Yangon City, Myanmar
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FINAL REPORT SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT INDEX (SUTI) FOR YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Prepared By: Soe Thein Member of Road and Bridge Authority Yangon City Development Committee, Yangon. October 2020 i Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Study Area 1 1.3 Objectives of the Study 5 CHAPTER 2: CURRENT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM 5 2.1 Urban Road 6 2.2 Bus Transport 9 2.3 Railway Service 12 2.4 Taxi Service 14 2.5 Ferry Service 15 2.6 Water Bus Transport Service 18 2.7 Issue of Water Transport Service in Yangon 19 2.8 Current Transport Mode Share 19 2.9 Current Transport Issue 20 CHAPTER 3: DATA COLLECTION FOR SUTI INDICATORS 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Data collection approach for different indicators 21 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF DATA 23 4.1 Indicator 1: Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes 23 4.1.1 Data analysis 23 4.1.2 Scoring procedure 24 4.1.3 Conclusion 25 4.2 Indicator 2: Mode share of active and public transport in commuting 26 4.2.1 Data analysis 26 4.2.2 Conclusion 27 4.3 Indicator 3: Convenient access to public transport service 27 4.3.1 Data analysis 28 i 4.3.2 Conclusion 29 4.4 Indicator 4: Public transport quality and reliability 29 4.4.1 Data analysis 29 4.4.2 Conclusion 31 4.5 Indicator 5: Traffic fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants 31 4.5.1 Data analysis 31 4.5.2 Conclusion 34 4.6 Indicator 6: Affordability: travel costs as part of income 35 4.6.1 Data analysis 35 4.6.2 Conclusion 36 4.7 Indicator 7: Operational costs of the public transport system 36 4.7.1 Data analysis 36 4.7.2 Conclusion 38 4.8 Indicator 8: Investment in public transportation system 38 4.8.1 Data analysis 38 4.8.2 Conclusion 39 4.9 Indicator 9: Air quality (PM10) 39 4.9.1 Data collection 39 4.9.2 Data analysis 40 4.9.3 Conclusion 40 4.10 Indicator 10: Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2eq tons/year) 40 4.10.1 Data analysis 41 4.10.2 Conclusion 42 4.11 Spider diagram for Yangon City 43 4.12 Combined final result 44 CHAPTER 5: Impact of COVID-19 on Urban Mobility 45 5.1 COVID-19 in Myanmar 45 5.2 COVID-19: Second Wave in Myanmar 45 5.3 Transport 45 5.4 Circular Railway in Yangon 46 ii 5.5 Bus Service in Yangon 46 5.6 Taxi in Yangon 47 5.7 Ferry Transport 47 5.8 Airport 48 5.9 Tourism 48 5.10 General 48 CHAPTER 6: PERSPECTIVES ON SUTI EXERCISE 48 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 49 Reference 50 Annex 51 iii List of Figures Figure 1.1 Study Area of Yangon City ……………………………………………………………………… 3 Figure 1.2 Future Planning of Yangon Outer Ring Road………………………………………… 4 Figure 1.3 Urban Cluster of Greater Yangon…………………………………………………………… 4 Figure 2.1 Yearly Vehicle Population in Yangon………………………………………………………. 5 Figure 2.2 Vehicle Classification at Yangon (2017/18)……………………………………………… 5 Figure 2.3 Urban Road in Yangon…………………………………………………………………………… 8 Figure 2.4 Location of Flyovers……………………………………………………………………………… 9 Figure 2.5 Comparison of Bus Coverage between Current and Previous………………… 11 Figure 2.6 YBS Bus Route Coverage………………………………………………………………………… 12 Figure 2.7 Yangon Bus Service………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Figure 2.8 Airport Shuttle Bus………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Figure 2.9 Yangon Circular Railway and Station………………………………………………………. 13 Figure 2.10 Circular Railway Line and Branch Line……………………………………………………. 14 Figure 2.11 Online Booking Taxi Services………………………………………………………………….. 15 Figure 2.12 Ferry Service in Yangon City…………………………………………………………………… 16 Figure 2.13 Current Ferry Service and Jetties in Yangon City……………………………………. 17 Figure 2.14 Ferry Passenger by Jetties in Year 2015-2016………………………………………… 18 Figure 2.15 Yangon Water Bus service……………………………………………………………………… 18 Figure 2.16 Urban Transport Modes Share of Yangon ……………………………………………… 20 Figure 4.1 Mode sharing in Yangon City (2016)……………………………………………………… 26 Figure 4.2 Surveyor responses’ occupation…………………………………………………………… 29 Figure 4.3 Age level of respondents……………………………………………………………………… 29 Figure 4.4 National wide traffic accidents in Myanmar………………………………………… 31 Figure 4.5 Cause of traffic accidents……………………………………………………… 31 Figure 4.6 Yangon City’s Traffic Accidents (Yearly)………………………………………………. 32 Figure 4.7 Yangon City’s Traffic Accidents (Monthly)…………………………………………… 32 Figure 4.8 Yearly fatalities by traffic accidents……………………………………………………… 33 Figure 4.9 Type of Traffic Accidents in Yangon (2019)…………………………………………… 33 Figure 4.10 Nationwide monthly income level in 2017……………………………….. 35 Figure 5.1 Daily Bus Commuters during COVID-19…………………………………… 46 iv List of Tables Table 1.1 Area and Population of Yangon City………………………………………………………. 1 Table 1.2 Yangon Regional Townships Classification…………………………………………….. 2 Table 2.1 Vehicle Ownership in Yangon……………………………………………………………….. 7 Table 2.2 Classification of Roads in Yangon City……………………………………………………. 