Heritage without (2014b): Who we are. http://chwb.org/albania/who-we-are/, accessed 22.06.2017 Minori: la Chiesa di San Michele a Savoca. Archeomatica, 7(2), pp. 12-15 Image 32: Tour in a Restored CHwB – Cultural Heritage without Borders Regional Office (2014): Camps Guide. http://chwb.org/ Facebook (n.y.): Save the Soul of Savoca. https://www.facebook.com/SaveTheSoulOfSavoca/?fref=ts, accessed 23.05.2017 wp-content/uploads/2014/06/RCC-Camp-booklet-2014-10Mb.pdf, accessed 22.06.2017 Save the Soul of Savoca (n.y.): Save the Soul of Savoca. http://www.savethesoulofsavoca.com/aiutaci.asp, accessed 30.06.2017 Hostel by CHWB Saint Michael Church

58 59 4.8 Dogon Culture Bank 4.9 This Place Matters

Fombori, Mali National Trust for Canada Using Community-owned Heritage Objects for Microcredit Loans A Crowdfunding Platform with Matching Funds

The Dogon Culture Bank in Fombori, Mali, funds idea. Local NGOs, the village elders, the town This Place Matters is a crowdfunding platform run by funding projects. It ofers resources, guides, and webi- cultural heritage conservation through the model council, the district cultural ofcer, as well as interna- the National Trust of Canada. Individuals and organisa- nars to educate communities on how to host efective of microcredit loans (otherwise known as microf- tional groups such as the Peace Corps, and Unitarian tions can use the website to launch their own crowd- campaigns. It also helps promote all crowdfunding nance). Service Committee (USC Canada) became collabora- funding campaign to save sites of historical impor- campaigns. tors and stakeholders in the project. tance. As of 2017, 64 diferent community projects The Culture Bank accepts cultural objects from have been funded across the country, including light- In addition to raising funds, the site has been very locals as loan collateral, then exhibits them in a Income Streams houses, theatres, historical street fronts and districts, successful in raising media attention and community local community-based museum. The loans ofered ports, houses, taverns, and sites of industrial and awareness for heritage preservation. by the Culture Bank work as small business loans The initial funding came from a USAID grant of aboriginal heritage. (from $5-$40) over a four to six-month period with $2,676 to fund the development of the museum. The Organisational Structure a three percent interest rate per month. Once the Culture Bank then received $4,000 from the West The organisation also hosts yearly competitions in loan is repaid, the owners can retrieve their object or African Museums Programme for cultural activities. which people can vote on projects they would like This Place Matters is run by the National Trust of take out another loan of increased value. The loans The museum now uses the interest earned through to see funded. The winning projects receive cash Canada, a national membership-based charity dedi- ofered by the Culture Bank vary based on the verif- the microfnance loans, as well as the fees paid by prizes ranging from $10,000 to $60,000. The site was cated to heritage preservation and education. The able historical information and value of the cultural museum visitors, to fnance its operations. launched in 2015 with an initial competition to save programme was launched in conjunction with the object put up for collateral. So far, one hundred lighthouses across Nova Scotia. In 2016, a second RBC Foundation (Royal Bank of Canada) as part of percent of loans have been repaid. Evaluation and Relevance competition was held to fund the preservation of their Corporate Citizenship campaign. The founda- historical main streets. The 2017 competition was tion provided the initial funds to start the site and While collecting cultural heritage in an institutional Similar projects could be founded in Qeparo and open to any historical site. programme. setting, the Culture Bank also provides a centre for Vuno to complement other tourist activities, with artisan training and community education. The loans being used to fund restoration. Microfnance This Place Matters provides support for all crowd- Income Streams building, a fve-room mud and brick museum, was is an established economic system in Albania with built communally by the villagers over the course many microfnance institutions operating across Startup income for the project came from the RBC of two dry seasons, after the establishment of the the country. The Albanian Microfnance Association, foundation. This Place Matters provides the site and Culture Bank. The Culture Bank succeeds in trans- an umbrella organisation, was established in 1996. resources with no upfront charge. They charge an 8% forming tangible heritage objects, owned by local It works with the to regulate and fee on all funds raised in order to cover administra- families, into a sustainable resource for economic supervise loan payments. Using cultural heritage tive costs and credit card transaction fees. The cash development, without relying on outside funding, objects as loan collateral, it ofers the opportunity prizes for competitions are funded by the National tourism, or the illicit sale of artefacts. Not only do for local residents to beneft directly from conserva- Trust. Between 2015 and 2017, more than $725,000 the microcredit loans stimulate the local economy, tion, while funding a cultural heritage project with (Canadian) was raised for preservation projects across ofering investment capital for locals to start busi- the value of the heritage itself. Moreover, exhibiting the country. nesses, but the capital fows back into cultural heri- cultural objects in a museum can generate income tage conservation by funding the Culture Bank from tourists who want to see the objects, while Evaluation and Relevance museum and the cultural activities therein. preventing them from being sold to tourists and leaving the village altogether. In Albania, this could Such a project requires very little startup capital and Organisational Structure be a very valuable tool for involving the community could easily be run and managed either by a non- and civil society in the conservation process, show- proft in Albania such as Cultural Heritage with Borders The Culture Bank is operated by a community- casing the value of cultural heritage objects and or by the Ministry for Monuments. Should public funds based NGO, which was established by the women conserving them in an organised and institutional or international donations become available, such a of Fombori in 1996. They collaborated with several way. platform could also be paired with matching funds in organisations working in the area to develop the order to encourage donations. Such a website could also be circulated through diaspora communities Sources living outside of Albania. Albanian Microfinance Association (n. y.): Membership. http://ama.com.al/membership.php, accessed 18.05.2017 Crosby, T. V. (1997): The Culture Bank: Saving Mali’s Cultural Heritage. United States Peace Corps, Mali Deubel, T. F. (2003): Conserving cultural heritage with microcredit: A Case study of the Dogon Culture Bank in Fombori, Mali. The University Sources Image 33: of Arizona. http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/278802/1/azu_td_1414226_sip1_m.pdf, accessed 19.05.2017 National Trust for Canada (n.y.): National Trust for Canada. http://www.nationaltrustcanada.ca/, accessed 23.05.2017 This Place Matters: Baltimore’s European Microfinance (n. y.): Network Microfinance by Country. http://www.european-microfinance.org/index. Royal Bank of Canada (n.y.): Community. http://www.rbc.com/community-sustainability/community/, accessed 25.05.2017 php?rub=microfinance-in-europe&pg=microfinance-by-country&cpg=1, accessed 19.05.2017 This Place Matters - National Trust for Canada (n.y.): This Place Matters. https://thisplacematters.ca/, accessed 25.05.2017 Hebrew Orphan Asylum

60 61 Case Studies

4.10 Art Bonus 4.11 Mullak’as Misminay Project

Italy Mullak’as Misminay, Peru Government Tax Deductions Spur Major Contributions from Private Donors CSR Programme Encourages Village Housing Maintenance and Tourism Development

Due to a depressed economic climate and an enor- The Mullak’as Misminay Project is the frst project led by Fund provided fnancing, through a refundable loan, mous amount of public debt, the Italian government Wings, a non-proft organization created by Condor Travel dedicated to handicraft development, workshops, and has been unable to meet the country’s pressing pres- in 2007 (the project itself began one year later in 2008). training. Local community members, including roughly ervation and restoration needs. In 2012, the Ministry of Mullak’as Misminay is a small village of approximately 300 residents and 150 direct benefciaries actively partici- Culture decided that it would have to take measures 500 inhabitants near to Cuzco overlooking the Valley of pate helping work on building renovations, running to encourage private sector support and introduced, the Incas. In 1998, Condor started a training program for training programs, etc. among a series of policies, the Art Bonus programme. porters on the Inca Trail. The success of this project, which was widely supported by local residents, helped obtain Income Streams Art Bonus is a straightforward tax deduction The municipality of Florence was heavily criticised for the support of the Dutch Service of Cooperation for the programme whereby tax credits are given for 65 allowing Morgan Stanley to hold a private dinner in Development, the Multilateral Investment Fund of the A co-funding strategy was implemented, where IDB-MIF percent of donations made to the conservation a chapel where food could have ruined the frescoes. Inter-American Development Bank and of the Regional provides 58% (US$ 144,350.00), and the remaining 42% of public heritage. Three categories fall under this Due to public outcry, companies have been keen not Health Authorities for future projects. (US$ 103,800.00) is invested by Condor Travel (Smart programme: to use advertising on scafolding, etc. In short, there is Development Network, n.d.). Other important sources cultural distrust in this new turn to privatisation. Today, Wings, along with other partners works with the of income are the operational revenues of the tour- Maintenance, protection and restoration of public community on three projects: homestays for tourists, istic activities received by locals and by the company. cultural works (e.g. monuments, historical build- Income and Organisational Structure handicrafts, and water provision. Wings has worked with Community members pool all money raised by tourist ings, works of art) the community to further develop their tourism product homestays and distribute profts among all residents. Support of public cultural institutions (e.g. All income for restoration comes from private dona- in a way that benefts both local residents and Condor museums, libraries, archives, archaeological areas tions, incentivised through tax deductions. The Travel. For instance, after providing funds as assistance to Evaluation and Relevance and parks), opera/symphonic foundations and programme was started by the Ministry of Culture, help locals rebuild their homes and upgrade them with traditional theatre and tax deductions are granted by the federal govern- provisions necessary to host guests (solar-heated running Ecotourism and experiential tourism is an ideal market Realisation, restoration and upgrading of public ment. water, furnishings etc), the company now directs tour- to catalyse development. Misminay is a positive example institution facilities dedicated to performances (Art ists to visiting Machu Picchu and the Valley of the Incas of a project that helps preserve local cultural traditions, Bonus n.y.) Relevance for Albania to stay in in homestays with village residents. Condor providing a unique tourism experience to the travellers takes a percentage of the revenues earned by villagers and economic sustainability to the villagers. This model Importantly, this programme is open to individuals, Given the lack of public funds for conservation in running the homestays (most properties cost 25 euro a ofers the possibility to involve tourism companies in non-profts and corporations alike. Art Bonus has Albania, the government could pursue such incen- night, with Condor taking 5 euro). The funding is oriented corporate social responsibility practices, with a sustain- incentivised companies to give major donations tive programmes. However, one of the reasons why to develop the community while providing the services able approach that can led to the restoration and pres- toward the restoration of expensive projects. Tod’s this programme has been so successful in Italy is that needed by the travel company to ofer their clients. All ervation of heritage without requiring major fund from gave 25 million euros to renovate the Colosseum; there are so many wealthy companies in the country physical improvements are owned by the community. national authorities. Thus far, the project has shown to Fendi gave 4 million euros to restore the Trevi who see their products as tied to national heritage. be an efective way to preserve cultural heritage while Fountain; Bulgari gave 2 million euros to restore the Thus, the fnancial incentive is augmented by a cultural Organisational Structure providing a source of income for local and for investors. Spanish Steps; Salvatore Ferragamo donated $817,000 belief in the value of conserving heritage. The Albanian Due to the proximity to the Inca Trail, and Moray ruins, to restore a section of the Ufzi Gallery (Pianigiani and government should continue to try to instil similar The project is developed as an inclusive business plan, the project also benefts those ancient remains indirectly, Yardley 2014). beliefs and values even as it ofers f nancial incen- with Condor Travel’s as an anchor company. SNV, part of through the sensitization of the population towards their tives. This case also highlights the negative aspects the Netherlands Development Organization provideds heritage. Partners in Albania can consider the plusses and On the downside, many in Italy resent the commer- of corporate sponsorship and the public outcry that technical guidance and experience on social projects, minuses of similarly engaging travel corporations in the cialisation of these endeavours, complaining that the can occur in response to blatant commercialisation. including consultancy, monitoring, and control. Inter- creation of the Village Hotel. companies exploit the sites for their own purposes. Limiting advertising space is one solution to this issue. American Development Bank Multilateral Investment

Sources Sources Art Bonus (n.y.): English Brief. http://artbonus.gov.it/english-brief.html, accessed 13.07.2017 TV Peru (2012): Entrevista a José Luis Segovia del Programa Regional de Negocios Inclusivos “Ganamos Chen, V. (2016): Why Tod’s renovated the Colosseum, and why Bulgari repaired the Spanish steps, while Fendi threw Todos”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKbZmhOvFSM, accessed 10.04.2017 millions into a fountain. South China Morning Post 04.08.2016. http://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/tech-design/ SNV (2012a): Financiamiento del Desarrollo y los Negocios Inclusivos. Casos en Turismo. http://docplayer.es/5667543- article/1995564/italian-heritage-why-tods-renovated-colosseum-and-why, accessed 13.07.2017 Financiamiento-del-desarrollo-y-los-negocios-inclusivos-casos-en-turismo.html, accessed 10.04.2017 Pianigiani, G., Yardley, J. (2014): Corporate Medicis to the Rescue. SNV (2012b): Condor Travel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPh91fReWJk, accessed 10.04.2017 To Some Dismay, Italy Enlists Donors to Repair Monuments. New York Times 15.07.2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/ Vive Mismanay (2012) http://www.vivemisminay.pe, accessed 10.04.2017 arts/design/to-some-dismay-italy-enlists-donors-to-repair-monuments.html?_r=0, accessed 13.07.2017 Wings (2017): Turismo rural comunitario en Mullakas-Misminay, Cusco. http://www.condorwings.org/es/projects/p1pg4i/, accessed 10.04.2017 Image 34: Scammell, R. (2015): Saving Italy’s cultural heritage by modern means. The Guardian 19.03.2015. https://www.theguardian. Burcombe, F. (2013): Spotlight: How Condor Travel’s Misminay Project skills villagers in commnity tourism. com/world/2015/mar/19/saving-italys-cultural-heritage-by-modern-means, accessed 13.07.2017 http://news.wtm.com/condor-travel-misminay-spotlight/, accessed 10.04.2017 Colloseum

62 63 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization

Part III: Proposal for a Sustainable Conservation Model: Vuno and Qeparo

64 Recommended Governmental Measures

5 Recommended Governmental Measures

In any conservation or regeneration project, certain obstacles arise that require intervention on behalf of the government. Although the proposed Village Conservation Model intends to be community-led, its success nevertheless depends upon the government’s commitment and assistance in certain realms. In the following chapter, we outline two signifcant obstacles that will require government assistance: property dispute resolution and infrastructure provision.

