Investigating the Origins of the Great Bend Aspect Through Reanalyzing Lithic Assemblages of Pratt Phase Sites, Zyba Site, 14Rc410, and Two Early Hunting Camps

INVESTIGATING THE ORIGINS OF THE GREAT BEND ASPECT THROUGH REANALYZING LITHIC ASSEMBLAGES OF PRATT PHASE SITES, ZYBA SITE, 14RC410, AND TWO EARLY HUNTING CAMPS

A Thesis by

Joan Bayles

Bachelor of Science, Emporia State University, 2013

Submitted to the Department of Anthropology and to the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts

December 2019

INVESTIGATING THE ORIGINS OF THE GREAT BEND ASPECT THROUGH REANALYZING LITHIC ASSEMBLAGES OF PRATT PHASE SITES, ZYBA SITE, 14RC410, AND TWO EARLY HUNTING CAMPS

The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in Anthropology.

Donald Blakeslee, Committee Chair

David Hughes, Committee Member

William Parcell, Committee Member

iii DEDICATION

To my family and my fiancé.

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Blakeslee for his years of guidance. Thank you to the Coronado

Quivira Museum, Derby Historical Museum, and Hurshall Clark for allowing me to analyze the assemblages presented here. Thank you to Dr. Hughes and Dr. Parcell for being Committee

Members.

v ABSTRACT

The Great Bend aspect is the designation for proto-historic Wichita sites in central and southern Kansas, dating from A.D. 1425 to 1700. The origins of the Great Bend aspect have not been studied in depth previously, but comparisons with the earlier Central Plain mosaic suggest that the latter was not directly ancestral to Great Bend. Patterns of tool-stone acquisition, ceramic vessel forms and surface treatments, and formal stone tool types all differ. This research tracks changes in material culture as the Great Bend aspect developed. This research employs stacked outline comparative analysis of lithic assemblages from sites of the Pratt phase, the Zyba site, an early Little River site in Rice County, and early hunting camps along the Walnut River.

These sites appear to date immediately before the emergence of Great Bend and after the disappearance of the Central Plain mosaic. The sites examined all appear to be ancestral to the

Great Bend aspect and are more similar to the Odessa phase than to the Central Plains mosaic.

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page

CHAPTER ONE ...... 1

INTRODUCTION ...... 1 The Problem ...... 1

CHAPTER TWO ...... 2

BACKGROUND ...... 2 Great Bend Aspect ...... 2 Previous Investigations Regarding Origins ...... 4 Background ...... 6

CHAPTER THREE ...... 11

DATA AND METHODOLOGY ...... 11 Collections Examined ...... 11 14PT1...... 11 14SR501 ...... 16 14RC410 ...... 36 14BU402-3 and 14CO419 ...... 40 Methodology ...... 46

CHAPTER FOUR ...... 51

RESULTS...... 51

CHAPTER FIVE ...... 59

DISCUSSION ...... 59 CONCLUSIONS ...... 64

REFERENCES ...... 66

APPENDIX ...... 73

vii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Distribution of Great Bend aspect sites ...... 3

2. Location of Sites ...... 11

3. Odessa Artifacts...... 61

viii LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page

1. 14PT1 Points ...... 13

2. 14PT1 End scrapers...... 14

3. 14PT1 Perforators...... 14

4. 14PT1 Ceramics...... 15

5. 14PT1 Ceramics...... 15

6. 14PT1 Ceramics...... 15

7. 14SR501 WSU Preforms...... 17

8. 14SR501 WSU Notched Points...... 18

9. 14SR501 WSU Unnotched Points...... 19

10. 14SR501 WSU Unnotched Points...... 19

11. 14SR501 WSU End scrapers...... 20

12. 14SR501 WSU End scrapers...... 21

13. 14SR501 WSU Blades...... 22

14. 14SR501 WSU Blades...... 23

15. WSU 14SR501 Perforators...... 24

16. 14SR501 WSU Ceramics...... 24

17. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips Points ...... 25

18. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips End scrapers...... 26

19. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips Perforators...... 26

20. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips Blades...... 27

21. 14SR501 Rockenbach Points...... 28

ix LIST OF PLATES (continued)

