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YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMME A STUDY ON S OCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF PCCD WORKERS IN YANGON AUNG MYAT ZAW MPA - 1 (17th BATCH) MAY, 2019 YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMME A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF PCCD WORKERS IN YANGON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Public Administration (MPA) Degree Supervised by Submitted by Daw Yi Yi Khin Aung Myat Zaw Associate Professor Roll No. 1 Department of Applied Economics MPA 17th Batch Yangon University of Economics (2017 – 2019) May, 2019 ABSTRACT In this thesis, an effort has been made to assess the socio-economic status of PCCD workers. The purpose of this study is to find out how municipal authority provides labor safety, health safety and environment in Yangon. Method of study is descriptive method based on both primary data and secondary data. Primary data is collected by face to face interview with structured questionnaires on (250) workers. The survey was done by using purposive random sampling method. Scope of this study is mainly four townships out of ten townships from West district Yangon. This study shows that most of them were primary school level 89 (35.6%) and second highest level was middle school 79 (31.6%). Lower level of respondents was university level 6 (2.4%).All respondents earned 4800 kyats on daily basis. This study also shows that average household income was insufficient to cover living cost of their household. The survey was found that most of workers live in servant’s quarters. Some are not satisfied because quarter is small to live. Water supply generally expressed positive emotions. All of workers are satisfied for electricity. 20% of respondents suffer from skin disease.6.8% of the respondents suffered other disease such as (dengue fever, broken hands and legs).The organization has the leave benefit according to labor law. It was found that workers are satisfied job stability that they need to worry job for next day. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my profound gratitude to the Yangon University of Economics and Master of Public Administration Programme Committee for kindly permission for giving me the opportunity to study this MPA course. Next, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Dr. Tin Win, Rector and Professor Dr. Ni Lar Myint Htoo, Pro-Rector Yangon University of Economics for their kind permission to conduct this thesis. I am also grateful to Professor Dr. Daw Phyu Phyu Ei, Programme Director and Head of Department, Department of Applied Economics, for her invaluable supervision, constructive suggestion and unfailing interest for completion of my paper. I also would like to express my sincere wishes and gratitude to Professor Dr. Tin Tin Wai, Department of Applied Economics, Yangon University of Economics for her insightful suggestions, advices and guidance for my thesis. Afterwards, I would like to express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, Daw Yi Yi Khin, Associate Professor, Department of Applied Economics, Yangon University of Economics, for his kindness, helpfulness, patience, guidance and supervision throughout the preparation of this thesis. As always, I must thanks to all the professors, associate professors and lecturers for conveying a great variety of knowledge and concepts of public administration during the two years study periods of MPA programme. Last but not least, I deeply want to thanks to my family, for their love, great kindness, warm support and continuous encouragement me to complete this study. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURE v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the Study 1 1.2 Objective of the Study 3 1.3 Method of Study 3 1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study 3 1.5 Organization of the Study 3 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definitions of Socioeconomic Status 5 2.2 Characteristics of PCCD Workers in Developing Countries 7 2.3 Healthy Work Environment 8 2.4 Solid Waste Management System in Developing Countries 10 2.5 Review on Previous Studies 16 CHAPPTER III OVERVIEW OF PCCD WORKER IN YANGON 3.1 Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) 17 3.2 Duties and Responsibility of PCCD Workers 19 3.3 Functions of the Pollution Control and Cleansing 22 Department (PCCD) 3.4 The Role of Supervisor in Township Level 26 CHAPTER IV SURVEY ANALYSIS 4.1 Survey Profile 29 4.2 Survey Design 30 4.3 Survey Finding 31 iii CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1 Findings 46 5.2 Recommendations 48 REFERENCES APPENDIX iv LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page 3.1 Final Disposal Sites 21 3.2 Number of WA Workers in 4 Districts 23 3.3 Waste Collection Fees 24 3.4 Separated Waste Charge 24 3.5 Collection of Tax for Commercial Waste 25 3.6 W/A Workers, Vehicle, Bins, Brick Tank Lists of 7 Township 27 4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 31 4.2 