5.1 Resolving Property Disputes

As land and property are the most valuable assets available, a clear strategy of land management is an important pillar in order to guarantee a successful implementation of the proposed project. This chapter proposes ways to address some of the challenges of land management in the specifc Albanian context.

The state (both at a national/regional level and as a local municipality) holds a crucial position in land management. Therefore, in the following we propose a regulatory framework of four instruments dealing with land management: (1) mediation, (2) a regula- tory penalisation system, (3) a safeguarding contrac- tual system, and (4) zoning. To maintain sustainable development and the fuidity of restoration and reha- bilitation processes, a land cooperative model, as well Image 35: as a supportive legal framework issued at state level Vuno (p. 64-65) is proposed to tackle the land property issues being Image 36: faced in Albania at this time. Qeparo (p. 66)

67 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Recommended Governmental Measures

Due to Albania’s historical development and the implementation of a new law requires restructuring with European norms, the Commission concluded, losers in each case. However, mediation can resolve transition from a socialist to a capitalist system, prop- the Property Restitution and Compensation Agency is closely linked to the method of implementation confict without going to court and therefore saves erty rights and claims are intricate and complicated. (PRCA) at its diferent levels. The challenges facing by the authorities. This is somewhat difcult, since money and time. Multiple and unclear ownerships, as well as a consider- new laws extend to fnding creative solutions for the authorities are more focused on implementing able amount of undocumented or unregistered prop- compensation, as the land area owned by the state is and protecting human rights for all national citizens, Mediation is increasingly used to resolve property erties and illegally constructed buildings that remain too small when compared to the land that needs to be including minorities, leaving property rights issues disputes worldwide10, mainly because it signifcantly outside the formal property market, are some of the compensated (Frangakis 2008). somewhat out of focus (European Commission 2016). saves time and money and ofers promising results main challenges that conservation projects for histor- and higher liability. Property mediation is not just ical sites also need to tackle. Currently, the transition the country is going through In the case of Vuno and Qeparo, property issues about ownership disputes, it can also efectively and the challenges facing this transition, specif- within these villages centre on abandonment and help resolve the issue of abandonment, create a In general, land markets are not easily accessible for cally in the feld of property rights, requires creative ownership. Over the past few decades, the roads conditioned contractual system and pave the way those without resource to money and knowledge solutions, since a large number of properties remain have fallen into disrepair and the buildings have for private and foreign investment by equipping of the market. Populations that are low on fnancial outside the formal market due the complex and been left to crumble. The continuous pressure from local stakeholders with the legal tools needed to and technical support are usually discouraged from unclear legal situation surrounding them. It is recom- the economic challenges and shrinking opportu- strike the best deal for all parties. entering the market because of a number of factors. mended to create an agency with the sole purpose nities has pushed most of the residents to give up These factors range from a lack of understanding of of dealing with property issues, and unifying the on their houses and farms and to migrate to neigh- Our suggestion is to create regional mediation aid the bureaucratic system, upfront registration and property titles database. It is also recommended to bouring towns, or even abroad. Abandonment is ofces that provide support to resolve property transaction costs, and overall time spent on the include civil society as a series of stakeholders, as an obvious problem and can be perceived as the disputes on heritage sites by building constructive administrative process. These issues are all present in part of the dialogue towards an acceptable solu- biggest property issue in both villages. Many build- exchange and collaborative work processes amongst the case of Albania, and specifcally in the two villages, tion. This solution could be achieved through the ings, including schools and churches, are of high all actors. The mediation body would act as a public Vuno and Qeparo, that have been observed. establishment of a discussion platform targeted cultural and architectural value, but face the risk of platform that promotes and supplies legal services at property title issues in the country. The idea of deterioration and permanent loss. to those who need them to resolve disputes at the During communism in Albania, private ownership of adopting an open decision approach may have posi- minimum cost and in the shortest possible time. In land was abolished. With the fall of communism in tive impacts in regards to transparent policy making. Ownership was also identifed as a main property addition to state funding, resources and expertise 1989, Albania experienced a wide range of transforma- This can only be accomplished by involving national, problem through several interviews with local resi- from various sources, including international corpo- tions within the political system. One key aspect of this international, civil and academic actors through a dents. Properties in both villages have multiple rations and NGOs, might be needed to assist with transition was the transfer of state-owned property to stable network of communication, and improving owners, as many as 75 in the case of one particular the implementation process. private ownership. The Albanian government, which coordination methods between the diferent stake- property. Many owners have fed the villages looking had centrally managed the economy through state^- holders in order to approach a coherent solution for new opportunities, neglecting their property’s owned property for more than ffty years, started tran- (Rama 2015). fnancial and legal requirements. In order to tackle Regulatory Penalisation System sitioning to a market economy. In 1991, the Law on these challenges our proposal includes four instru- the Land was passed, formalising the privatisation of One of the new laws that has been implemented ments that will be elaborated on in the following In order to access properties for conservation ex-cooperative land (Land Law No. 7501 of 19/07/1991. deals with properties confscated under the former sections. purposes, the instrument of a regulatory penalisa- Republic of Albania). The law was designed to redis- regime. This law, adopted in December 2015, aims tion system is proposed. The legal framework of tribute land to families residing on cooperatives to construct a national framework to compensate a progressive penalisation system can be devel- during the time of the law’s passage (Aliko 2001, p. 7). those who have been damaged. The law is facing Mediation oped based on similar cases and existing laws in obstacles in the Constitutional Court, where it is Even after almost thirty years of post-socialism in being challenged. Nevertheless, the law was pushed In complex property and ownership situations, Albania, an overwhelming number of property owner- through and brought into force in February 2016. The mediation, more than law suits, can be useful in 10 For example, Romania is one of the European states that adopted the ship lawsuits are fled that relate back to the commu- absence of a comprehensive nationwide cadastre settling property disputes. Within the justice system, mediation approach through the Act of Mediation no. 192/2006. This act was improved on a yearly basis, and progressed over time. In 2012, it nist era. Many of these cases are still awaiting a fnal undermines the process of the new law, as it opens mediation represents an alternative solution to was passed as law no. 115/2012. This law makes it obligatory to initiate a settlement that is legally, socially, and fnancially solid. a window for appeal since the law has very little the courts of law. Therefore, mediation is strongly mediation process between rival parties as a first resort, and to proceed to a court of law only in the case of failure. At the time when this law was It is very important for the state to fnd a solution that transparency. This caused the Constitutional Court promoted by the European Union within various passed, the mediation approach was not much used by Romanians, but this has changed. In 2014, a study carried out by the Commission for Legal all stakeholders can accept and agree on. to request the implementation of an amicus curiae government systems (Tutuianu and Dorin 2014). Business of the European Parliament revealed the impact of mediation. brief by the Venice Commission, to assess the law Going to court in many cases was the frst choice for In the case of Romania, estimations through specific indicators reveal a reduction of up to 50% in property transfer cases and other real estate Nevertheless, there are challenges that any new law and ensure coherence of its content with European resolving conficts, as the classical judicial system conflicts that were settled through mediation (Tutuianu and Dorin, 2014). must overcome in order to be implemented. The norms. Compliance of the newly-implemented law usually provides a clear answer, with winners and

68 69 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Recommended Governmental Measures

the Albanian and European regulatory systems11. A localised contractual system can be achieved by districts. Landowners within historical zones may The improvement of its transportation infrastructure The main objective of this proposal is to encourage the creation of a regional legal ofce body. Experts in also be eligible to apply for certain types of federal is an important factor in boosting the development the local government to activate and upgrade the legal and trade issues in addition to heritage scholars tax reductions or incentives. When implementing of the region. Good road connectivity between the existing regulations and to enforce these laws when can develop fair and strict concession contracts to our proposal zoning regulations for the two villages villages is very important for encouraging a positive needed as a negotiation tool to support the media- prevent activities or actions which could in any way need to be updated and adapted where needed. environment for economic growth and the exchange tion process. afect the semblance, characteristics, quality, impor- of goods. Improved connectivity to larger urban tance or peculiarity of cultural heritage. Furthermore, The main objective is to create diferent zones areas, such as Tirana or Himara, would also provide a The regulatory penalisation system (RPS) can be the SCS is a tool to ensure protection against illicit covered by diferent regulations and ofering range of new opportunities, as well as guaranteeing developed as a compulsory participating law that trade or exploitation of cultural heritage by national diferent incentives based on the public beneft and access to services not available in the villages. Good forces private owners of a property which has or international investors and corporations. 12 cultural value of the properties within each specifc road connections are needed in order to make the cultural value and/or is located within a cultural heri- area. implementation and operation of the conservation tage zone to repair and maintain their properties. project feasible. Movement between the villages will The law addresses the protection measures within a Zoning Scheme increase considerably as the activities begin. In this cumulative penalisation system consisting of a series 5.2 Provision of Infrastructure sense, public investment and the local governments’ of actions that could end up with penal payment. When speaking about zoning, this text refers to attention to this issue becomes a strategic factor Seizing the property could also be considered as an local government or state-led processes that sepa- Apart from the important issues of property in the in the project’s development and continuity. There extreme measure against serious ofences. rate specifc parcels of land into designated areas Albanian context, other measures are required for are a series of infrastructure improvement projects according to land use (i.e. commercial, agricultural, which the state needs to be responsible. Making already projected that clearly assist the project to Once the ofence is fled against a specifc property residential). Land within each zone is regulated by villages collaborative and attractive for both resi- be developed. However these improvements need (owner), the RPS allows the legal authority to take location, density, and type of use. Zoning laws can dents and visitors is a constant and evolving chal- to be implemented and adapted as the project direct measures to assure efective action against the be useful when establishing ordinances to protect lenge, especially in the case of almost abandoned develops. ofence and assures the restoration of the property certain aspects of land, such as wildlife or agricul- places. Villages exist and grow according to what to its original state. Based on Albanian law, a chain tural heritage. Although, there is no one global set they have to ofer those who are looking for places Finally, to ensure sustainable heritage conserva- of fnes could be issued against the ofender within of zoning laws, there are common types of land use to invest in, live in or simply visit. People can be tion conditions within the villages, action toward a specifc timeline. Currently, some form of RPS is zones, such as residential, historical, agricultural, and attracted by the services, goods and opportuni- adequate building maintenance should be incentiv- already envisioned in the draft law on cultural heri- industrial. ties ofered by a village, but the amount of efort ised. Owners should be encouraged to commercially tage in Albania. Concurrently to establishing such a required to beneft from these greatly infuences the explore their restored buildings in order to generate law, its implementation and enforcement need to be In the case of Vuno and Qeparo, the zoning has dynamic. sufcient resources for their maintenance. Guest carefully thought through. already been suggested in the declaration of the accommodation, and small stores and restaurants villages as national heritage13. Historical zones help Public investment is necessary to improve the are examples of economic activities that could be to protect buildings and residences. Buildings that general conditions in a village. As restorations implemented in the restored buildings. Safeguarding the Contractual System (SCS) are found in historical zones may have more strin- occur and simultaneous new economic activities gent regulations on restoration and preservation. are generated, greater demand on public areas and The third instrument tackles the concession of Setting these regulations can help public and private public services will appear. The reliability of energy cultural properties, regulating buying and selling entities identify, evaluate and protect historical and water supplies, as well as the availability of an transactions through the creation of a strict contrac- adequate sewage system, are factors that directly tual system. The fundamental purpose is to maintain infuence the village’s capacity to generate new 12 Safeguarding laws, concerning the scope of concession in cultural heri- the local communities’ prosperity and way of life, as tage cases, have been developed to a sophisticated level by the United economic opportunities and prosperity. In order well as to protect the national interest by keeping the Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation and other to provide adequate accommodation for tourists involved organisations. The Protection of Cultural Heritage Act and cultural fabric intact, and to preserve the authentic the Model for a National Act on The Protection of Cultural Heritage by and encourage the return of former residents, basic architectural heritage. UNESCO provide sophisticated regulations regarding the concession of services must be promoted. Improvements in public cultural heritage, including the general formulation of special protective contracts. spaces such as stairways and sidewalks should be 13 Decision no.30 of the Council of Ministers, 20.01.2016, on “Declaring conducted by the municipality to ensure adequate Vuno a Historic Centre, and on approving the regulations regarding 11 For example, the Law on The Protection of Immovable and Movable administration of the area, as well as the protected territories around access for all users. Cultural Property (1992, Albania), the Law for Cultural Heritage (2003) it”, Official Journal of the Republic of Albania, vol.2016 no.9, pp. 525 and the planning and development regulations (2010, European Laws ). -532. Available from: QBZ - Qendra e Botimeve Zyrtare [Center of Official Also, some cases of similar laws from other countries can be considered Publications]. http://www.qbz.gov.al/botime/fletore_zyrtare/2016/ to develop this proposal, such as Germany’s Monument Protection Act. PDF-2016/9-2016.pdf, accessed 19.01.2016

70 71 Village Conservation Model Overview

6 Village Conservation Model Overview

This chapter outlines our proposal for a sustainable Village Conservation Model. Our proposal is based on a careful analysis of existing challenges and assets, and will create a system of entities to control the movement of money, labour, and added value necessary to complete conservation works and stim- ulate economic and social growth.

We envision a bipartite system made up of two linked entities: (1) a for-proft entity, the Village Corporation, tasked with generating fnancial capital via a land trust and a local business, the Village Hotel; as well as (2) a non-proft entity, the Village Conservation Lab, tasked with conducting the conservation work. The entire system will be managed by a board of direc- tors and a village Round Table (in the role of an advi- sory board).