Plate Page

22. 14SR501 Rockenbach Points...... 29

23. 14SR501 Rockenbach Points...... 30

24. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers...... 30

25. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers...... 31

26. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers...... 31

27. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers...... 32

28. 14SR501 Rockenbach Blades...... 33

29. 14SR501 Rockenbach Blades...... 34

30. 14SR501 Rockenbach Blades...... 35

31. 14RC410 Points...... 37

32. 14RC410 End scrapers...... 37

33. 14RC410 Perforators...... 38

34. 14RC410 Blades...... 38

35. 14RC410 Blades...... 39

36. 14BU402-3 Points...... 41

37. 14BU402-3 End scrapers...... 42

38. 14BU402-3 End scrapers...... 42

39. 14BU402-3 Perforators...... 43

40. 14BU402-3 Blades...... 43

41. 14BU402-3 Blades...... 44

42. 14CO419 Points...... 44

x LIST OF PLATES (continued)

Plate Page

43. 14CO419 End scrapers...... 45

44. Process of Creating Stacked Outlines...... 46

45. Point Stacked Outlines...... 53

46. Great Bend aspect Point Stacked Outlines...... 53

47. Endscraper Stacked Outlines...... 55

48. Great Bend aspect End scrapers Stacked Outlines...... 55

49. Blade Stacked Outlines...... 57

50. Blade Stacked Outlines...... 57

51. Great Bend aspect Blade Stacked Outlines...... 58

xi CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The Problem

The Great Bend aspect is the archaeological classification for certain sites in central and southern Kansas dating A.D. 1425 to 1700. (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 167; Hoard 2012a:

179; Roper 2000: 173-174; Vehik 1976: 199; 1992: 325; Wedel 1959: 585). The Great Bend aspect sites are ancestral to the historic Wichita tribe (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 165; Vehik

1976: 199; Wedel 1959: 587).

Prior to the emergence of the Great Bend aspect in Kansas, Central Plains mosaic

(Blakeslee 1999) populations occupied Kansas until the intrusion of the White Rock phase at

A.D. 1300 (Logan and Ritterbush: 1994: 1). The Great Bend aspect appears in Kansas at A.D.

1425-1450 (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 167; Hoard 2012a: 179), leaving a temporal gap between the end of the Central Plains mosaic and the beginning of Great Bend.

This research analyzes assemblages from sites 14PT1, 14SR501, 14RC410, 14BU402-3, and 14CO419, because they date between A.D. 1300 and 1425. Thus, they are potential ancestral complexes. To test that idea, I compare their chipped stone technology and ceramics to those of Great Bend.

The first Great-Bend related complex to arrive in Kansas seems to be Pratt which may begin in the late fourteenth century, but the chronology is not yet well controlled; Zyba

(14SR501), 14BU402-3, and 14RC410 may date to the same approximate period (Blakeslee

2012: 300).

1 CHAPTER TWO

BACKGROUND

Great Bend Aspect

The Great Bend aspect was defined by Waldo Wedel (1959) utilizing the Midwestern

Taxonomic Method. The Willey-Phillips system is employed elsewhere in the Great Plains, yet the Great Bend aspect remains in the older system (Hawley 2012: 30). The aspect is composed of habitation sites in Rice, McPherson, Butler, Cowley, Wilson, and Marion counties (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 167; Hoard 2012a: 179; Roper 2000: 173-174; Vehik 1976: 199; 1992: 325;

Wedel 1959: 585) and campsites scattered all across the eastern half of the state (Peck 2003).

The Great Bend aspect dates from 1425 to 1720 A.D. (Blakeslee 2018: 2). Wedel (1959) classified the Rice, McPherson, and Marion concentrations as the Little River focus and the

Cowley County cluster as the Lower Walnut focus (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 167; Wedel

1959: 571). Keller (1961) proposed expanding the taxon and defined a third focus, the

Ninnescah focus, but his proposal has not been used (Hawley 2012: 30).

The Lower Walnut focus includes sites on terraces and bluffs immediately overlooking the Walnut River near its mouth (Wedel 1959: 571). Lower Walnut focus material culture is also found east of Arkansas City and at the juncture of the Whitewater and Walnut rivers near

Augusta, Kansas (Hawley and Vehik 2012: 32; Keller 1961: 106-114; Vehik 1976: 200). The

Little River focus is composed of three subgroups of sites; one in the Smoky Hill River valley of

McPherson County, another in the Cow Creek Valley in Rice County, and one or more in the

Little Arkansas River drainage, also in Rice County (Roper 2008: 76-77).

Figure 1. Distribution of Great Bend aspect sites. Created by Dr. Donald Blakeslee, WSU.

There are also habitation sites in the Cottonwood River valley in Marion County. Rohn and Emerson (1984) investigated them and identified differences between them and Little River sites but did not define a new focus (Rohn and Emerson 1984). Zehnder (1998) later compared the Marion sites to those in McPherson and Rice counties and concluded the Marion sites were very similar to those in McPherson County but not to those in Rice County. On that basis, he proposed a Lindsborg phase (Zehnder 1998) that incorporates the Marion and McPherson county sites separate from the remaining Little Rive sites in Rice County. The Marion sites date later occupation than those in McPherson County, suggesting that they are the result of a move to the east (Hoard 2012a: 179; Roper 2002:30; 2008: 76; Rohn and Emerson 1984: 195).

