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'()*+,-.(&,(8&hE<3=,+&73189<)&&&&A.6&$$Q"[Q& & Straube © buildingscience.com 29 of 30 Low Energy Buildings: Enclosure Design AIA New York Chapter M13&7,331<3)&,(8&?(<394& M13&7,331<3)&@)&j,Z.3&7,331<3)& • X $$T"175& !"#!"$%& $$B"175& !"#!"$%& j,Z.3&_,331<3)&R&8341(9&3<2,38<3)& • j,Z.3&81f*)1.(&1)&,&)+.5&Z3.;<))& • g(1L.3=&,;-.(&R&)=,++&E.+<)&8.(U2&=,O<3& • g)<&,)&(<<8<8>&(.2&=.3<& – 7<5,3<&,13&;.(81-.(<8&_*1+81(9)& – G.(U2&Z+,;<&Z<<+&\&)-;`&.*2)18<&1()*+,-.(z& $$!"175& !"#!"$%& & Straube © buildingscience.com 30 of 30 Low Energy Buildings: Mechanical Basics AIA New York Chapter Outline • func ons of HVAC systems • Role of temperature in system choice and Mechanical Basics efficiency • Some common piece of equipment • Generic systems www.BalancedSolu ons.com HVAC Objec ves Common Problems • Health • Poor comfort – Poor control of temperature and humidity, • Safety – Noise, dra s from high velocity air • Comfort • Health – Air based systems act as distribu on for outdoor pollutants, – Temperature, humidity, air speed, noise, light mold grown in coils/ducts – Chilled water pipes collect condensa on leading to mold • Reliability – Insufficient ven la on/mixing common issue – Long term performance, maintainable • Energy • Efficiency – Systems are o en very inefficient • Maintainability / Controllability – Meet the needs imposed by occupants and – Systems are complex, difficult to trouble shoot, maintain etc enclosure with a minimum of addi onal energy 9/29/10 3 9/29/10 4 Straube © buildingscience.com 1 of 9 Low Energy Buildings: Mechanical Basics AIA New York Chapter Func ons Physical Systems & Components Five Cri cal func ons are needed • Components • Ven la on – Heat produc on (including cooling) – “fresh air” – Heat rejec on / collec on – Dilute / flush pollutants – Heat/Cold Distribu on • Hea ng – Ven la on air supply/exhaust • Cooling – Ven la on Air Distribu on Air Filtra on • Humidity Control – Humidifica on/ Dehumidifica on • Air filtra on / pollutant Removal – Remove par cles from inside and outside air • Confusion arises when func ons are combined – Remove pollutants in special systems across different components in different systems 9/29/10 5 9/29/10 6 Thermodynamics 101 • Heat (Thermal energy) is measured by temperature • Can produce heat by conver ng chemical, Systems physical, electrical, radia on, or nuclear energy sources – Some heat can be produced at nearly 100% Heat Produc on • Cannot destroy heat, only move it around Rejec on / Collec on – Heat pumps move thermal energy from Distribu on • Cold is a rela ve term = “less heat” 9/29/10 7 Straube © buildingscience.com 2 of 9 Low Energy Buildings: Mechanical Basics AIA New York Chapter Air Condi oning (actually, cooling) Small Residen al HVAC • No ven la on • Cooling DOES NOT mean humidity control • No hea ng • Energy removal for lowering temperature: – Sensible energy • No humidity control • Energy removal to condense water vapor: – Latent Energy • Ra o of Sensible Heat Ra o =SHR – Normal cooling equipment 65% sensible – As enclosures become energy efficient the required SHR drops and latent becomes more important! 9/29/10 9 9/29/10 10 Hea ng Cooling (and mixing) Two Storey Distribu on 9/29/10 11 9/29/10 12 Straube © buildingscience.com 3 of 9 Low Energy Buildings: Mechanical Basics AIA New York Chapter Building Science 2008 Building Science 2008 Size Effects Suite by Suite HVAC Benefits of be er control, simpler metering, fewer • Larger equipment losses and problems with distribu on – O en was more efficient VPAC – requires more distribu on – Make central maintenance easier – Reduce redundancy • Small equipment – Becoming equally efficient in some areas – Saves on distribu on, adds redundancy Building Science 2008 9/29/10 16 Straube © buildingscience.com 4 of 9 Low Energy Buildings: Mechanical Basics AIA New York Chapter 9/29/10 17 9/29/10 18 HVAC by the numbers Indoor Air Quality • Typical office AC required: 400 sf/ton (sensible+latent) • Most HVAC re-circulates