6.1 Actors and Bodies

Everybody involved in inputs should have shares in the Village Corporation:

Landowners according to the value of the land they contribute. Non-paid labour, as “time-units” (time bank) to be swapped for shares. University for non-paid contribution of know- how. Image 37: Damaged Church Vuno (p. 72)

73 Overall Governance Model (Poster 2)

Head of Village Corporation Consultants of NGO’s and foundations

Manager of Land Trust Consultants of international corporations CONSORTIUM Manager of Village Hotel Consultants from the academic sector

Head of Conservation Lab Board of Round Table Directors Representatives of municipality

Representatives of national goverment units Administrative Unit

Accountant Sustainable Models of Heritage ConservationLegal Advisor and Revitalization Village Conservation Model Overview CEO

Village corporation and relation to lab (poster 4)

VILLAGE CONSERVATION LAB 6.2 Financing and Economic Plan 6.3 Project Phases CORPORATION Restauration In our project, land assets are linked with a business Such a system is based on principles of mutual make money if they choose, for example by working plan in order to secure start-up funding. Land is the beneft. Landowners help secure start-up funding at the hotel. An increase in local tourism ofers the most valuable asset available, and while we have and in exchange receive upgrades to their property opportunity for further service provision and the Land Trust some material, some knowhow, and some labour that increase the value of their land. Moreover, the sale of local goods. on hand to complete the project objectives, it is the area gains new businesses through which locals can sole asset that can be used to generate the start-up Conservation capital necessary to catalyse the economic processes € Lab Setting up of village Round Table, village board of directors, Village Corporation (land here envisioned. Through a state-led system of Phase 0 trust and hotel business) and Conservation Lab. Initial funding through donations incentives and penalisations (see push, pull and required. Village Hotel mediating measures in Section 5.1), property owners in the villages will be encouraged to enter the trust Phase 1 The Village Corporation uses land as collateral to procure bank loan. and pool their land holdings as collateral for a bank Phase 2 The loan is given as a donation to the Conservation Lab. loan. The loan, in turn, will be used to fund conser- vation projects via the non-proft Conservation The Conservation Lab restores (selected) buildings (or parts of buildings) that can be For Proft Not for Proft Phase 3 Lab and initiate the business aspect of the Village operated as a hotel. A valuation system needs to be put in place to calcu- Corporation, i.e. the Village Hotel. late shares in the Village Corporation. The Village Hotel generates a profit (after paying rent, staff and other expenses). This profit is used for, in order of priority: 1) repayment of bank loan in the form of By providing land as collateral, plus a business plan Phase 4 installments, 2) donation to the Conservation Lab to continue the conservation work and There are two bodies in the village: to repay the loan, the Village Corporation should 3) payment of dividends to shareholders. be able to secure a loan that will jumpstart the The Village Corporation (organised as a coopera- entire system. A small sum of start-up capital will Phase 5 Back to Phase 3 (circularity) Income Streams Conservation Lab (poster 3)tive or as a limited company) Financial be required to set up the land trust. This sum, which Donations The Conservation Lab should be minimal, could be acquired most probably through an international organisation, perhaps GIZ. The Village Corporation works€ for proft and has two income streams: Funds Thefrom loan money will be assigned to the Village institutional Village partnersCorporation. All business revenues from the hotel will Land. OrganisedCorporation in the form of a land trust, where also accrue to the corporation. The Conservation Lab land is managed collectively. could also collect money through other fundraising Hotel. Run as a business. activities that the board chooses to pursue: crowd- Labour Material funding, events, donations, grants (see Section 7.3). and Time Banks The Conservation LabWorkshop is a non-proft and has two principal income streams:Fees After expenses, proft from the business and other surpluses should be used for the following, listed The Village Corporation (through donations and in order of priority: (1) Repayment of bank loan; (2) loans). Fund conservation; and (3) Payment of dividends to Other fundraising activities (university, crowd- shareholders. funding, charity, etc).

Both bodies are governed by:

A village board of directors (with executive Figure 5: powers). Overview Village A village Round Table (a consulting Table 3: Conservation Model board made up of relevant stakeholders). Project Phases

74 75 7 The Village Conservation Lab

The village conservation and restoration works are to be conducted by a newly-founded Conservation Lab. The Lab will work collectively with local resi- dents and partnership institutions from the educa- tional sector (universities, vocational schools, and NGOs) to restore the village architecture.

Our research has shown multiple successful exam- ples of similar projects which make use of university resources to secure the labour and knowhow neces- sary for successful conservation projects. Combining conservation works with training programmes has many obvious benefts: students provide a key source of labour; training expands the number of skilled conservators to work on similar projects and ensures the continuity of local building techniques; and instruction sensitises residents and young people to the importance of architectural heritage and cultural heritage more generally.

Such a model is ideal for the Albania case, where limited fnancial resources necessitate sourcing labour and knowhow through other means. In addition, the existence of similar training camps in Albania and the newly-created Master in Restoration in Korça mean that there is already a local supply of potential partner institutions (see Section 7.4). The Conservation Lab could thus be established and operating within a short time frame.

Image 38: Fieldwork Vuno (p. 76)

77 Overall Governance Model (Poster 2)

Head of Village Corporation Consultants of NGO’s and foundations

Manager of Land Trust Consultants of international corporations CONSORTIUM Manager of Village Hotel Consultants from the academic sector

Head of Conservation Lab Board of Round Table Directors Representatives of municipality

Representatives of national goverment units Administrative Unit

Accountant Legal Advisor CEO

Village corporation and relation to lab (poster 4)

VILLAGE CONSERVATION LAB CORPORATION Restauration

Land Trust

Conservation € Lab

Village Hotel

Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization The Village Conservation Lab

For Proft Not for Proft

7.1 Concept Overview and Objectives Seminars should last between two to four weeks Payment from Institutional Partners: The contribu- Income Streams Conservation Lab (poster 3) Financial where students will actively participate in restora- Donations tion from partnering universities and institutions The Conservation Lab is a non-proft organisation tion process by performing activities appropriate could take a variety of forms. Partner institutions dedicated to conserving cultural heritage conser- to their respective expertise. These seminars should will primarily be ofering knowhow and labour; vation and encouraging local economic growth correlate students’ professional skills with cultural € however, there is also a potential to raise funds through an engagement with educational institu- heritage conservation topics, using the process of Funds from either through a percentage of the tuition costs, institutional tions and local residents. The Lab will be housed in restoration as an opportunity to perform a thematic Village partners as in Lacoste, France, or to ofer an exchange for a multifunctional space, equipped for both research internship. In that way, the students can learn about Corporation funding in the form of land, i.e., through the dona- and training. There, the Lab will host activities related cultural heritage conservation while helping in the tion or seizure of an unused property. to cultural heritage conservation and awareness. buildings’ restoration as a voluntary workforce. In Payment from Workshops: The possibility of directly this way, the Village Hotel can request the Lab’s Labour Material charging fees for tuition is another possibility. In and Time Banks The Conservation Lab’s objectives are fourfold: technical support services to perform a full or partial Workshop this model, the Lab itself, rather than the univer- restoration, enabling buildings to accommodate Fees sity would provide the restoration camps, and Restore and conserve the architectural heritage in guests. would charge participants a small fee. Moreover, Vuno and Qeparo. there is a possibility that once the infrastructure Develop local knowledge and capacity with Economic improvement will be derived from the for a camp is in place, the Lab would be able to regard to conservation. promotion of an attractive business environment for ofer a variety of specialist workshops, both in Improve the attractiveness of the village and the tourism and heritage conservation sector. Once priorities and strategies to efectively manage the relation to conservation, and also in other felds. attract tourists. the project is running, local people can leverage investments in the project, as shown in Figure 6. As in the case of Cangdong, China, participant fees Generate knock-on efects that will afect posi- economic opportunities as money fows into the could be collected and any surplus after expenses tively the village economy. village. The Conservation Lab has fve lines of income: could be redirected into conservation work. Labour and Materials Time Bank: Non-monetary The primary objective of the Conservation Lab is As described in Chapter 6, The Lab will work within Payment from Village Corporation: The primary contributions are also a vital part of the the conservation of Vuno and Qeparo.14 Students the larger system of the Village Corporation and will source of income for the Conservation Lab should Conservation Lab’s model. Locals should be able and trainees will learn techniques enabling them reside under the same management structure of a come from the Village Corporation’s funds, i.e., to contribute man hours and material in exchange to conduct conservation works both in Vuno and board of directors and a board of advisors. revenue from the land trust and the Village for shares in the Village Corporation via the labour Qeparo. Early conservation projects will be selected Hotel. This will mostly come as donations, but bank. There is also the possibility that the university and developed in order to provide space for the Lab, can, in some cases, be loans. For instance, if the may be an active participant in the labour bank.15 improve access routes, create guest rooms and infra- 7.2 Location Lab knows it is expecting a large donation, it can structure for the Village Hotel, and repair the homes receive a loan from the Village Corporation and and properties of those owners in the land trust. Of the two villages, Vuno is the more suitable loca- repay it when the donation comes in. 7.4 Institutional Partnerships tion for the Conservation Lab. Vuno is serviced by Financial Donations: As a non-proft with a mission By executing this work collaboratively with educa- a main road and a bus line, allowing for a greater statement focused on physical, social, cultural, Establishing mutually benefcial partnership agree- tional institutions and local residents, the project ease of transport of materials and people. Moreover, and economic development, the Lab is in a unique ments with educational institutions is essential to the also aims to build local knowledge and capacity with the presence of a local village restaurant and hostel position to accrue funds through donations. success of the Conservation Lab, as these institutions regard to conservation processes. Throughout all provides initial infrastructure that could be used in Such donations could come to the Lab through will be the most important partner in promoting phases of the project, the Lab will seek to enhance early phasing. public streams, either in the form of grants, or as knowhow for the restoration. Educational institutions community development by encouraging participa- tax and fee revenues, etc. Donations could also be do not only include universities, but also other insti- tory workshops and seeking to strengthen bonds raised through communitarian funding sources, tutions which have heritage conservation expertise, among the community. The Lab will therefore be a 7.3 Finances: Expenses and Income such as crowdfunding, or via private dona- such as vocational training schools, heritage institu- centre for both conservation and capacity building. tions or sponsorships. In short, this entity will be tions, research institutions, and non-governmental In order to carry out its operations, the Lab has to able to capture funds from a variety of sources. organisations. cover the cost of materials, labour, and rent, both for However, it should not be assumed that the Lab

the restoration work and for its own operating costs. will be able to capture these funds; thus in order to 15 One option for non-monetary transactions is time banking, which “... 14 The main outcome of the project will be the physical restoration of As a service provider, the Lab depends on external ensure sustainable economic growth, it is better works by members of the bank helping each other out, banking and Figure 6: buildings and conservation of urban cultural heritage. At this stage, spending hours as they do so.[...] Everyone’s time is valued equally, no exact conservation goals cannot be determined, but for a list of priority funding. However, the establishment of a structured to focus on generating income from the Village matter what is done: one hour is equal to one time credit” (North, 2010). Income Streams projects, see Chapter 10. fnancing fow is important to defne expenditure Corporation. Conservation Lab

78 79 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization The Village Conservation Lab

Local Partnerships International Partnerships Ideally, it would be best to diversify opportunities Conservation Lab Manager and work fexibly to ofer a range of arrangements Represents the project to local authorities Potential for partnership already exists with the Partnerships should also be sought with interna- that would appeal to project partners, ofering Cultivates and maintains relationships with spon- following local organisations: tional universities and institutions. Many of the case arrangements such as: sors studies examined formed both long- and short- Maintains relationship with educational institu- Cultural Heritage without Borders: This non-proft has term partnerships with international partners. For Semester-long programmes led by professors tions held various activities related to conservation training, example, the programme in Lacoste is run exclu- from visiting institutions. Searches for project contributors and new dona- including both vocational training (2016-2017) and sively by the American Savannah College of Art and Short-term programmes lasting 1 – 4 weeks led tions conservation camps (2007 – 2017) (see Case-Study 4.6). Design. The Cangdong project, run independently, by professors from visiting institutions. Monitors fnances It would be possible to hold both types of events at the works with universities from all over the world. Short-term programmes lasting 1 – 4 weeks led Works closely with the Village Corporation, Vuno Conservation Lab, or to invite members from the by local experts and open to participants from the board of directors and the advisory board NGO to work in either a practical or advisory capacity. Numerous programmes in architectural conserva- multiple institutions through a general applica- tion and related felds can be leveraged as part- tion process. Operational Coordinator Atelier Albania: Founded in 2014 as a collabora- ners or clients. Some European programmes with a Weekend camps where local participants meet Maintains Lab property(ies) tion between the Albanian Ministry of Urban history of participating in on-site studies include: every Saturday over a 4 – 8-week period. Initiates and manages contact with local residents Development’s National Planning Ofce, the Belgian These partnerships should focus on inte- Arranges with local business regarding required architecture ofce 51N4E, and the Development Brandenburg University of Technology: Masters grated actions toward the promotion of services: accommodation, internal transporta- Institute of the International Architecture Biennale Programme in Heritage Conservation and Site knowhow and practical learning for students tion, food, etc Rotterdam (IABR), Atelier Albania works to amelio- Management; Cottbus, Germany and apprentices. As far as possible, it is impor- Manages multifunctional space agenda and day- rate the country’s built environment.16 Since 2015, Trinity College Dublin: Applied Business Repair tant that programme participants include to-day operations they have run a summer academy designed to help and Conservation; Dublin, Ireland local residents in addition to visiting students. train students in “new methodologies in urban plan- University of Gothenburg: Masters in Science of Technical Coordinator ning education and critical approaches to tourism Conservation; Gothenburg, Sweden While initial programmes should focus on restora- Ensures compliance between restorations and development.”17 In 2015, summer academy students University of Edinburgh: MSc in Architectural tion and conservation, in later years it would also heritage conservation regulations produced the Farmers with a View report (AASA 2015), Conservation; Edinburgh, Scotland be possible to use the facilities of the Conservation Provides technical supervision whose ideas for tourism development will be imple- University of Kent: MSc in Architectural Lab for a variety of educational programmes in order Develops academic/educational activities mented in Vuno and Qeparo following, or parallel Conservation; Kent, United Kingdom to attract more students and increase income. The Manages contact with professors and trainers to, the restoration work. Although the organisation University of Portsmouth: MSc in Historic Building space could therefore also be used by academics Develops training activities for local population has not yet carried out any conservation projects, Conservation; Portsmouth, United Kingdom from a variety of felds, from art and architecture to they should be considered potential project part- University of Minhou: Advanced Masters in the natural sciences, such as geology, biology, and ners, either for a Summer Academy or for some other Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical astronomy. 7.7 Operational Model for Conservation Works collaboration. Constructions; Minhou, Portugal University of Leuven: Masters in Conservation The frst step of the Conservation Lab is to State University of Tirana: The Faculty of Architecture of Monuments and Sites; Leuven, Germany 7.6 Permanent Staf and Management Team perform a technical overview of building condi- and Urban Planning recently founded a Masters tions in the villages. Buildings should be identifed Programme in the Restoration of Cultural Monuments. The Conservation Lab should have as few perma- that require a comparatively lower investment to This one-year programme, held at the University 7.5 Educational Programming nent members of staf as possible, and rather, should be restored and that have the highest potential to of Korça, is run in collaboration with the Institute of rely on the temporary and rotating participation of further economic development, either as a part Culture Monuments, Institute of Archeology, plus Various types of programmes and partnerships could students and teachers from participating universi- of the Village Hotel or in order to provide services other international faculties partners of FAP Albania be ofered by the Conservation Lab with outside ties and vocational schools. to students staying in Vuno. Such a feasibility and the Municipality of Korça. Students from this institutions. The case studies examined showcase plan should be linked with a development plan programme could easily be invited to Vuno and a range of possibilities, from one private university Three fxed roles are envisioned to ensure the opera- (Village Strategic Heritage Development Plan) Qeparo for conservation camps and training. running a lab to a non-proft running multiple work- tion of the Lab. Depending on the amount of perma- to be used by the Village Corporation board to shops with participants from all over the world. nent staf available, multiple roles can be held by the better target its actions. 16 Atelier Albania (n.y.): Atelier Albania. http://atelieralbania.planifikimi.gov. same person. Once the Lab receives a request to carry out a al/, accessed 20.11.2017 restoration project, it will conduct the necessary 17 AASA – Atelier Albania Summer Academy (2015): Farmers with a View. Fermerë me Pamje nga Deti. Shtëpia Botuese “Pegi”, Tirana