The Great Bend subsistence economy was based on agriculture, hunting, gathering, and fishing (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 173). Recent research on the Great Bend aspect has indicated that the settlements were large towns rather than clusters of villages and that their inhabitants engaged in bison hunting and processing on an industrial scale (Blakeslee 2018: 1).

3 The artifact assemblage of Great Bend aspect includes ceramics, chipped stone tools, ground stone tools, bone tools, and artifacts of shell and antler (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006:

178). Chipped stone tools consist of Fresno and Washita points, end scrapers, drills, awls, and hafted knives. Ground stone tools include arrow shaft smoothers, manos, mauls, grinding stones, and pipes made from Kansas pipestone (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 178). Artifacts of bone include bison scapula hoes, polished bison hyoids, bison rib rasp, antler billets, and awls

(Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 179).

The primary sources of chipped stone in Great Bend aspect sites are bedrock quarries

(Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 174). Lithic materials acquired from trade or long-distance acquisition include Smoky Hill jasper from northwest Kansas, Alibates chert from the panhandle of Texas, and Mississippian cherts from the Ozark uplift (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 174). The pipestone originates in the glacial tills of northeastern Kansas (Blakeslee 2012: 306; Hadley

2019: 109).

Generally, the vessel forms of the Little River focus consist of amphora-like jars with rounded bases and shoulders and constricted necks. They usually are sand tempered and include three types: Geneso Plain, Geneso Simple Stamped, and Geneso Red Filmed (Wedel 1959: 575).

Cowley Plain is the pottery of the Lower Walnut focus and consists of plain, shell-tempered vessels with flat bottoms (Wedel 1959: 575).

Previous Investigations Regarding Origins

During his early archaeological investigation of the Great Bend aspect, Waldo Wedel suggested that it may represent a southern coalescent tradition, with the Little River focus representing the northernmost extension of populations from the south (Wedel 1959: 632-633).

4 Wedel also analyzed a surface collection made by Eugene Wing at site 14PT1 and suggested that the Pratt phase might be ancestral the Great Bend aspect (Wedel 1959: 503). Using Puebloan pottery sherds he concluded the Pratt site was occupied prior to Little River and Lower Walnut sites but only by a few decades and dated the complex between A.D. 1400 and 1500 (Wedel

1959: 510). He suspected that Pratt was both chronologically and culturally intermediate between cultural complexes in Oklahoma and Great Bend (Wedel 1959: 510). He based this on similarities between Great Bend and Washita River artifact assemblages (Wedel 1959: 582).

The Zyba site is located in Sumner County on a tributary of the Ninnescah River. It is reported to be quite large. The site was tested by Keller (1961) and several collections are available from it, but the locations from which they were made is not known.

In 1961, Gordon Keller completed a PhD Dissertation from the University of Chicago.

He examined Great Bend and other sites in southern Kansas. Among the sites he investigated are

Zyba, sites on Bluff Creek, and the Pratt sites. He proposed that the Zyba site should be placed in a Ninnescah focus of the Great Bend aspect (Keller 1961: 98). He also concluded that some of the sites in central and southern Kansas were of southern origin because of the high frequency of

Alibates chert in the assemblages and the regular occurrence of Puebloan items such as pottery, turquoise, and obsidian (Keller 1961: 79).

Bluff Creek phase sites occur in Harper and Sumner counties. It is now understood Bluff

Creek phase was too early to have any direct connection with the origins of the Great Bend aspect (Meier 2004).

Susan Vehik (1976) studied the origins of the Great Bend aspect utilizing ceramic attributes and suggested the two foci of Great Bend developed separately. She indicated the

5 Lower Walnut focus represents an in-situ development from early Plains Village groups with influence from the Neosho focus and the Little River focus has closest relationships with Pratt

(Vehik 1976: 204). She suggested an indigenous development is more likely than migrations from the south (Vehik 1976: 204). She argued that an origin in the Washita River, Custer, and

Antelope Creek phases of Oklahoma and Texas was unlikely (Vehik 1976: 204). Today, it is understood that the Neosho focus is of the same age as Great Bend and hence cannot have contributed to its origin.