7 Table 2.3 International Comparison: Share of Road Area to Urban Area…………. 7 Table 2.4 Vehicle Registration in Yangon City……………………………………………………….. 9 Table 2.5 Flyovers in Yangon City………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Table 2.6 Yangon City Bus Service Information …………………………………………………….. 10 Table 2.7 Existing Urban Railway Lines in Yangon………………………………………………….. 12 Table 2.8 Taxi Service ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 Table 2.9 Taxi fare in Yangon…………………………………………………………………………………. 15 Table 2.10 Ferry service in Yangon City……………………………………………………………………. 16 Table 2.11 Travel time comparison of transport mode…………………………………………….. 19 Table 2.12 Fare comparison of transport modes……………………………………………………… 19 Table 3.1 The ten SUTI Indicators…………………………………………………………………………… 21 Table 4.1 Scoring analysis for indicator 1………………………………………………………………… 24 Table 4.2 Final analysis result for indicator 1………………………………………………………….. 24 Table 4.3 Mode share of active and public transport in Yangon City………………………. 26 Table 4.4 Final result for indicator 2………………………………………………………………………. 26 Table 4.5 Selected township data within 500m buffer zone …………………………………. 28 Table 4.6 Final value for indicator 3……………………………………………………………………… 29 Table 4.7 Calculation of 8 aspects representing transport quality and reliability…… 30 Table 4.8 Final result of indicator 4……………………………………………………………………….. 31 Table 4.9 2019 Monthly Accidents in Yangon City…………………………………………………. 33 Table 4.10 Final result for indicator 5………………………………………………………………………. 34 Table 4.11 Bus & Railway Fare in Yangon City………………………………………………………….. 35 Table 4.12 Calculated monthly transport and income………………………………………………. 36 Table 4.13 Final result for indicator 6……………………………………………………………………….. 36 Table 4.14 Estimation of operational expenses………………………………………………………… 37 Table 4.15 Estimation of daily revenue…………………………………………………………………….. 37 v Table 4.16 Estimation of operation costs and expenses…………………………………………….. 37 Table 4.17 Monthly and Daily Ridership …………………………………………………………………… 37 Table 4.18 Final result of indicator 7………………………………………………………………………… 37 Table 4.19 Yearly cost for Total Transport, Public Transport Facilities in Yangon City…. 38 Table 4.20 Final Result of Investment……………………………………………………………………….. 38 Table 4.21 Yangon City Air Pollution Data for Year 2019…………………………………………… 40 Table 4.22 Analysis result for SUTI indicator 9…………………………………………………………. 40 Table 4.23 Gasoline / Octane/ Diezel/ CNG Vehicle Consumption for year 2019 at Yangon Region……………………………………………………………………. 41 Table 4.24 CNG sold data for year 2019…………………………………………………………………… 41 Table 4.25 Converted data of sold gasoline/ petrol/Diesel and CNG in year 2019……… 41 Table 4.26 Final result for SUTI indicator 10……………………………………………………………… 42 Disclaimer: This report has been issued without formal editing. The designation employed and the presentation of the material in the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed, analysis, conclusions and recommendations are those of the author(s), and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. vi Executive Summary Yangon, the former capital of Myanmar, is a rapidly emerging mega city and the country’s centre of commerce. Yangon has a population of 5.2 million with a density of 5346 per km2 (2014), making it one of the country’s most densely populated cities. Due to this population pressure, there is an urgent need for Yangon city to establish a proper Urban Transport Plan. To assess Yangon’s existing transportation system, this report has used the “Sustainable Urban Transport Index (SUTI)” index developed by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). SUTI’s 10 indicators provide a quantitative evaluation of Yangon’s urban transport system. These results will guide authorities on the necessary sectors and help shape the direction of urban transport in Yangon. All 10 indicators are weighted equally, and each indicator’s performance is compared on a scale of 1-100. To analyse the data, a series of high-level meetings took place between the Road and Bridge Authority, City Planning and Land Administration Authority of Yangon City Development Committee, as well as academics and experts in the transportation sector. The results of the index are presented through a geometric mean and a spider diagram. The geometric mean of the index is 49.04, indicating that Yangon’s overall transport system is in a moderate situation. Lastly, the spider diagram provides Yangon’s city transport authority with a valuable indication as to which areas need to be focused on for the future of urban transport in the city. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Yangon, the former capital of Myanmar, has a population of 5.2 million (as of the 2014 census). It is the country’s largest commercial hub. Accelerated economic growth and motorisation have caused Yangon’s transport system to undergo rapid development. The increase in traffic volume, mainly attributed to private cars and buses, has also resulted in higher levels of air pollution and an increase in the number of severe traffic accidents.