80 81 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization The Village Conservation Lab

studies, including technical assessments, designs, cost estimations, budgets, and time schedules. These studies will be conducted by apprentices, students, and participants in the Lab activities. Experts and professors in charge of training should supervise apprentices during all activities to ensure their learning and good quality results. A restoration proposal is then sent to the board of directors and advisors for evaluation. If the proposal is in accordance with the Village Strategic Heritage Development Plan, the board will manage the agreements with building owners, authorise execution, and provide the necessary fnancial resources. The Lab will develop training activities and programmes suitable to completing the project and maximising student and local resident participation. Over time, the training activities will generate a skilled workforce group capable of carrying out restorations, and the increased avail- ability of qualifed professionals may in the future stimulate new restoration activities. The technical coordinator will ensure that conservation rules and standards are met. Parallel to restoration activities, educa- tional activities, such as lectures, discussion, and workshops will be held in the village. The Conservation Lab can provide technical supervision and coordinate restoration activities.

Image 39: Saint Spyridon Church, Vuno (p. 83)

82 83 The Village Corporation

8 The Village Corporation

The Village Corporation (VC) is a for-proft structure that provides one income stream for the non-proft Conservation Lab (CL). It uses two resources to create economic value: (1) land and (2) tourism. Land is a resource available to the villages and is held either privately or by the state. Land has both use value and exchange value, as it can provide economic rent18 to its owner. Tourism is a resource that is now promoted in Albania on a regional scale by, among others, GIZ. Potentially, income through tourism can be channelled towards building conservation. Conversely, restored buildings can both increase attractiveness and provide accommodation for tour- ists. If there is to be a collective efort at land resto- ration – and, more broadly, real estate restoration – as well as tourism, this too needs to be managed collectively. The Village Corporation is the structure that manages land and tourism collectively and creates income for the Conservation Lab, whose responsibility is to carry out conservation work. The Conservation Lab can either be hired for the task by the Village Corporation or do it independently and receive donations from the VC.

Land is a resource that can raise money either through direct sales or as collateral for loans from a bank. In order to manage land owned individually by a collective body, that body needs to be set up

18 Economic rent is the return on a productive resource, such as land or labour, that is greater than the amount necessary to keep the resource Image 40: producing, or on a product in excess of what the return would have been if not for some unique factor. Vuno (p. 84)

85 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization The Village Corporation

as a trust (the Land Trust or LT) that does not own views and ideas in an open, non-discriminatory and Another typology for cooperatives, which is mostly Organisation and Membership land itself, but is appointed by the landowners (who equal environment regardless of the size of their ownership oriented, is put forward by Dunn (1988) in are the benefciaries) to use the land in order to raise share or contribution. They democratically elect “Basic Cooperative Principles and Their Relationship The cooperative is a single entity composed not only money for them. The exact legal procedure for a land representatives and decide on plans and projects to Selected Practices”. of property owners, but of anybody contributing trust, that does not own land, but that manages it on by majority vote, on the basis of one vote for each to value creation. A valuation system needs to be behalf of landowners needs to be defned according member. This kind of frm is guided by its unwavering The User-Owner Principle. Those who own and created in order to assess individual contributions. to Albanian law. standards to realise its goals, and not by the pursuit fnance the cooperative are those who use the Besides land, unpaid work can also give member- of gain and increasing profts. Profts can be used to cooperative. ship rights. A time bank system needs to be put in Tourism can become an income source if managed fund extra activities (such as a conservation labora- The User-Control Principle. Those who control place, that will evaluate work and convert it into properly. Here we recommend the creation of a torium), with some kept in reserve by the organisa- the cooperative are those who use the coopera- membership rights. Conversely, there can be non- Village Hotel (VH), not as a new building, but rather tion and some distributed amongst members. tive. land owning members who contribute their labour through the restoration and re-use of available The User-Beneft Principle. The coopera- while landowners contribute land. rooms in existing buildings. The VH will develop tive’s sole purpose is to provide and distribute incrementally over time, as more buildings become Diferent Types of Cooperatives for the Albanian benefts to its users on the basis of their use. When residents do not have funds, land or property available through restoration and as generated Context to invest, they can ofer other resources in exchange income is reinvested in the business. Cooperatives can be seen in many forms of collec- for membership, such as their own labour or time Cooperatives are classifed according to investment tive action planning. They are established on the spent on the implementation of the projects. They In the following sections we frst present the over- type and form of ownership. The form of ownership basis of shared ownership. A cooperative can can become shareholders of the project, with each view of the Village Corporation and then present of the property that the cooperative holds is a result generate income from businesses operations or hour of labour having a corresponding specifc value. the Land Trust in brief and the Village Hotel in more of investment type. Following Cook and Chaddad land rent/sales. In the case of the Village Corporation In the initial phase, they can restore historical build- detail. (2004), “Redesigning Cooperative Boundaries, The presented here, both land and the Village Hotel ings, and in later phases they can develop tourist Emergence of New Models”, diferent types of invest- are sources of income for the cooperative. Land is businesses that generate sustainable income for the ment afect ownership and the cooperative model. initially used as collateral for a bank loan, while the cooperative. They will proft from their investment 8.1 Overview The most relevant types for our context are the hotel is the sine qua non condition for future loan after some years, when the project generates reve- following: repayment. The Village Corporation co-fnances the nues and the funds grow incrementally. This model Aim and Structure Conservation Lab, which in turn restores buildings is also called a “Labour Bank”, and has been imple- Proportional Investment. In this model, owner- than can be used in the Village Hotel operations of mented in Italy, in the Albergo Difuso project (see The Village Corporation is a for-proft organisation ship rights are restricted to members, are non- the Village Corporation. Case Study 4.4), and in Vienna with the Grätzl Hotel. that creates income for heritage restoration and transferable, non-appreciable, and redeemable, Both cases are Village Hotels, the business model for locals through (1) land management and (2) the and members are expected to invest in the coop- It is important to note that, in the Albanian context, proposed for the villages. operation of a Village Hotel. Stakeholders in the erative in proportion to patronage. a cooperative model might probably be received Village Corporation are all individuals and entities Member-Investor. Returns to members are distrib- with suspicion, given the country’s socialist history. The Cooperative board has the right to select a involved in value creation: landowners, workers/ uted in proportion to shareholdings in addi- Hence its establishment has to be carried out care- professional management to carry out its plans and employees, university members etc. The Village tion to patronage. This is done either through fully and the benefts need to be made clear to the policies through the business plans. The board has Corporation is run as a cooperative and is managed dividend distribution in proportion to shares local residents. They need to see that joining the the right to propose new amendments to existing by the Cooperative Board. and/or appreciability of cooperative shares. cooperative is attractive for two main reasons: the articles of the cooperative, and development plans. Each member is recompensed according to frst beneft is that risk spreading with the other However, the board of the cooperative does not the value they add to the corporation’s assets19. members of the cooperative means that risk for the include representatives of the state and neither Cooperative individual becomes much lower. Second, pooling does the cooperative itself, because cooperative resources such as land, property, and labour makes fnance does not come through the state, but is 19 A third type of cooperative investment is so-called Vertical Investment: A cooperative is a frm formed, owned, and run by Numerous traditional cooperatives, while maintaining ownership rights a more large-scale and more proftable project generated by its members (Williamson, 1998). The “restricted to members only,” are developing vertical investment struc- a group of people to provide services to achieve a tures by investing in limited liability companies, joint ventures, or other possible, which could not to be achieved with indi- governance entity where the state is represented is common goal and mutual benefts. A cooperative forms of strategic alliances. Local multipurpose cooperatives, tradi- vidual projects. the Consortium, which makes decisions beyond the tional marketing cooperatives, and the majority of traditional regional can be formed jointly by a group of people with an multipurpose cooperatives are engaged in these vertical investment scope of the Village Corporation. Representatives of structures (Cook et Chaddad 2004). This investment typology cannot be ambition to improve their economic status, and in advised for small capital holder cooperatives, since the strategic alliances the Village Corporation are part of the Consortium which members actively participate in its manage- require a certain amount of capital to be spread through the companies (see Overarching Governance Model Chapter 9). ment. Members have equal rights and express their or ventures.

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To initiate the legal process to formalise the coopera- repayment of the loan, without which the land will eration. The Land Trust also receives rent from the Optional to the Land Trust described above, an alter- tive through the notary service, legal aid and consul- be kept by the lender. Amortisation needs to be Village Hotel that is then distributed to the land- native model, cooperative land banking, can be tancy can be provided through independent legal carried out while repayments are being made, in owners concerned. A clear set of criteria for the envisaged: experts, local NGOs or through state-supported order to cover credits received by the bank. choice of property for restoration needs to be estab- programmes. However some form of capital will be lished beforehand and the process needs to be as needed to initiate the process. The cost of setting up In order for land to be used as collateral for a bank transparent as possible. a cooperative is usually low and there can be access loan strong coordination between landowners is to legal aid through the state, NGOs or other inde- indispensable. Experience shows that such coordina- pendent legal foundations. The initial cost will be tion is extremely difcult and never excludes exam- met by the dedicated amount of money, which can ples of freeriders. We should consider push, pull Alternative: Cooperative Land Banking be collected by the members in the form of member- and mediating measures in a cooperative model. By ship fees, which are the same for each member. It can “push” we mean measures that penalise non-coop- A company is registered for the purpose of operating the Cooperative Land Bank also be met through donations from members of the eration; by “pull” we mean the benefts that land- (CLB). It is thus able to issue preferred shares. However, organisationally speaking, it community through fundraising, or can be billed for owners will have by working together; and by “medi- operates under cooperative principles. There is one vote per resident, no matter how a later date when the cooperative is operational. This ating measures” we mean the processes by which many shares that the individual may hold. fee can be thought of as a for-once payment needed people learn to work together. Push and mediating to bring the cooperative into existence. measures are discussed in Chapter 5. Here we are The CLB obtains an option to purchase a large parcel of land for development or rede- concerned only with pull factors, i.e. the benefts for velopment at its existing use value. those who work together. 8.2 Land Trust The CLB successfully applies for the land to be re-zoned for development. This deci- A land trust is a commercial organisation managed sion will increase the value of the site just as it does when private developers obtain a Aim and Structure by appointed trustees (who hold the title to the zoning permit. The increased value is captured by the CLB, thus enhancing its ability to business’s property) for the beneft of one or more raise loans for development. The aim of the Land Trust, as an entity inside the benefciaries, in this case the landowners. A business Village Corporation, is to (1) manage real estate trust is treated as a legal entity by the tax authorities The land is then mortgaged. This puts money into the hands of the CLB to fnance collectively and (2) use land as collateral for bank and must have a business purpose, and must func- subdivision development or redevelopment. It also fnances the operating costs loans that will be reinvested to restore buildings, tion as a business. There are several benefts (pull during the early stages of the development As in private property development, this run the hotel and create other necessary amenities. factors) for individual owners who decide to join the stage also increases the value of the land. The Land Trust does not own the land; it manages trust: it on behalf of its benefciaries, the landowners. It is The CLB issues leases and shares. The leases include terms and conditions that allow managed by a board of trustees. Their property is chosen for restoration by the land and buildings to be mortgaged. The frst (“pioneer”) home-buyers are issued the Conservation Lab, which in the long term their shares gratis. Later buyers purchase the dwelling from the previous owners, and increases its value. from the CLB, along with the requisite number of shares for the dwelling in question. Managing Land as Collateral They receive rent for the use of their property by the Village Hotel. When the CLB is approached for home ownership, the procedure goes as described above. When ofering a secured loan, lenders ask for some They receive dividends as they become However, in our case, the common good will be the establishment of a start-up where the form of collateral. Collateral is something of value shareholders of the Village Corporation land can generate a money stream in future. that can be seized in the event of non-payment, to ensure that the lender gets his funding back. Land, As described above, the frst phase of the process is the registration of a company with and real estate in general, is a common form of loan Managing Real Estate for the Village Hotel the purpose of CLB operation. However, in our case, this company can be the cooperative guarantee. In many cases, especially in sub-Saharan itself. And the equity capital (net assets) of this cooperative can be described as the total Africa and Thailand, land collateral appears as a form Another important role of the Land Trust is, together amount of land that the individual members have. of strategy by farmers to fund machine-driven agri- with the Conservation Lab, to choose the property cultural facilities and to develop husbandry. Land is a that will be restored and used by the Village Hotel. The CLB is self-fnancing. It borrows money to buy and develop the CLB area. It repays the common form of collateral to create value. However, The three entities need to cooperate closely in this loan from the acquisition of commercial assets, rent/rates, and with profts from the resale it is important to back it with a strategic business case. The board of directors of the Consortium (see of its own shares. plan (see Village Hotel below) that will safeguard Chapter 9) provides the platform for this close coop-