Roper (2006) argued the Great Bend aspect origins lies in the Central Plains mosaic, suggesting that the Smoky Hill phase contributed to Pratt and other complexes (Roper 2006:

130). Roper suggested that Smoky Hill phase people joined people of the Pratt complex and other southern Kansas complexes to develop into the Little River focus of Great Bend (Roper

2006: 130).

This brief review shows that Wedel, Keller, Vehik, and Roper hold differing explanations for the origins of Great Bend. Wedel and Keller postulate a coalescence from southern and western complexes, while Vehik proposed indigenous development, and Roper hypothesized that the Smoky Hill phase contributed to its origins.

Background

This section is a brief review of Middle Ceramic period complexes in Kansas and both

Middle and Late Ceramic complexes to the south in Oklahoma and Texas. Middle Ceramic complexes in Kansas reviewed here include the Smoky Hill and Solomon River phases of the

Central Plains mosaic and the White Rock phase. Middle Ceramic complexes in the southern

Plains include the Antelope Creek, the Washita, Odessa, and Bluff Creek phases.

6 Smoky Hill phase sites date A.D. 1000 to 1300 and are located in north-central Kansas in the Blue River valley, Kansas River proper, Smoky Hill, Saline, Solomon, and Republican rivers

(Logan and Ritterbush 1994: 3; Roper 2006: 109). The houses of Smoky Hill phase sites are generally subrectangular with sets of central support posts and hearths, perimeter posts, extended entryways, and internal storage pits (Logan and Ritterbush 1994: 3).

Smoky Hill phase assemblages are dominated by Permian cherts from the northern Flint

Hills (Roper 2006: 116), while the presence of small amounts of Florence-A chert and Alibates indicates exchange with the south (Roper 2006: 131). The ceramics of the Smoky Hill phase, called Riley Cord Roughened ware, consist of globular, cord-marked jars tempered with sand or crushed sherds (Logan and Ritterbush 1994: 4). Shell tempered vessels are present in a few sites.

Solomon River sites in the Glen Elder locality date A.D. 1000 to 1300 (Blakeslee 1999:

157). The houses excavated were built in shallow pits. They have extended entryways and both internal and external storage pits (Blakeslee 2005: 88). Solomon River phase populations utilized swidden horticulture, growing a variety of crops in addition to hunting and gathering (Blakeslee

1999: 157).

Solomon River phase sites contain mostly Smoky Hill jasper and gray Permian chert, with a little Flattop chalcedony, Alibates chert, and Ogallala quartzites (Blakeslee 1999: 124).

Ceramics of the Solomon River phase include sand or grit tempered globular pots with a mix of direct rims and collared rims. Decoration is more frequent than in Smoky Hill phase sites

(Blakeslee 1999: 110).

Bluff Creek phase sites occur in Harper and Sumner counties along Bluff Creek and are dated between A.D. 1000 and 1200 (Meier 2004: 100). Bluff Creek people used heat-treated

Florence A for their tools which included Washita, Harrell, Huffaker, and Fresno points,

7 diamond-beveled knives, and end and side scrapers (Meier 2004). The pottery is plain surfaced and cord-marked globular jars with a variety of temper types. Both direct and collared rims occur (Meier 2004). Evidence for intersocietal exchange at Bluff Creek is limited, and there is little evidence for involvement in any extensive trade activities (Meier 2004: 99).

The White Rock phase represents a migration from the east and temporally overlaps the

Central Plains mosaic occupation of north-central Kansas and southern Nebraska. Assemblages of the White Rock phase contrast strongly with the assemblages of the Central Plains tradition

(Ritterbush and Logan 2000: 259). The pots are squat, with rounded bases and direct rims. Most are tempered with sand, but a few have shell or bone temper. Rims and vessel shoulders are usually decorated (Blakeslee et al 2001: 86). Stone tools include unnotched arrow points, diamond-shaped alternately beveled knives, end scrapers on blades, and grooved stone mauls.

The chipped stone appear to derive from bedrock quarries (Blakeslee et al 2001: 86).

Odessa phase sites occur in southwest Kansas, northwest Oklahoma, and adjacent areas of the Texas panhandle, dating between A.D. 1250 and 1475 (Brosowske and Bevitt 2006: 182).

Settlement types of the Odessa phase include homesteads and extended villages. Habitation sites are located on fertile, flood-plain soils and indicate a dependence on horticulture as well as hunting and gathering (Brosowske and Bevitt 2006: 183, 186). Artifact assemblages include diamond-shaped, alternately beveled knives, projectile points, end scrapers, drills, bone awls, bison tibia digging sticks, and scapula hoes, cord-marked ceramics, and abrading stones

(Brosowske and Bevitt 2006: 187). Odessa phase lithic assemblages contain 50-60 percent

Alibates, and about 25-35 percent Smoky Hill jasper (Brosowske and Bevitt 2006: 188). The high percentage of Smoky Hill Japser contrasts with other sites in Oklahoma and Texas.