air • Typical office AC airflow: 400 cfm/ton – This takes pollutants from one space and moves to – Thus about 1 cfm/sf another • Office fresh air req’t: 0.1-0.2 cfm/sf • HVAC can suck in pollutants from outdoors – Thus 5x to 10x less than cooling • Classroom fresh air: 0.5 cfm/sf • Coil velocity: 300-500 fpm • Filters and Interior Duct Insula on collect dirt – Thus, 400 fpm=400 cfm/sf coil, 1 sq coil/ton AC • If moisture (condensate) contacts, mold can grow • Typical duct velocity: 600-1500 fpm (noise!) • Air flow distributes the problem smells and – 0.30 to 0.70 sf duct per ton AC spores • 200 cfm of hot-humid ven la on= 1 ton AC 9/29/10 19 9/29/10 20 Straube © buildingscience.com 5 of 9 Low Energy Buildings: Mechanical Basics AIA New York Chapter Common Air-based Sysems Constant Air Volume • CAV systems – high energy consumers but provide outdoor air • VAV – decent energy performance, but rarely supply desired ven la on (fresh) air rates • DOAS: Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems – provide Ven la on (+ almost always dehumidifica on) only – separate terminal equipment does hea ng and cooling – Highest performance, easy to design & fix 9/29/10 21 9/29/10 22 Variable Air Volume Parallel Series Fan- powered VAV 9/29/10 23 Straube © buildingscience.com 6 of 9 Low Energy Buildings: Mechanical Basics AIA New York Chapter • Fan-powered parallel VAV • Fan-powered parallel VAV ac ng as ven la on only from DOAS ac ng as sensible hea ng/cooling only Fresh Air Parallel Parallel Recirculated Air from Space Varia ons on VAV BSI-022 Perfect HVAC • Spaces with low cooling load o en underven lated • Minimum flow se ng at box can be imposed by clock or CO2 and “reset” by temperature • Reheat at box o en needed, can be significant energy • Outdoor air % can vary with return air CO2 or clock • Supply fan can be operated to provide constant sta c pressure (VFD) • Flow can be measured at each box, with reheat, to guarantee ven la on air (complex, $, works) Any source of hea ng or cooling Combined ven la on/ humdity control 9/29/10 27 Straube © buildingscience.com 7 of 9 Low Energy Buildings: Mechanical Basics AIA New York Chapter DOAS DOAS + Radiant Terminal • Most reliable means of delivering ven la on air to people without over ven la ng • Excellent humidity control • No cross-contaminated air from different zones • Small ducts (ven la on only, no cooling) • Works well with hybrid ven la on • Disadvantage: economizer flow is limited, so free air cooling capacity is limited by 2-3X Building Science 2008 Economizer aka “Free cooling” Air-side Economizer • If it is cooler outside than inside and cooling is • Through-wall paddle fans can deliver air at desired, blow some outdoor air into building very high efficiencies (10-25 cfm/Wa ) • This is called “air side economizer” • E.g., If t = 65F & t = 74 F • Beware fan energy consump on- free cooling is out in not free, esp with long small ducts! – @1.1 Btu/cfm/F & Δ9F = 10 Btu cooling / cfm – Small temperature differences (eg 5F) not enough to – 15 cfm/Wa 150 Btu /Wa fan cool normally – EER of 150 = COP= 44!! – larger temperature differences (eg >10F) work well • If only 1 cfm/Wa VAV COP= 2.9 – Cant use air if it is too humid (enthalpy control) – AC or water side economizer will be be er!! • Water-side may be more efficient in many cases 9/29/10 31 Straube © buildingscience.com 8 of 9 Low Energy Buildings: Mechanical Basics AIA New York Chapter Natural ven la on Natural ven la on cooling • Airflow driven by natural forces • Airside Economizer using natural pressures – Wind – Large airflows needed as Tout> 65 F – Buoyancy (hot air rises, cold air falls) • Must thro le airflow as Tout<60 F for comfort • Avoids fan energy • Li le airflow possible when Tout<40F • Can be used for ven la on – Frost, comfort problems – Lower flows, risk of insufficient air= bad IAQ • Cooling • Most low energy buildings have low cooling – Higher flows, only risk is occasional overhea ng loads, most internally 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