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8.3 The Village Hotel in one single building. Instead, accommodation is can be reinvested locally and pays taxes needed to On arrival, tourists receive full information about the spread among the available (restored and furnished) improve and maintain local infrastructure. history of the place, its heritage, environment and Aim and Structure rooms. Management is centralised, but guests use possible activities and services. existing infrastructure: a grocery store can act as a Linkages between villages will stimulate overall The aim of the Village Hotel is to provide regular reception area, a local taverna as the hotel restaurant regional development and lead to sustainable heri- Accommodation is within walking distance, no income from tourism. Profts from the Village Hotel, etc. Rooms can be restored both in non-inhabited tage preservation, which is the main objective. This more than 200-300 metres from the reception area. after expenses, will be used (in order of priority) (1) and inhabited buildings. In the latter case, inhabit- concept is based on cultural preservation and is able Interiors are a mixture of local Albanian elements to repay the bank loan, (2) as reinvestment to restore ants may want to ofer additional services to guests, to provide diferent cultural experiences, attractions and modern facilities. Local handicrafts maintain the more buildings and grow the business, and (3) to e.g. breakfast, cleaning etc. (Existing examples are and activities, and in this way extends the average Albanian identity. A local café or taverna can be used pay dividends to the shareholders of the Village illustrated in Case Studies 4.3 and 4.4) length of the tourists’ stay. “It is generally agreed that as the hotel restaurant. Diverse public activities such Corporation. The Village Hotel also provides income cultural tourists spend substantially more [money] as open-air cinema or theatre performances can be in the form of (1) wages for employment and (2) rent This kind of accommodation meets the conditions than standard tourists do” (Günlü, Yağcı, Pırnar n.y.). held in the same area. from the premises used. The Village Hotel is run as a for sustainable development in tourism. It is based Without increasing the number of arrivals, it can for-proft business and is run by a director. on local values with respect for historical traditions. achieve the right balance between tourist fows and The Albergo Difuso is “a model of sustainable devel- inhabitants, thus precluding an excessive number Measures opment, which aims at the exploitation of local of visits to one single village and avoiding negative Accommodation resources both tangible (cultural heritage, agricul- impacts on the quality of life of local citizens. Measures addressed in this chapter will focus on ture and handicrafts, small businesses) and intan- ofering solutions to the major obstacles hindering Restaurant gible (traditions, knowledge, social ties)” (Vallone Visible changes in the local economy and prosperity, the development of tourist accommodation and Bar et al 2013, p. 22). The Albergo Difuso is a model and new opportunities can renew people’s attitudes the promotion of the village’s cultural heritage. Lobby for sustainable development: its focus lies in revit- towards cultural identity, heritage and traditions. The methodology of measures to be described are alisation and preservation, i.e. assets for economic They can also enhance the sense of community pride designed to satisfy several community objectives: prosperity; it improves the quality of life for inhabit- and belonging and potentially even attract back Accommodation ants, with no negative impact on the environment, those who have migrated from Albania. Sustainable development: measures oriented as it uses already existing buildings; it “can prevent towards the revitalisation of assets within the depopulation and the abandonment of places” built environment that add signifcance to Concept Overview (ibid.); it has a high potential for growth; it is able to Location cultural heritage. create new local employment; it promises authentic Economic prosperity: measures oriented towards Heritage tourism is expected to grow alongside a experiences “as it ofers visitors the opportunity to We propose the implementation of an Albergo advancing growth and job generation. general growth of tourism in the region. Therefore be hosted in homes” (Orlandini et al 2012, p. 254) and Difuso model in the Old Qeparo village as a pilot Social prosperity: measures oriented towards our proposal of a village hotel builds on tourism as have “direct contact with the residents while using project. Old Qeparo was chosen because of its place improving the quality of life of local communities a source of income. In order for tourists to stay in the normal services of a hotel” (Avram and Zarrilli on the list of “Historical Centres”, meaning that it while also enhancing visitor experience. the villages and not in the accommodation ofered 2012, p. 35); it is a very malleable concept as it ofers falls within the red line defning the conservation at the seaside locations we propose a sensitive type a lot of possibilities in terms of price ranges, types of area and is a site in need of particular attention and Based on these measures, in the following more of accommodation that is tailored to these locations accommodations and services provided. special treatment (Council of Ministers 2016c). It specifc measures are prioritised according to the of small villages that is dispersed and not centralized meets the basic conditions for the implementation following categories: “Strongly needed”, “Needed” in a single hotel where a location would be difcult Development of the tourism sector as well as inte- of an Albergo Difuso (see Confalonieri 2010). The and “Secondary”. to fnd. Our proposal for the Village Hotel is to work gration of the Village Hotel model leads to the pilot project for the Village Hotel in Old Qeparo can on the model of the Italian Albergo Difuso (difused creation of new working places inside the villages: be scaled and adapted to other villages. Strongly Needed or “scattered” hotel), as a suitable solution in a case providing accommodation, restoration activities, Development of a strategic spatial plan: with scarce resources. “Actually, it is called a “hori- supply services, producing crafts for tourists etc. The Village Hotel in Old Qeparo is made up of a Spatial analysis and development of a coherent zontal hotel precisely because it is not placed in a Maximising employment of locals generates income network of houses dispersed inside the historical strategy for conservation and for locations to be typical vertical building” (Avram and Zarrilli 2012, p. directly to local communities (keeps income within centre of the village. The core of the village focuses included in the Village Hotel. 34). It is characterised by scattered unitary accom- the region), raising the quality of life of the inhabit- around the church and the old plane tree that create Community consulting: Image 41: modation provided in old restored buildings in the ants and at the same time providing benefts to the a vibrant public space. In this framework, the main Community engagement is highly prioritised Conceptual Rendering historical centre, in order to protect and preserve overall regional economy. Economically, the Village services, reception, orientation area, and common as one of the key tools to achieve a sustainable of a Difused Hotel them. The hotel does not provide accommodation Hotel creates employment, produces profts that spaces, are situated in the aforementioned core area. strategy.

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Construction and project management: The economic model for the village hotel is proposed The function of the Village Hotel is to generate a Trust building. Need for a team of capable construction workers according to the following steps (see Figure 7). steady income. Income generated fows into the Cooperation and allocation of resources. and project managers to ensure the development Village Corporation which uses it to repay the work is completed in a cost efective and timely Acquiring initial fnancial resourcing through bank loan, fnance restoration, and pay share- After the above initial steps have been taken, once fashion. diferent contract models with diferent private holders. stakeholders have been introduced to each other Infrastructure Procurement: investors: Acquiring initial fnancial resourcing is and trust has been built, the frst action of the Village Infrastructure upgrade following the develop- an important step for any intervention. However, Hotel will be to discuss the design of a pilot project ment of a spatial plan. the sources of funding will be arranged by the Acquiring for establishing guesthouses in the village. The initial cooperative through the Land Trust. The Village Funding plan for the pilot project will be shared with the Needed Hotel’s part in this process will be budgeting Conservation Lab for detailing design and cost esti- These measures aim at developing existing busi- expenses for the establishment of guesthouses. mation. Based on the availability of resources and a nesses and expanding them in the future, while Costs will include the renovation work in terms of Prioritizing study of the payback period of the investment, the Recirculating preserving the cultural heritage of the village. materials and labour, as well as furnishings, deco- Restoration scale of the initiative in terms of number of guest- Revenue Developing Additional Businesses ration, and administrative, operational and main- Projects houses will be established and an implementation Developing Additional Guesthouses tenance costs. plan created. Revitalising Cultural Heritage: Prioritising interventions and initiating the With the benefts generated by the improve- project. Besides accommodation, other services will be ment of the local economy local heritage Defning the cost structure for the Village Hotel. ofered by the Village Hotel, including a restaurant, Economizing (church, public spaces ets.) will be revitalised. Costs include operational and administrative Cost a bar, a laundry service, wif, TV, etc. These services Financial costs, promotion and development costs, logis- Structuring will be ofered by optimally using local resources of Secondary tics and maintenance costs. Resources labour and materials. In addition, diferent kinds of These measures aim at attracting more tourists by Energy saving: One good example is Palazzolo events and activities will be organised by the Village holding social events and by providing a basic public Acreide, an Albergo Difuso in Sicily, Italy Hotel, to create enjoyable types of recreation for transportation infrastructure. described by (Tagliabue et al 2012). Here, solar guests and tourists. Public Transportation: energy has been used to make the hotel an To attract more tourists it is necessary to improve almost zero consumer of energy. Considering the Operational Model the level of accessibility of the village through Mediterranean climate of Italy and Albania, using Implementation and Phasing transportation sector development. climate resources to decrease energy demands The success factor for restoration and conservation Social Functions and Events: makes it possible to produce the residual energy of cultural heritage in the villages depends primarily The implementation of the pilot project requires With appropriate facilities and infrastruc- needed through renewable sources (ibid.). The on the comprehensiveness of the operational model. coordinated eforts among stakeholders and the ture it will be possible to manage more addi- payback time was estimated to be fve years with The operational model will orient all decision making community, frstly in mapping out the sites and tional events that will also attract more tour- a 20 % occupancy rate during the tourist season. based on fexibility, cost efectiveness, capability, structures to be included in the project. The project ists and drive the development process. This is an important example to be considered and adaptability. Flexibility means that it is open to aims to target four types of building, namely: struc- for Vuno and Qeparo. Operational and mainte- future changes and modifcations. Cost efectiveness tures currently inhabited; buildings used as public or nance costs of solar energy panels are low, and basically implies using local resources in a way that community spaces; abandoned buildings with little Economic Model solar power is cleaner and more stable than other brings optimal payback in the shortest possible time. infrastructure damage; and abandoned buildings sources of power. Adaptability refers to variety in the use of restored with considerable infrastructural damage (ruins). The Due to limited external and public funding, the Recirculation of fnancial resources (revenue) and conserved heritage buildings. project will start with minimal economic investment economic model of the Village Hotel needs to be in the local economy to maintain sustain- and more service and material investment, which will self-sustaining and sustainable. However, the fnan- ability and to restore the cultural heritage of The Village Hotel management will initiate its work be organised by the Lab. With the successful imple- cial mechanism developed here is adaptable to the village. The revenue stream of the Village in the following steps: mentation and working of each phase, economic other external funding. The external funding will Hotel would be the proft made from tourist returns will be partially used to improve the quality create an impulsive economic force and enlarge the hospitality. This would be used for further resto- Information sharing: stakeholders are brought of the facility. radius of the fnancial model and will bring greater ration projects. The design of new projects together to promote a mutual understanding of impacts in terms of cultural heritage restoration and would be entrusted to the Conservation Lab. each others’ interests within the common general By the year 2030, the creation of tourist accommoda- Figure 7: sustainable development in the village. The Village Hotel operates under the manage- interest. tion and a functioning management system will have Economic Model for ment of the cooperative (the Village Corporation). Consultation and the receiving of feedback. been successfully implemented in Qeparo. This will the Village Hotel

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be achieved in incremental stages, starting in 2018, general quality of stay. In the light of the responses Detailed Phasing for the Implementation of the Village Hotel when a number of inhabited village houses will be from diferent types of tourists (e.g. young, old, selected for guesthouse conversion on the basis of couples, family, students), adjustments will be made Priorities their structural integrity and adaptability. To ensure to the services. Year Objective the specifc goal of 2030, a Spatial Development Goals Measures Plan needs to be developed during 2018. Its func- With these responses in mind, the Conservation Lab Soft Opening: Define initial tion will be to strategically highlight appropriate board will undertake a survey and the mapping of Start with 10 guesthouses Lab employees with technical network of guesthouses village households for guesthouse redevelopment the village to set new goals for subsequent phases, or rooms selected by the knowhow will undertake a 1 (partners). Implement small and orchestrate their timing for intervention during making the process more fexible. For each phase to Conservation Lab (and survey and the mapping of infrastructure and spatial adapted). the rooms to be used, the period 2019 - 2030. The implementation of the excel there must be a constant process of upgrading adaptations. project will be in fve phases, as set out in Table 4. of services and this feedback will be vital in the Phase one will focus on renovating selected inhab- overall process of upgrading. Starting the business: Create network of guesthouses Establish integral networking ited houses, and carrying out minor infrastructural Maximum of 10 rooms. with minimum facilities. amongst room owners and changes and repairs. Phase two will include creating Activities such as festivals and cultural events 2 Promotion of a rural circuit new rooms and developing networks amongst room (movies, plays etc.) will create a demand for goods Partnerships with local farmers for well-organised owners and local farmers who will be involved in and services in the village and in the long run will farmers to promote simple excursions conducting excursions. Phase three will commence attract entrepreneurs to set up ventures of their excursions. after a two to three-year period of successful func- own, thereby making it a self-sustaining process. First expansion: Build a Maximum of 15-20 rooms. tioning of the rooms and will include the building of In the long term, this will also act as an interface local restaurant. Expand the Restoration of main building Promotion of medium-scale a local restaurant as a community space, expanding between the people of the village and those they 5 number of rooms. Improve in church courtyard for use events (linked to national the number of rooms from ten to 20 or 30 (depending come into contact with from the cities, sharing new services (offer meals and a bar as restaurant (also other holidays). on prevailing conditions), improving services ways of doing business. This will be a way of capacity service). Organise first events. community spaces). (ofering meals and a bar service), and organising the building in the village and, through the benefts of frst village event. Phase four will include renovating networking, will provide a path for the villagers to do Establish partnerships the existing guesthouses with possible expansion to business in the cities. Maximum of 20-25 rooms. with the national tourism Improving quality: Renovate 45 or 50 rooms, widening the network and reaching Restore old theatre for institution/ministry for existing guesthouses. Expand video projections and/or international promotion. out to more demanding visitors through marketing It is of great importance that the Village Hotel, the 10 network and attract more leisure activities (as well as Continuous improvement of (social media and television coverage). This phase Land Trust and the Conservation Lab work together demanding visitors through abandoned buildings with infrastructure of abandoned will see the inclusion of abandoned buildings with in close dialogue. In order to achieve this, an overall marketing. little infrastructural damage, and the old theatre will governance model needs to be developed which will little damage). buildings for conducting be renovated for video projections and/or leisure be explained in the following chapter. cultural activities. activities with the help of the national tourism insti- Second expansion: Develop Total renovation of church tution/ministry for international promotion. The fnal hotel's main building in an courtyard. Repair ruined building and phase includes the renovation of ruins which can be abandoned building with high Reconstruction of a ruin or 12 potentially use the structures used in the future. Also, an improved and upgraded degree of damage. Support renovation of abandoned for a new hotel. marketing strategy with the backing of central and and promote events with houses with high degree of local government will help the village grow its repu- international relevance. damage. tation over the coming years.