8 The Redbed Plains Variant includes the Paoli, Washita River, the Custer, and the Turkey

Creek phases (Drass 1998: 427). The Custer phase (A.D. 1000 to 1250) is ancestral to the Turkey

Creek phases (A.D. 1250 to 1450), while the Paoli phase (A.D. 900 to 1250) is ancestral to the

Washita River phase (A.D. 1250 to 1450) (Drass 1999: 121).

The best documented are the Washita River sites. They are small to moderate sized, semi-permanent villages and small hunting camps (Drass 1997: 14). The houses of the Washita

River phase are square to rectangular, made of wattle and daub, with two or four central posts and a central hearth (Drass 1997: 14). Washita River phase assemblages contain Washita,

Harrell, and Fresno points, some corner-notched and contracting stem points. Other tools include alternately beveled knives, end scrapers, and perforators (Drass and Swenson 1986: 36).

The ceramics are generally plain, with smoothed interiors and exteriors, and include globular jars and bowls with flattened or rounded bases and shell or limestone tempering (Drass and Swenson

1986: 36). Decoration is rare, but includes occasional nodes, loop handles, lip tabs, punctuates, incising, and appliqued strips (Drass and Swenson 1986: 36). The phase exhibits a greater involvement in trade than did Custer, and trade items include Florence-A chert, Alibates chert, conch shells, and Olivella shells (Vehik and Baugh 1994: 259-260).

The Antelope Creek phase dates between A.D. 1200 and 1450. Characteristic of this phase is the large, rectangular, semi-subterranean house structure with single or double rows of vertical rock slabs at the base of the walls. Habitation sites include isolated homesteads, small hamlets, and large villages (Drass 1998: 419). The mining of Alibates chert by Antelope Creek villages is evident in the pits at the Alibates quarries (Drass 1998: 419). Antelope Creek pottery is a cord-marked, sand-tempered ware called Borger cord-marked. The pots are thin, globular, jars with wide-mouths and vertical or slightly flaring rims (Drass 1998: 421).

9 Late in the Antelope Creek phase, trade connections with both the southwest and Plains increased (Vehik 1994: 246). The settlements at the Alibates quarries have large amounts of trade material (Lintz 1986; Vehik and Baugh 1994: 260). Vehik (1994: 246) suggested Pratt may have had connections to the Pratt complex, where Alibates is abundant.

10 CHAPTER THREE

DATA AND METHODOLOGY

Collections Examined

I examined assemblages from five sites. They were selected because their temporal placement makes them potential ancestors of the Great Bend aspect. They are younger than the complexes previously discussed and older than Great Bend aspect sites.

Figure 2. Location of Sites.

14PT1

The Pratt phase sites are centerered on the city of Pratt, on terraces on the South Fork of the Ninnescah River (Macaluso 2005: 76). The sites vary in size, with the smallest sites less than five acres, while larger sites range from 10-15 to 25 acres, and the largest ones approximately 43

11 and 60 acres (Brosowske and Bevitt 2006: 191). The Pratt phase occupation has been dated A.D.

1300 to 1500 (Macaluso 2005: 72). Information on architecture of the Pratt phase is limited.

Current information comes only from the Lewis site, where the excavated house had rounded, braced corner, an east-facing entrance,and a centrally located basin-shaped hearth (Brosowski and Bevitt 2006: 192).

Initially Southwestern pottery sherds were used to cross-date the Pratt phase sites. Wedel

(1959: 505) reported three sherds are Rio Grande glazware dating A.D. 1450-1475 and one

Biscuit B sherd from the Tewa area north of Santa Fe dating A.D. 1425-1450 to 1525-50. The

Puebloan sherds suggest the occupation of the Pratt phase sites precedes Great Bend, but not by very many decades (Wedel 1959: 511). Obsidian from Pratt phase sites were sourced to Valles

Rhyolite in New Mexico, one from Obsidian Cliff, Wyoming, and two flakes from the Pachuca source in central Mexico (Macaluso 2005: 24).

The collection I examined is from site 14PT1. It is small and consists of surface finds with limited provenance information. The collection was donated by Rob Swinson and is comprised of materials from seventeen sites. Nevertheless, it is typical of the lithic assemblages of Pratt phase sites in the high frequency of Alibates chert present.

The collection includes 53 formal tools: 26 points, 25 end scrapers, 2 perforators, and ceramic sherds. The chipped stone is mainly Alibates chert, with a very small amount of

Florence A chert, some Smoky Hill Jasper, and a small amount of chalcedony, gray Permian, and quartzite.