Current Condition of Housing 32 4.3 Housing Facilities 33 4.4 Working Experience Distribution of Respondents 34 4.5 Job Distractions of Respondents 34 4.6 Preference of Work Load 35 4.7 Situation of Duty 35 4.8 Satisfaction of Turn System 36 4.9 Working Hours 36 4.10 Working Environment 37 4.11 Payment System of Respondents 38 4.12 The Expenditure of Food Items 39 4.13 Expenditure of Non-food Items 40 4.14 Household Assets of Respondents 42 4.15 Savings and Debt of Respondents 43 4.16 Supporting of Safety Implement 43 4.17 Disease Frequently Experienced by WA Workers 44 4.18 Health Seeking Behavior of the Respondents 45 v LIST OF FIGURE Figure No. Title Page 3.1 The Organization Structure of YCDC 18 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS MSW Municipal Solid Waste MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management PCCD Pollution Control and Cleaning Department SES Socioeconomics Status WA Work Admit YCDC Yangon City Development Committee vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the Study Yangon has a population of about 7.4 million with an annual growth rate of about 2.3 percent. (World Population Review, 2019) With development and urbanization, various forms of waste discharge arising from human activities have increased, ranging from sewerage, garbage, night solid, industrial and hazardous waste. The pollution Control and Cleansing Department (PCCD), under the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC), is the responsible government department for solid waste management in Yangon and the responsibilities comprise of collection, storage, transportation, disposal of solid waste and collection of service fees. The status of waste management in the city is inadequate fitted to cause with the present demand due to several reasons such as obsolete equipment, lack of planning, legislation, guidelines, capacity building, public awareness on environment, and budget allocation. The PCCD is putting effort to solve the problem of solid waste by all means but it also has problem of lack of human resource available especially the daily needed cleaners where there are only about 3800 worker available to cleanse all over Yangon. Waste collection workers are exposed to several occupation stressors which may affect their quality of life. Role of municipal services are important for community development and city sanitation. If workers face injuries or accident, supervisor aid to them. Municipal workers are facing health hazard. Workers involved in face occupational health and safety hazards which are as diverse as the materials they are handing. Worker have not empowerment or self-determination on their work. They work by command of supervisor. Workers are not satisfied for work hours because they are working midnight to dawn. Workers are lack of awareness because they do not use filly coverable accessories especially gloves and masks. Workers visit each individual house to collect garbage. Most are on daily wages and they are working here with the hope that 1 they will become permanent workers. This department has been providing other benefit apart from their wages so that they would be engaged in this work as workers of this type of work are hard to recruit for this department. Municipal solid waste is an outcome of economic productivity and consumption and includes wastes from households, commercial establishments, institutions, markets, and industries and its handling and disposal is a growing environmental and public-health concern. Population growth and economic development have brought increasing amounts of solid waste to urban areas. Solid waste management encompasses a wide range of activities including, Collecting garbage; collection, sorting recyclable materials; collection and processing of commercial and industrial waste. Risks occur at every step in the process, from the point of collection at homes, during transportation and at the sites of recycling or disposal. Workers are exposed to occupational health and accident risks related to the content of the materials workers handled, emissions from those materials, and the equipments being used. In areas, infectious medical wastes and toxic industrial wastes are not segregated from domestic waste, the waste collectors are exposed to a wide array of risks. As a result of their exposure to multiple risk-factors workers suffer high rates of occupational health-problems. Most diseases (Water borne, air born, Contact) have exposure pathways and most injuries have contact pathways (hepatitis B virus [HBV], human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], Tetanus). Making waste technologies more contained, reducing contaminant emissions, changing working methods to interrupt the pathways and using of protective clothing can reduce risks. The waste discharged for collection is seldom stored in closed containers and is dumped on the ground directly, requiring that it be shoveled by hand, or left in an open carton or basket to be picked up by hand.

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