Local experts and other professionals will engage in the process of minor repair work to the rooms. This process will be overseen by the village Lab. Constant feedback from the tourists will be helpful in the process of upgrading the facility. In the initial stages Table 4: of the project, tourists will be invited to fll in a ques- Detailed Phasing for tionnaire regarding the quality of services provided the Implementation of (list of services in table from previous section) and the Village Hotel

94 95 Overarching Governance Model

9 Overarching Governance Model

The Village Conservation Model aims to be a self- sustainable model that benefts the local commu- nity, in both material and immaterial ways: 1) improving the local economy and 2) upgrading the environment through buildings restoration. At the same time, it will strengthen community cohesion, improve infrastructure (transport and communica- tion) and foster entrepreneurship and local invest- ment. In order to achieve this goal, an array of actors and stakeholders need to be involved. This chapter outlines the actors needed and their roles, and proposes a consortium governance model for steering conservation in the villages.

9.1 The Consortium

The Consortium is the overarching body that governs all conservation and restoration projects. The Consortium can provide a venue to share informa- tion, consult, cooperate, exchange, and co-produce, all in relation to a strategic plan that its members should develop in the early stages. An additional, very important, aspect is the maintenance of trans- parent and multi-directional communication among all the participants: ideas should be translated into concrete plans, with clear phases and actors in charge, to ensure the monitoring of its progress.

The Consortium is composed of a series of stake- holders and consists of three units that guarantee its functioning: Image 42: Tunnel House, Vuno (p. 96)

97 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Overarching Governance Model

The Board of Directors, which makes decisions need to share a common objective and ensure that Ministry of Economic Development, Tourism, government does not have sufcient funds and lacks related to goal setting, fnance allocation, conser- the Consortium will continue its existence even Trade & Entrepreneurship (MEDTTE) technical capacity, input from the private sector in vation strategies, and infrastructural upgrades. It through diferent administrations. However, inter- National Tourism Agency (NTA9) terms of funds and knowledge is essential to operate consists of the manager of the Village Hotel, the ests among them might difer. For example, where the Consortium and to ensure the success and conti- head of the Village Corporation and the head of the national government will most probably be In addition, to other expertise they can ofer, the nuity of the projects. the Conservation Lab, as well as other public and interested in increasing its tax income and attracting National Territorial Planning Agency (NTPA) should private actors as deemed necessary. foreign investment, the municipal government give technical assistance in the form of geographical More specifcally, in the proposed model there The Round Table consists of external experts who will likely be focused on attracting tourists and information and maps about the territory to facili- are two main types of private actor: those who acts as consultants on the conservation projects expanding the economic activities of the region so tate the decision-making process of the board of contribute to the Village Hotel and the landowners and also advise on operational as well as fnancial as to get higher national funds to develop the area, directors. who contribute to the Land Trust. Representatives of issues. Members of the Round Table may include improving its infrastructure and connectivity. The both groups are members of the board of directors. representatives of international corporations, local government will be interested in developing NGOs and foundations, as well as consultants local businesses while at the same time protecting Public Sector: International Cooperation from the academic sector. cultural heritage. This implies getting better infra- Community Actors The Administration Unit, which is responsible structure services investments from the upper levels International cooperation provides the Consortium for organising meetings, contacting members of government, creating adequate regulations to with experience and knowhow and contributes Community actors are the engine that runs the of the Round Table, providing the necessary protect the existent historical areas and monuments, to the development of the conservation project. projects. They are the ones with a frst-hand under- physical space with the required equipment, attracting new inhabitants to degraded areas, and International cooperation is part of the Advisory standing of the problems, potentialities, and and supporting activities. It is highly impor- promoting their economic growth and develop- Group of the Consortium, participating in the discus- opportunities of a certain area. Their support and tant that this team remains neutral on the ment. sions and orienting the board of directors in the participation is very important to ensure the future issues discussed. Ideally, the administration unit defnition of the regulatory framework, the creation monitoring, maintenance, and sustainability of the should include a chief executive ofcer (CEO), In the case of Albania, the government has a limited of projects (including detailing and monitoring of projects, based on their life experience, entrepre- an accountant, a legal advisor, and an assistant. budget to invest. However, there are other valuable development and implementation phases), infor- neurship, and desire to improve their surroundings. resources it can be ofer, such as: providing a regu- mation analysis, promoting knowledge exchange, Therefore it is important that representatives of each The Consortium acts as an umbrella body latory framework to organise economic activities among others. However, they represent external village’s residents have a seat on the board of direc- whose responsibility is to oversee and steer the and territorial planning; the protection of cultural interests, and therefore it is not recommended tors and are able to infuence decision making. Conservation Lab and the Village Corporation and natural heritage; implementation of fnancial that they take part in the decisions of the board of consisting of the Land Trust and the Village Hotel. instruments, such as taxes and fees; the building directors. Possible key stakeholders from this group of basic infrastructure and improving its connec- include the GIZ, the World Bank, the European Union, NGOs and Foundations tivity; monitoring the evolution of the projects and and the Council of European Development Fund. 9.2 Stakeholders ensuring compliance with the laws and regulations NGOs and foundations provide technical assistance (see Chapter 5). and help promote the projects inside and outside One of the main aspects to be considered in order to Private Actors the community. They can broaden the network of ensure the success and sustainability of the consor- The national government of Albania, together with private investors, as they are able to access national tium governance model is the proper selection of the municipal government of Himara and represen- Private actors help ensure the Consortium’s conti- and international funds. Moreover, they reinforce stakeholders. Stakeholders will come from the public tatives of Vuno and Qeparo, should be represented nuity and efciency. They can take practical deci- contact with the local community, increasing the sector, the private sector, and civil society. General on the board of directors, since they need to take sions independently of the predominant political possibilities of participation, exchange of informa- roles and potentials of each group of stakeholders part in the decisions, agree on a common goal and party. They can enable the development of projects tion and knowledge, increasing a sense of belonging, are described in detail in Chapter 3. support it, providing an appropriate regulatory through the donation of funds or other resources, and consequently ensuring the future maintenance framework. e.g. knowledge, materials, time, money, or vacant and sustainability of the projects. In Albania, these spaces. Their interests may vary according to their actors play a strategic role. They provide funds and Public Sector - Government Actors: The relevant national government bodies are: diferent backgrounds. Some may be developing technical knowledge, help protect heritage, and new businesses, making profts from investing in increase awareness in the community, in coopera- Diferent government levels should be involved in Ministry of Urban Development a certain project, contributing to corporate social tion with the university. Thanks to their experience, the Consortium, in order to facilitate and support National Territorial Planning Agency (NTPA) responsibility, or promoting their visibility within they can build trust between the community and the the realisation of the conservation projects. They Ministry of Cultural Afairs the community and with the government. Since the local government in the frst phase of the project.

98 99 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Overarching Governance Model

Moreover, they have access to external funds and specialised professionals in the feld, and can play an important role in developing further stages. NGOs can be members of the Round Table. A possible key actors from this group is Cultural Heritage without Borders (CHwB) which is a Swedish NGO already active in Albania.

Consultants (Academic Sector)

Some actors participate as consultants and advi- sors within their respective felds of expertise. These actors might change from project to project, according to need. They help guide the decisions of the board of directors from an external perspective, being able to detect potential difculties or conse- quences that should be promoted or controlled to ensure the success of the projects. Additionally, they can envision the results in the short and the long term, ofering a more realistic approach.

Through the provision of technical knowledge and a space for research, development of new techniques, materials, or other elements that could be useful for the projects, the academic sector has the tools to enrich the processes and make them more ef- cient. It can help in diferent phases, for example in engaging and generating community participation, ofering technical assistance, monitoring progress and changes, analysing information, and refecting on how things are developing and on end results. It combines technical and practical knowhow and its representatives can come from the local area, as well as from other regions of the country and from abroad. Representatives of the academic sector are members of the Round Table and are also an integral part of the Conservation Lab.

Image 43: Café, Vuno (p. 101)

100 101 Spatial Proposals

10 Spatial Proposals

In order to illustrate the implementation of the suggested projects, this section sketches out possible scenarios for the spatial development of the Conservation Laboratorium and for the Village Hotel respectively. The frst scenario proposes that the Conservation Lab be implemented in Vuno and the second scenario suggests a possible development scheme for the implementation of the Village Hotel in Old Qeparo.20 Potential sites for both implemen- tations have been identifed. Both projects will be spatially implemented in phases.

20 As has already been mentioned, the suggested projects are not site specific but could be implemented in any heritage village in the region. Hence these proposals serve as illustrations of implementations on two concrete sites.

Image 44: Tower House, Qeparo (p. 102)

103 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Spatial Proposals

10.1 Scenario: Vuno Conservation Lab

The scenario for Vuno proposes an incremental Phase 3 will be the construction of a Conservation restoration of buildings through the establishment Lab Headquarters. It is envisioned that the local of two walking routes for visitors that connect the community can make use of this space when there main heritage sites in the village, both starting from are no academic activities in progress. the centre of the village on the main road. The frst route guides visitors through the upper village, the Phase 4 will see the renovation of other buildings second through the lower village. These two routes into small guesthouses, some of which would also be are imagined as the arteries along which the village willing to provide catering. should be developed, providing diferent kinds of services, as well as being the areas in which heritage Phase 5 will be the creation of a local Cultural Center conservation should be concentrated. that can be used for tourism purposes as well as for community building activities. It can host exhibi- Phase 1 will be the reconstruction, paving and sign- tions and showcase the work of the Conservation posting of the routes. Lab as well as local intangible heritage.

Phase 2 will be the planning phase for the develop- With these characteristics in mind, our proposal ment of a small “culture cluster” as the centre for identifed some specifc buildings that could be conservation activities in the village. The purpose used. At the heart of this cluster is the local Cultural of clustering the activities is to create synergy in the Center (Odise Kaneci House), with the Conservation town instead of spreading interventions that do not Lab Headquarters directly opposite. In close prox- relate to each other. Strategically, the initial invest- imity are buildings suitable for accommodation that ment should be in an accessible location. It should should be restored. consider places for accommodation21, meals, and a N room for lectures.

21 Accommodation can be organised via the Village Hotel model.

Proposal Existing Sites

Phase 1: Circular Walking Routes Public Spaces

Phase 2: Culture Cluster Churches

Phase 3: Conservation Lab Residences of Exceptional Heritage Value Headquarters

Image 45: Phase 4: Guesthouses & Accommodations Cultural Monuments Proposed Site for Conservation Lab Phase 4: Catering Facilities Headquarters Phase 5: Cultural Center Image 46: (Odise Kasneci House) Figure 8: Proposed Site for Guesthouse Spatial Proposal North of Cultural Center Conservation Lab Vuno

104 105 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Spatial Proposals

10.2 Scenario: Qeparo Village Hotel View Spot The scenario for Qeparo proposes an incremental Phase 5 includes the renovation includes the reno- expansion in fve phases of the Village Hotel. vation of ruins and therefore will be the most cost intensive in terms of renovations. Phase 1 will focus on renovating selected inhabited houses for rooms and will focus on updating infra- In the frst phases the communal spaces neces- structure to accommodate guests (around 10 guest sary for the Village Hotel, such as a reception rooms). area and dining facilities, should be covered by existing infrastructure such as the village restau- Guesthouses Phase 2 will include the creation of new rooms, and rants, and by local inhabitants. In the latter stages the development of networks amongst the existing such touristic and communal infrastructure will room owners and farmers, for conducting excur- be expanded, especially around the centre of the Existing Restaurant sions. village. Accommodation will be scattered across the village. The specifc urban structure, with its organic Restaurant Phase 3 will commence after the successful func- network of pathways, is most suitable for the Village tioning of the rooms for two to three years and will Hotel scheme. The private, cul-de-sac streets are include the establishment of a local restaurant using highly suitable for locating accommodation in and Guesthouses local produce as a community space, expansion of the more public intersections are good locations for Restaurant the number of rooms from 10 to between 20 and 30 communal spaces. Guesthouses (depending on the prevailing conditions), improving services (ofering meals and a bar service), and View Spot organising the frst village events. New Hotel Guesthouses Phase 4 will include renovating the existing guest- houses and increasing the number of rooms in the village (as well as in other villages nearby)22, widening Guesthouses the network and attracting more demanding visi- tors through marketing (social media and television coverage). This phase will see the inclusion of aban- doned buildings with little infrastructural damage. The old theatre will be renovated for video projec- tions and/or leisure activities with the help of the national tourism institution/ministry for interna- tional promotion.

22 The number of rooms will be decided on in accordance with the develop- ment of the business plan.

Figure 9: Spatial Proposal Village Hotel Qeparo

106 107 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Spatial Proposals

Church

New Restaurant

New Square

Guesthouse

Guesthouses

Communal Space

Figure 10: Visualization I Figure 11: Visualization I Image 47: Qeparo (p. 109)

108 109 Concluding Remarks

11 Concluding Remarks

The following section concludes our proposal by considering those actions that need to be taken into account as partners move forward with imple- menting the Village Conservation Model (VCM). Overall, the VCM ofers a sustainable method of conservation fnancing and management with a high likelihood of success. Part II of our report has sketched an outline of major entities, operations, and considerations. However, before the programme can be properly implemented, certain specifcities need to be worked out, and a series of risks need to be thoroughly considered and planned for. This section therefore frst recapitulates those aspects of the VCM that have to be developed and detailed according to local specifcations. Next, it indicates obvious risks involved in the proposal. Finally, the report concludes by considering the immediate and long-term benefts of our model, including knock-on and multiplier efects.