Of the points, 15 points are side-notched, five points are unnotched, four points are notched Woodland points, and two tips without enough information to determine point type. The lithics of the points are composed mainly of Alibates, with one Gray Permian unnotched point,

12 and one Quartzite Woodland point. The end scrapers are mainly Alibates, with four end scrapers made of Smoky Hill Jasper and 2 made of Chalcedony. The majority of the end scrapers are wide, heavily reworked and small, with only a few having the typical tear-drop shape.

Plate 1. 14PT1 Points

Plate 2. 14PT1 End scrapers.

Plate 3. 14PT1 Perforators.

Plate 4. 14PT1 Ceramics.

Plate 5. 14PT1 Ceramics.

Plate 6. 14PT1 Ceramics.

15 14SR501

The Zyba site (14SR501) is located in Sumner County near the town of Peck, above the flood plain of the Ninnescah River (Keller 1961: 82). The site is well known, and locals have collected from the site since the early 1900s (Keller 1961: 82; O’Bryant 1947: 146).

Keller describes Zyba ceramics from his excavations as grit-tempered pottery from pits, with shell-tempered pottery in a higher stratum. The grit-tempered pottery is cord-marked with lip-notching, and the vessels are globular with straight rims (Keller 1961: 83). They probably reflect a Bluff Creek component at the site. Excavations revealed numerous pits and two houses with indistinct floors. Five post-molds suggest a square house form with a central firepit (Keller

1961: 83).

The shell-tempered pottery generally lies above the grit-tempered ware. Some shallow pits contained only shell-tempered sherds with features such as handles, flat bases, and cord marking (Keller 1961: 155). Pueblo sherds and turquoise also were collected from the site but

Keller (1961) could not determine conclusively which component they came from (Keller 1961:

84). Meier, however, recovered no obsidian, turquoise, or southwestern pottery in an extensive collection from the Anderson site, also of Bluff Creek affiliation (Meier 2004). Therefore, it is likely that the trade items derive from the Great Bend component.

Wichita State University Collection

This small collection from the Zyba site was donated to Wichita State University. The assemblage consists of a variety of stone tools, bone, and pottery. Florence A chert dominates the assemblage, while Alibates chert occurs as end scrapers, gray Permian chert is present in most chipped stone categories, and Smoky Hill Jasper occurs inconsistently. The categories analyzed

16 included knives, drills and awls, end scrapers, and points. The Zyba assemblage at WSU contains a total of 30 knives, 128 end scrapers, 13 perforators, and 192 points.

Illustrated in Plates 7, 8, 9, and 10 are 189 points, the remaining 3 are tips of points that are unidentifiable to the type of point. 12 preforms are present, with 66 notched points, and 111 unnotched points. Unnotched points dominate the assemblage. The points are 155 points of

Florence A, 29 points are Gray Permian, 2 points are Alibates, 1 Smoky Hill point, and 5

Chalcedony points.

A total of 128 end scrapers are presented in Plates 11 and 12. They range from small, heavily worked specimens to larger, elongated end scrapers. The end scrapers are 112 Florence

A and 16 Alibates. The knives are composed of 25 Florence A and 5 Gray Permian. And perforators are 12 Florence A and 1 smoky hill jasper.

Plates 13 and 14 illustrate 30 knives are presented. The forms of knives vary from elongated alternately beveled knives, hafted alternately beveled knives, and bifacially and unifacially flaked blades. The lithics are consist of 25 Florence A specimens and 5 gray Permian specimens.

Plate 7. 14SR501 WSU Preforms.

Plate 8. 14SR501 WSU Notched Points.

Plate 9. 14SR501 WSU Unnotched Points.

Plate 10. 14SR501 WSU Unnotched Points.

Plate 11. 14SR501 WSU End scrapers.

Plate 12. 14SR501 WSU End scrapers.

Plate 13. 14SR501 WSU Blades.

Plate 14. 14SR501 WSU Blades.

Plate 15. WSU 14SR501 Perforators.

Plate 16. 14SR501 WSU Ceramics.

24 Grove-McKellips Collection

The Grove-McKellips collection was made by John Virgil Grove and his sister Jean

Grove McKellips from their property on the northwest corner of East 120th Avenue North and

North West Road in Peck, Kansas. The collection was donated to the Derby Historical Museum by John M Grove, Larry McKellips, Cheryl Grove Mooney, and Janey Grove Price, where it is now on display.