11.1 Further Measures Needed

Decision makers with local expertise need to deter- mine the following aspects of the overall model. Specifc pathways taken will depend on available resources, local legal regulations, interested stake- holders, interested participants, and the amount of startup capital that can be raised. Many of the following points require coordination across sectors and signifcant collaboration between the represen- tatives of the VCM and the public sector responsible for regulations. Image 48: Qeparo Residents

111 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Concluding Remarks

The legal form of the Village Corporation and buildings will continue to be a detrimental issue experience catering to tourists, local capacity Restoration quality. Poor restoration work and Land Cooperative. in progressing conservation-led economic devel- building and training programmes should be failure to use traditional building materials and Cooperative system in the Village Corporation, opment in the village. For it does not enable a established to teach locals about service provi- techniques will blemish the traditional architec- including incentives, buy-ins, and returns on sound investment environment and limits private sion in the Village Hotel and related services. ture and characteristic typology of the settle- investment. attainment of bank-loaned capital. ment, put of tourists seeking an authentic Operations and system of exchange for the Service provision, transport, and infrastructure. experience, and hinder the cultural- and identity- Labour Bank. If the government is not able to provide basic Governance building strategy. Such a problem can be avoided Conversations between the involved stake- public infrastructure, service, and amenities, then by setting conservation guidelines, engaging holders sketched out in the Consortium Chapter the Village Hotel will be unsuccessful, or will only Accountability. Implementation and regula- knowledgable professionals in the Conservation and subsequent decision on the members of the be able to operate at a limited capacity. Lack of tion standards need to be put in place as insur- Lab and ensuring that volunteers are properly board of directors. water and/or electricity as well as an inefcient ance against mismanagement. In its early stages, trained. The strategic plan for the Village Conservation waste management system would most likely project governance could perhaps be moni- Volunteer shortage. This is unlikely given the Model Consortium. deter partnerships for the Conservation Lab. tored by a third-party organisation. Should popularity of such programmes worldwide, Selection of advisory members for the Round Law implementation and policing. A serious initial funds come from an international donor, however, if the Conservation Lab is unable to Table. regulatory framework is essential to main- monitoring could be built in as a precondition. recruit enough volunteers, then conservation Coordination with Albanian institutions taining the implementation and regulation work will proceed too slowly, and this could concerning the suggested measures to resolve of policy. Any policy put in place risks failure negatively impact the sustainable prospects of the questions surrounding property outlined in without the necessary legal instruments. Confict the Village Hotel. Lab management will have Section 4.1. Particularly, synchronising the regu- to actively recruit and/or partner with existing latory penalisation system with the new draft Skepticism. People in Albania historically mistrust organisations. law on cultural heritage, as well as the zoning Financial cooperative models that were the rule under the Volunteer safety. The Conservation Lab should proposal with already existing proposals proto- former regime. try to acquire an insurance policy and/or ensure typically implemented in the Vuno-Qeparo Inability to repay loan. Repaying the initial bank Poor community engagement/lack of buy-in. that any participating volunteers are covered by historical centre declarations. loan is a top fnancial priority. As stated, benefts Failure to engage local communities, in terms of their own insurance before arriving on-site. Agreement that state measures on infrastructure to shareholders should only be paid out after the public participation and economic opportunities Low tourism numbers. Given the local and inter- improvements are set in place. loan has been repaid. A smaller phasing of the will decrease buy-in for all aspects of the VCM. national interest in the region and the devel- Incentives for participation in the Village hotel should also keep the initial amount of the The GIZ and other relevant stakeholders must opment work being done by GIZ, there should Corporation must be developed and clearly loan at a minimum. If default appears imminent, uphold a commitment to engage local residents be a sustainable number of tourists coming to communicated to all residents. This is a sensitive fundraising measures should be implemented. in all aspects of planning and implementation. the southern coastal region in coming years. situation and must be treated as such. Conficts of interest among landowners and However, GIZ, the Ministry of Tourism, Culture, A detailed business plan for the Village Hotel. shareholders. There might be confict of interest and Sport, and other relevant tourism bodies Personnel for both the Conservation Lab and the Operational in the future because this project will accumulate should make a commitment to promote the Village Hotel. added value of restoration on land and proper- Village Hotel, to promote the villages as a Lack of manpower. The limited population and ties. Certain regulations must be put in place whole, and to implement activities such as those demographics of residents means that there are in order to ensure tax incentives and, crucially, prepared in the Farmers with a View booklet 11.2 Risks a limited number of people who are able to work. to deal with the issue of property rights in the to attract new populations to stay in the Village This will prove problematic for both the Village abandoned buildings. A fair and transparent Hotel, i.e., corporate retreats, summer schools, etc. Major Risks. The following challenges pose signif- Hotel and the Conservation Lab. It is therefore system of investment return for both the Village cant risks to the success of the project. Measures necessary to seek outside volunteers to help with Corporation and the time bank need to be devel- need to be put in place to minimise these risks. conservation work. The hotel may need to initially oped and communicated. 11.3 Strengths and Benefts be envisioned as a seasonal operation, thereby taking advantage of those residents who already Lesser Risks. The following would prove problem- The main strength of the model proposed is that it State-Based spend summers in the area and then moving to atic and should be taken into consideration at all taps into three great potentials that the historical year-round once demand has increased and year- planning stages. However, these issues should not villages of the southern coastal region ofer, and Property. By far the most pressing issue is the round employees can be found. pose a signifcant problem should they be planned combines them. First, there is an increasing aware- property issue. The inability to fnd a practical Lack of local community capacity. Although and accounted for from the beginning. ness of the cultural heritage of the built environ- solution to the disputed ownership of land and some residents of Vuno and Qeparo have ment. The government, in awarding the villages

112 113 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Concluding Remarks

heritage titles, promotes this awareness. Second, gible heritage, local crafts and village life that could Social Benefts tourism is increasing in the region, and cultural advance tourism-related investment, promote the tourism especially has great potential to grow. Third, intangible heritage and positively sustain tourism. Socially, heritage conservation is a signifcant impact there is a strong political will to develop the region. This can be envisioned in relation to the spatial factor for sustaining local communities, reinforcing All three of these factors support developing a proposal of the development of the villages of Vuno local identity, traditions and practices and also model of heritage conservation that is closely linked and Qeparo but is not necessarily bound to these bringing economic benefts through well-managed with the tourism economy. Therefore the combina- villages but can also be integrated in other villages tourism. All of which justifes conversation work tion of a Conservation Lab with a Village Hotel is in the region. Furthermore the heritage restoration- for sustainable tourism development in the area. most suitable for developing the cultural heritage in associated rehabilitation of open space can positively The project will also promote cultural activities and the villages. contribute to the urban design of the village, to heri- encourage new possible uses for the restored build- tage conservation, to an improved environmental ings. The Lab will support owners to restore proper- Vuno and Qeparo are appealing, picturesque tour- quality and to social impacts. ties in line with their ideas for new uses should they istic villages, with an incredibly unique cultural wish to initiate a new project. This in turn, will help heritage. The traditional settlements and their built promote participation among the local population in structures interplay with the mountain landscapes Economic Benefts decisions regarding the future of the village. Locals, and accompanying sea views. The villages are for example, can help elect which buildings should attractive as a tourist destination within the Himara The Village conservation model will generate multiple be restored and other investments to improve the Municipality and the Vlora region. Vuno has compar- immediate and long-term impacts that will positively town. Participation ideally will help foment social atively strong access due to its location on the afect the village economy. Multiplier efects of the cooperation and a shared identity for the village. national road. A willingness to initiate a sustainable model are the stimulation of local investment and tourism sector and conserve heritage for multiple increasing land and property values. The conserva- All of the benefts mentioned can render the villages villages in the southern Himara region, specifcally tion of the villages creates an environment for new in the region not only more attractive to tourists but including Qeparo, has been demonstrated by the business opportunities. Due to the installation of the also more attractive to people who have emigrated federal government of Albania. Initiatives have been Conservation Lab, the infux and constant presence of in the last decade, encouraging them to return as the made in raising awareness of the role that preser- students, professors, and other workshop participants villages ofer them more opportunities. vation, restoration, and rehabilitation of cultural stimulates a more desirable business environment by resources can play in enhancing local economies. creating a demand for services, such as accommoda- The report provides alternative strategies of sustain- Furthermore, local residents respond positively tion, transport, eateries, stores, and leisure opportu- able heritage conservation for the villages of Vuno when discussing ideas about visibly enhancing parts nities. Visiting professors may choose to stay in the and Qeparo. These strategies focus on heritage of their urban settlement through urban conserva- guest rooms provided by the Village Hotel. development without full dependency on the fnan- tion and would generally like to see a greater infux cial support of the state and with the close involve- of tourists into their community. Furthermore, the improvement of the villages, in ment of the local population beneftting from the terms of their overall attractiveness and the creation conservation activities. The myriad case studies from The impact of the proposed Village Conservation of new guest rooms and services via the Village all over the world that have been presented, as well Model can bring about a series of benefts in cultural, Hotel will attract more tourists, who will also increase as the proposal of a Village Conservation Model, will economical, and social respects. demand for service provision. This newly-created hopefully trigger a process for an innovative future demand can generate a regular income for the local development not only for the villages, but for the communities as they provide accommodation, food, whole southern coastal region. Cultural Benefts and services. New job opportunities should help slow out-migration. The core objective of the VCM is to restore and main- tain heritage. Therefore the restoration of the two Attracting external investment for the restoration and villages is the main and most obvious cultural beneft. conversion of inhabited private homes or abandoned Apart from the restoration of buildings to be used buildings into guesthouses, boutique hotels, cafes, for the Village Hotel as well as for individual residen- restaurants and visitor activity centres can preserve tial use, adaptive re-use and restoration of a cluster heritage, create jobs and create diversifed tourism of monuments may serve as a museum of intan- facilities.

114 115 References

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GIZ, Albania villages. The Independent 17.04.2010. http://www. international experience, Corporate Governance. independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/saviour- The international journal of business in society, 8(2), McCleary, R. L. (2005): Financial Incentives for Historic OMB – Observatory of Mediterranean (2016): of-santo-stefano-one-mans-crusade-to-save- pp. 214-228 Preservation: An International View. Presented to the . An alternative model of Progress southern-italys-ancient-villages-1944769.html, Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial and Development. https://issuu.com/polisuniversity/ accessed 19.06.2017 Fulfllment of the Requirements for the Degree of docs/omb2_albanian_riviera, accessed 22.06.2017 Master of Science in Historic Preservation 2005.

120 121 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Images

Slessor, C. (2009): Million Donkey Hotel by feld72, TV Peru (2012): Entrevista a José Luis Segovia Prata Sannita, Italy. The Architectural Review del Programa Regional de Negocios Inclusivos Images 01.12.2009. https://www.architectural-review. “Ganamos Todos”. https://www.youtube.com/ com/today/million-donkey-hotel-by-feld72-prata- watch?v=BKbZmhOvFSM, accessed 10.04.2017 sannita-italy/5218391.article, accessed 14.07.2017 UNDP (2017): Debt for Nature Swaps. http://www. Image 1 Cover Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin SNV (2012a): Financiamiento del Desarrollo y los undp.org/content/sdfinance/en/home/solutions/ Image 2 Field Work, Source: Emily Bereskin 5 Negocios Inclusivos. Casos en Turismo. http:// debt-for-nature-swaps.html#guidelines, accessed Image 3 Qeparo, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 10-11 docplayer.es/5667543-Financiamiento-del-desar- 10.07.2017 Image 4 Conversation with Qeparo Homeowner, Source: Emily Bereskin 12 rollo-y-los-negocios-inclusivos-casos-en-turismo. Image 5 Spatial Map Discussion, Vuno, Source: Rizky Pratama Adhi 14 html, accessed 10.04.2017 UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2012): Sharing Best Image 6 Qeparo, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 15 Practices in World Heritage Management. http:// Image 7 Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin 15 SNV (2012b): Condor Travel. https://www.youtube. whc.unesco.org/en/recognition-of-best-practices/, Image 8 Architectural Damage, Vuno, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 18 com/watch?v=FPh91fReWJk, accessed 10.04.2017 accessed 20.05.2017 Image 9 Ruined Properties, Vuno, Source: Shadi Mehrpour 18 Image 10 Vaulted Architecture in Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin 19 Spaho, A. et al (Institut of Cultural Mounuments) UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2006): The Image 11 Iconostasis, St. Spyridon, Vuno, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 20 (n.y.): Projekt Restaurimi Banese e Odise Kasnecit, Director-General signs a funds-in-trust agree- Image 12 Qeparo Resident in Front of Home Restored under Roof Repair and Facades Programme, ppt provided by GIZ ment for the restoration of the historical centre of Source: João Rett Lemos 21 Gjirokastra in Albania. http://whc.unesco.org/en/ Image 13 Outdoor Festival, Source: GIZ 22 Srinivas, H. (2015): Financing for Urban Heritage and news/301/, accessed 20.05.2017 Image 14 Qeparo, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 24 Conservation. GDRC Research Output E-051. Kobe, Image 15 Public Funds Discussion, Source: Rizky Pratama Adhi 26 Japan: Global Development Research Center. https:// Vallone, C., Orlandini, P., Cecchetti, R. (2013): Image 16 Interviewing Local Residents in Vuno, Source: Kujtesa Godeni 28 www.gdrc.org/heritage/financing-heritage.html, Sustainability and Innovation in Tourism Services: Image 17 Public Funds Brainstorming, Source: Rizky Pratama Adhi 28 accessed 17.06.2017 the Albergo Difuso Case Study. Eurasian Journal of Image 18 Presentation of First Results, Tirana May 2017, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 30 Social Sciences, 1(2), pp. 21-34 Image 19 Presentation of First Results, Tirana May 2017, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 30 Tagliabue, L. C., Leonforte, F., Compostella, J. Image 20 Presentation of First Results, Tirana May 2017, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 31 (2012): Renovation of an UNESCO heritage settle- Vive Mismanay (2012) http://www.vivemisminay.pe, Image 21 Presentation of First Results, Tirana May 2017, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 31 ment in southern Italy: ASHP and BIPV for a “Spread accessed 10.04.2017 Image 22 Saint Spyridon Church, Vuno, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 32-33 Hotel” project. Energy Procedia, 30, pp. 1060–1068 Image 23 Ruins of a Large Village Residence, Vuno, Source: Christian Haid 34 Wijesuriya, G., Thompson, J., Young, C. (2013): Image 24 Qeparo, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 40 Tan, J. (2015): Multi-Cooperation in Cultural Managing Cultural World Heritage. United Nations Image 25 Traditional Sokak in Need of Restoration, Qeparo, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 47 Heritage Conservation: The Cangdong Project of Educational, Scientifc and Cultural Organization, Image 26 Typical Alley in Vuno, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 48 Guangdong Province. In: International Archives Paris, France Image 27 SCAD Lacoste, France Campus, Source: Inhabitat, of the Sourcegrammetry, Remote Sensing and https://www.fickr.com/Sources/inhabitat/8087533349/in/album-72157631769758558/ 52 Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-5/W7, 25th Williamson, L. (1998): Farmer and Consumer Image 28 Santo Stefano di Sessanio, Source: Luigi Selmi, International CIPA Symposium, Taipei, Taiwan, 31 Cooperatives Structure and Classifcation. http:// https://www.fickr.com/Sourcessusterru/15958926269/ 54 August – 04 September 2015, pp. 526-532 www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/aec/aec44/aec44. Image 29 Santo Stefano di Sessanio (Abruzzo): Tower, Source: Angelo Amboldi, http://bit.ly/2i1Ir1U 55 pdf, accessed 24.06.2017 Image 30 Gjirokastra, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 57 This Place Matters - National Trust for Canada Image 31 Tour in a Restored Hostel by CHWB, Source: Christian Haid 58 (n.y.): This Place Matters. https://thisplacematters.ca/, Wings (2017): Turismo rural comunitario en Mullakas- Image 32 Saint Michael Church, Source: Pinodario, accessed 25.05.2017 Misminay, Cusco. http://www.condorwings.org/es/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Savoca_Chiesa_San_Michele.jpg 59 projects/p1pg4i/, accessed 10.04.2017 Image 33 This Place Matters: Baltimore’s Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Source: Baltimore Heritage, Tutuiano, I., Dorin, I. (2014): European Policies in https://www.fickr.com/Sources/baltimoreheritage/4970821277 61 Mediation as an Alternative in the Courts of Law. Image 34 Colloseum, Source: Jurjen van Enter, http://bit.ly/2nDbfnk 62 Acta Universitatis Danubius. Juridica, 10(1), http:// Image 35 Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin 64-65 journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/juridica/ article/view/2356/2714, accessed 21.06.2017