The collection is held in a glass case with two shelves. Many of the specimens are glued to cards, limiting full analysis. Twenty-three points that are not attached to a backdrop are included in this analysis. Of the twenty-three points, fourteen are Washita, eight are Fresno, and one is a Harrell point. The lithic materials consist mainly of Florence A and Gray Permian.

Plate 17. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips Points

Plate 18. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips End scrapers.

Plate 19. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips Perforators.

Plate 20. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips Blades.

27 Rocky Rockenbach Collection

This assemblage, collected by Floyd “Rocky” Rockenbach, was donated to the Derby

Historical Museum in October 2013. It includes two glass display cases, a wall display, and artifacts in storage not on display. The large display of artifacts includes a mix of stone tool types, while artifacts not on display include large numbers of end scrapers, knives, flakes, and pottery. Due to the large amount of materials, a sample of the artifacts on display was taken. The points are composed of notched and unnotched varieties, with complete and broken specimens.

This assemblage held a very large number of artifacts, with piles of hundreds of points, end scrapers, and knives. A sample size was taken from the assemblage. A total of 88 notched points and 21 unnotched points are included, 96 end scrapers are outlined, and 78 blades are included.

Plate 21. 14SR501 Rockenbach Points.

Plate 22. 14SR501 Rockenbach Points.

Plate 23. 14SR501 Rockenbach Points.

Plate 24. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers.

Plate 25. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers.

Plate 26. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers.

Plate 27. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers.

Plate 28. 14SR501 Rockenbach Blades.

Plate 29. 14SR501 Rockenbach Blades.

Plate 30. 14SR501 Rockenbach Blades.

35 14RC410

This collection, curated by the Coronado-Quivira Museum in Lyons, is the result of excavations from 2005 for the construction of a lagoon for the city of Little River (Roper 2008:

9). The site is located on the east side of the Little Arkansas River, outside the city of Little

River, Kansas. Site 14RC410 is extensive, covering an area of over 40 acres (Roper 2008: 20).

Radiocarbon dates suggest the site was occupied for at least four to five decades at the end of the 15th century and possibly extending into the 16th century (Roper 2008: 336). Three house floors, one burial and 16 pits were identified during the excavations (Roper 2008: 117).

The burial, which included a single internment of an individual in a flexed position, predates the rest of 14RC410 by about two centuries (Roper 2008: 157).

In the small assemblage, 25 points are illustrated. Seven of the points are notched and 18 are unnotched, with 6 of those being preforms. Points are composed of 11 Florence A specimens, two are Smoky Hill jasper, 9 are gray Permian, and 4 are Alibates specimens.

A total of 15 end scrapers are present and composed of 7 Florence A specimens, 6 Gray

Permian specimens, and 4 of Alibates. The end scrapers vary in shape and dimension, with some small and heavily reworked and others large.

A total of 15 knives are present, with 11 of the blades broken; 11 blades are Gray

Permian and four are Florence A.

Plate 31. 14RC410 Points.

Plate 32. 14RC410 End scrapers.

Plate 33. 14RC410 Perforators.

Plate 34. 14RC410 Blades.

Plate 35. 14RC410 Blades.

39 14BU402-3 and 14CO419

14BU402-3 and 14CO419 lie along the Walnut River near Douglass, Kansas. The collections analyzed are in a private collection made by Hurshall Clark. Site 14CO419 is on private land along the Walnut River in Cowley County. The remoteness of the site has led to its preservation through lack of investigation. This assemblage is composed of six notched points and four unnotched points. A total of 19 end scrapers are made of Alibates, Florence A, and

Peoria.

Site 14BU402-3 is designated as two sites; but they are separated only by a small dry streambed. The materials from the two spots are identical and include a large amount of bison bone, suggesting that the site is a kill site or processing station.

The points of 14BU402-3 are composed of 21 notched points, and 18 unnotched points; the lithic materials include Florence A, Alibates, Smoky Hill Jasper, and Peoria.

A total of 64 end scrapers are present, with the majority of the materials being Alibates and some

Florence A.

Seventeen knives are illustrated in Plates 40 and 41. The knives are mainly made up of

Alibates, with four of the blades being Florence A. The blades are diamond-shaped alternately beveled knives, with only a couple exhibiting evidence of being halted. Only four blades are unifacially flaked.

Plate 36. 14BU402-3 Points.

Plate 37. 14BU402-3 End scrapers.

Plate 38. 14BU402-3 End scrapers.

Plate 39. 14BU402-3 Perforators.

Plate 40. 14BU402-3 Blades.

Plate 41. 14BU402-3 Blades.

Plate 42. 14CO419 Points.

Plate 43. 14CO419 end scrapers.