122 123 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization

Image 36 Qeparo, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 66 Image 37 Damaged Church Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin 72 Image 38 Fieldwork Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin 76 Image 39 Saint Spyridon Church, Vuno, Source: João Rett Lemos 83 Image 40 Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin 84 Image 41 Conceptual Rendering of a Difused Hotel, Source: Emily Bereskin, Modifed by Fanny Harder 90 Image 42 Tunnel House, Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin 96 Image 43 Café, Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin 101 Image 44 Tower House, Qeparo, Source: Emily Bereskin 102 Image 45 Proposed Site for Conservation Lab Headquarters, Source: Joni Margjeka 104 Image 46 Proposed Site for Guesthouse North of Cultural Center, Source: Joni Margjeka 104 Image 47 Qeparo, Source: Christian Haid 109 Image 48 Qeparo Residents, Source: Haitham Audi 111 Image 49 Students, Lecturers and GIZ Staf, Source: GIZ 117 Image 50 In Qeparo, Source: Sofa Fernandez Rosso 124 Image 51 Vuno, Source: Emily Bereskin 132

Tables

Table 1 Meetings with Experts and Stakeholders, Source: Authors 29 Table 2 Actors, Possible Services and Output, Source: Authors 37 Table 3 Project Phases, Source: Authors 75 Table 4 Detailed Phasing for the Implementation of the Village Hotel, Source: Authors 95

Figures

Figure 1 Map of Albania, Source: Google Earth Pro, Modifed by Fanny Harder 16 Figure 2 Location of Vuno and Qeparo in Albania, Source: Google Earth Pro, Modifed by Fanny Harder 16 Figure 3 Income Streams for Conservation Projects, Source: Authors 41 Figure 4 Conventional vs. Values-led Approach in Heritage Management, Source: Authors 45 Figure 5 Overview Village Conservation Model, Source: Prepared by Christian Haid 74 Figure 6 Income Streams Conservation Lab, Source: Prepared by Christian Haid 79 Figure 7 Economic Model for the Village Hotel, Source: Authors 93 Figure 8 Spatial Proposal Conservation Lab Vuno, Source: Perla Qordja, Modifed by Estefanía Giesecke 105 Figure 9 Spatial Proposal Village Hotel Qeparo, Source: Arjon Kadillari 107 Figure 10 Visualization I, Source: Arjon Kadillari 108 Image 50: Figure 11 Visualization I, Source: Arjon Kadillari 108 In Qeparo

124 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Personal Profles

Personal Profiles

Rizky Pratama Adhi is an urban planner specializing in urban transport and Mohammad Masoud Azimi has a Bachelor degree in Civil Engineering urban environment issues. Since 2014, he has been working as a national from Kabul University. He has been awarded a DAAD scholarship to pursue government employee for the Environmental Technology Center at the his Master degree in the Urban Management program at TU Berlin. He has Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) – Ministry worked on diferent urban projects in the contexts of engineering and of Research and Technology, Republic of Indonesia. In line with the tasks of management in various locations, including residential housing, complex his current workplace, during the past few years, he has been involved in the construction and infrastructural projects. Masoud is interested in sustain- implementation of the green cities program, sectoral planning in the urban able urban development through innovative technologies. environment, socio-cultural risk assessment in reclamation projects, and urban water management issues.

Moutasem Al Khnaifes was raised in the city of Damascus, only a few Comfort Badaru (Uganda), is an architect trained in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. minutes away from the eastern gate of the old city. After fnishing high She is also the co-founder and owner of ANZA magazine, East Africa’s frst school in 2008, he applied to study Architecture at Damascus University. architectural magazine. She is also one of the founding members of the Dar After graduation in 2014, he fed the city and moved to Berlin, where he es Salaam Centre for Architectural Heritage (DARCH), a non-proft, EU-funded applied for a place in the Urban Management Master program at TU Berlin. conservation project. With a keen interest in the place branding of East He is interested in developing the city planning process as a coherent social Africa through the cultural and creative industries, she hopes to continue project rather than as an abstract planning model. this through research and consultancy.

Ayse Merve Altinsoy is an author from Turkey. A graduate student from Daniela Bonilla E. is an economist from the Catholic University of Ecuador Bilkent University in Political Science and Public Administration. A Master (2008) with a Master degree in International Relations from Simón Bolívar student of Urban Management at TU Berlin. Andean University. She has worked in international development projects with the European Union and GIZ and as a planner at the National Secretariat for Planning and Development, Ecuador. She has experience in decentral- ization processes, good governance, municipal development, transport and public health projects. For three years, she was a lecturer at the University of the Americas in Ecuador and collaborated in publications on decentraliza- tion and public services.

Haitham Audi is an enthusiastic Master student at TU Berlin, eager to learn Katherine Cashman is a geographer and spatial justice advocate from and expand his knowledge in the felds of urbanization and sustainable Minneapolis, pursuing an understanding of cultural diversity in urban form. design. As a 2011 graduate in Civil Engineering from EMU, Cyprus, he has She studied Urban Geography and Anthropology at McGill University in been fortunate to gain great experience in the feld of construction and Montreal, Canada, before joining the Urban Management Master course at urban development. Environmental issues and climate change impact TU Berlin. After writing her thesis on opportunities for urban agriculture, she within the urban context are the core of his interests. plans to work in the feld of planning green urban spaces or writing environ- mental policy.

Portraits of Urban Management Students Sources: Authors

126 127 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Personal Profles

Clémence Chapus is a French student from Paris. She has a Bachelor degree Daniel Escobar (Colombia) studied Civil Engineering and Economics and in History and Sociology and a Master degree in History with a specializa- later gained a Master degree in Transportation Engineering from Universidad tion in sub-Saharan Africa. She wrote her thesis on urban projects in Duala de los Andes (Bogota). Before joining the Urban Management program at (Cameroon) between 1944-1960. She worked in temporary urbanism in TU Berlin, Daniel worked in mobility plans as well as in the development Paris, looking for abandoned or disafected city spaces that could be used of transportation demand models as a planning tool. After graduation, he for a variety of purposes. Her interests are in spatial planning, urban environ- would like to keep working in the transport sector, with a broader perspec- ment and urban heritage. tive on urban issues.

Efrosini Collazos (Peru), received her Bachelor degree in Architecture from Elizaveta Fakirova is a pioneer of the Urban Management program from the University UPC in 2009. She has worked on architectural, landscape and Russia. Graduated with a major in Architecture and Spatial Planning from urban projects, gaining experience in land use planning, community infra- St Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, she structure, and urban relocations. She is also the founder of the architectural further trained as an art-manager at RMA business school, Moscow, and was frm Efco Skedio in Lima, Peru, and has worked as support lecturer in her involved in urban, cultural and educational projects. Her particular interest is alma mater university. Her interest is in sustainable urban development how culture and creative industries drive cites and make them more efcient. in areas of vulnerable population due to unplanned rapid urbanization or climate change risks.

Lucas Counter is an urban development professional with four years of expe- Sofa Fernandez Rosso is an architect from the University of Buenos Aires rience related to urban governance, urban planning and performing site who also studied Landscape Architecture at Torcuato di Tella University, due diligence aimed at substantiating and delivering residential property Argentina. Before starting the Urban Management program at TU Berlin, development projects. He gained a Bachelor degree in Property Economics she worked in the private and public sectors, focusing on housing and the from the Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia, and is improvement of public spaces. She is interested in sustainable urbanism currently working on his Master degree in the Urban Management program through social inclusion and urban regeneration. at TU Berlin.

Ella Dodson is working towards her Master degree in Urban Management at Originally from Lima, Estefania Giesecke studied Architecture at the the TU Berlin. Her academic research explores creative ways to foster inno- Pontifcal Catholic University of Peru. After receiving her Bachelor degree, vative public policy through community participation. Previously, working she got involved in the public sector, working for three years with the Service for an international nonproft, Nexus-Carbon for Development, she assisted of Parks of Lima, gaining experience in the coordination and monitoring of sustainable project developments throughout rural parts of Southeast Asia municipal public parks projects. Her other interests are urban upgrading and by creating connections to various types of resources. Her passions are proj- participatory planning. ects that assist in improving people’s lives through sustainable policies.

128 129 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Personal Profles

Patricia Guena Trottenberg (Brazil) graduated as an architect and urbanist Shadi Mehrpour is an architect trained at the Faculty of Art and Architecture from the Mackenzie University in São Paulo, Brazil. She has experience in urban at the Azad University of Mashhad (IAUM), Shadi Mehrpour (Iran) graduated infrastructure, public equipments, slum upgrading, green areas, and urbanism- in 2012. He has several years of architecture-related work experience and related legislation, having worked in the Litoral Sustentável slums upgrading was a member of the BIM team in a commercial complex project carried out project (funded by the Inter-American Development Bank), and also at the by a private architectural design,construction and consulting company. Embu das Artes Department of Environment and Urban Development, and the São Paulo Department of Parks and Green Areas. The projects focus on urban requalifcation through physical and territorial arrangement, with a special interest in participatory processes and a focus on environmental issues.

Zaharatul Hasanah graduated in 2013 with a Bachelor degree in Urban and Daniela Nieto Lopez obtained her Bachelor degree in Environmental Regional Planning from the Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. Engineering in Bogota, Colombia, from the University of Los Andes. Before Before studying Urban Management, she worked as a junior planner in the joining the Urban Management Master program at TU Berlin, she worked in Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Agency environmental impact assessments for infrastructure projects in diferent where she got involved in several spatial planning programs and projects. regions of the country. She is interested in participation regarding environ- Her particular interests are land management and land use planning. mental issues in urban and rural areas.

Shankar Narayanan Iyer (India), a civil engineer from Bangalore, currently João Rett Lemos obtained his Bachelor degree in Architecture and Urban pursuing his Master degree in the Urban Management program at TU Planning from Sao Paulo University, Brazil, where he attended the Dual Berlin, is interested in feld city planning. He has experience in corporate Program in Architecture and Civil Engineering. Since 2009, he has been work culture from his stint at Cognizant Technology Solutions in Pune. With working as an architect with emphasis on infrastructure projects and a keen interest in “start-up” culture, he hopes to be involved in developing complex programs. Currently, he is enrolled in the Urban Management the feld of city planning amongst young entrepreneurs. Also, with his Master program at TU Berlin, and is interested in conducting research on strong interest in research and development, he aspires to be an integral urban development. part of the ‘hundred-smart cities’ project in India.

Marcelo Julião de Seixas is a Civil Engineering graduate from the State University of Campinas - UNICAMP (Brazil - 2006) – Julião has ten years’ experience in the implementation of several infrastructure projects in Brazil. He worked in particular on underground infrastructure in the São Paulo subway system and on tunnel construction during the revitalization of Rio de Janeiro’s central area, the Porto Maravilha Project. He is particu- larly interested in transportation, energy and climate change.

130 131 Sustainable Models of Heritage Conservation and Revitalization Workshop Participants from Albania

Workshop Participants from Albania

Eneida Berisha, graduate of Architecture & Urban Planning Dept. at Epoka University Intern at GIZ (ISDSCR Programme) ‐ Coordinator of the Workshop

Kujtesa Godeni, Architecture / Cultural Heritage and Tourism Management, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University & University of Prizren, Master Student

Esmerina Hidri, Student at Urban Planning & Management in Polis University

Arkont Jakupi, Architecture & Urban Planning Polytechnic University Tirana, Regional Development Agency, Vlorë [ joined the workshop partially]

Arjon Kadillari, Architecture & Urban Planning Polytechnic University Tirana, Freelancer

Joni Margjeka, Student at Urban Planning in Polis University

Erisa Nesimi, graduate of Architecture & Urban Planning Dept. at Epoka University Intern at GIZ (ISDSCR Programme) - Coordinator of the Workshop

Perla Qordja, Architecture & Urban Studies Polis University, Recent Graduate/ Assistant Architect at Studio IN Architecture & Design

Andia Shtrëmbari, Master Student of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage at the University of Tirana

Mirjan Sulejmani, student at Archaeology & Cultural Heritage Dept. in Tirana University / writer at heritaget- imes.eu

Ardi Ukshini, Master of Science in Architecture Public University of Prishtina, Directory of Urbanism and Environmental Protection, Municipality of Vushtrri

Rineldi Xhelilaj, Architect, Head of Tangible Cultural Heritage in RDNC [ Regional Directorate of National Culture] Vlorë

Image 51: Vuno

132 133 Technische Universität Berlin

Urban Management Program Faculty VI Planning Building Environment Sekr. HBS 5 Hardenbergstr. 16-18 10623 Berlin Federal Republic of Germany

Phone: + 49-30-314-21468 Fax: + 49-30-314-27323 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.urbanmanagement.tu-berlin.de

ISBN 978-3-9812769-8-5