45 Methodology

The following analysis is limited primarily to lithic and ceramic artifacts, with occasional reference to some ground stone artifacts. The artifact classes include points, knives, end scrapers, perforators, flake and blade tools, and ceramics. Complete and fragmentary specimens were analyzed. I measured the height, width, and thickness of artifacts with a metric caliper and took weights using an electronic scale. I then placed the data in Excel spreadsheets. Because some assemblages did not have artifact numbers (14SR501 and 14BU402-3 and 14CO419), I used the number of the picture of the artifact.

I used the computer program Canvas to create stacked outlines of the artifacts in order to examine the variation within artifact types and to observe similarities and differences across assemblages. Plate 44 shows the steps in the creation of the outlines, which are placed on a transparent background so that they can be placed in stacks of similar items. The results show the variation within the type resulting from re-sharpening and repair of the tools.

Plate 44. Process of Creating Stacked Outlines.

46 The basic ceramic traits recorded include surface finish, temper, vessel form, and decoration. Tempering categories include shell, sand, bone, grog, and combined shell and sand.

The categories of chipped stone tools analyzed include points, knives, end scrapers, and perforators. Additional artifacts when present included grooved mauls, abraders, and pipes.

Projectile points and point preforms are small, bifacially worked, triangular or subtriangular artifacts (Blakeslee, et al. 2012: 197; Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 176; Rohn and

Emerson 1984: 129; Ryan 2008: 182). Points typically are made from flakes by pressure flaking, with retouching evident on both sides and the base (Blakeslee 2012: 197; Rohn and Emerson

1984: 129). Great Bend sites contain unnotched Fresno, side-notched Washita, and side-notched and basally notched Harrell points (Blakeslee 2012: 197). Middle Ceramic points include

Washita, Harrell, Huffaker (double side notched) forms, often more crudely flaked than the Great

Bend specimens. Most of the Middle Ceramic unnotched specimens are preforms rather than

Fresno points.

Great Bend end scrapers are typically small, triangular to tear-dropped shaped, and unifacially retouched (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 177; Rohn and Emerson 1984: 147). The end scrapers were fitted into wood or antler handles (Wedel 1970: 38; Blakeslee 2018: 6; Rohn and

Emerson 1984: 147). Repeated re-sharpening of the tools reduced their length and weight (Rohn and Emerson 1984: 150). Thus, the lengths of specimens from a site reflect the intensity of their use.

Great Bend aspect knife forms include large thin ovate (unused) bifaces, alternately beveled specimens with either two or four cutting edges, and very thin unifacial flake and blade knives (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 176-177). The most common Great Bend beveled knife is generally lanceolate shaped with two long beveled sides, with the greatest width of the blade

47 near the base. Some specimens have shallow side notches immediately below the maximum width, suggesting hafting to a handle (Rohn and Emerson 1984: 138). The base is usually rounded, but triangular pointed forms are also present (Rohn and Emerson 1984: 138). The unifacially flaked knives are usually worked on one edge only (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006:

177).

In contrast, Middle Ceramic alternately beveled knives are diamond-shaped with all four sides of equal length (Blakeslee, et al 2012: 187). The original forms of these tools were large and unbeveled more-or-less bi-pointed bifaces. During use they were re-sharpened unifacially, resulting in alternately beveled forms that gradually became narrower and diamond shaped

(Blakeslee et al 2012: 186).

The long straight, double-ended, or double-bitted drills are distinctive. They were manufactured with steep bifacial flaking on two edges (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 177; Rohn and Emerson 1984: 135). Use wear and residue indicates that they were used in the manufacture of stone pipes.

Small perforators that functioned as stone awls are common in Great Bend assemblages

(Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 177). Most of the smaller perforators do not have a thick cross section, and most likely did not function as drills. Rather, they were used as stone awls to perforate the edge of hides (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 177). Often the expanded base is simply the unmodified remainder of a flake from which the tool was fashioned, but others were made on broken knives, end scrapers, blades, and points.

In Great Bend sites, transported raw lithic material often takes the form of bifacial cores

(Blakeslee et al 2012: 184). They were the source of flakes used to make small tools such as

48 points and awls. When unused specimens are found in sites other than Great Bend, they are considered to be trade bifaces. (Blakeslee et al 2012: 186).

The Windom pipe is an L-shaped smoking pipe with a tall bowl set at a slight angle to a short stem (Blakeslee 2012: 299). Windom pipes tend to be small and plain, with decoration restricted to the top of the bowl or mouth of the stem, and they usually are made of Kansas pipestone (Blakeslee 2012: 301). The Windom pipe was used in ceremonies of alliance within and between Great Bend aspect communities. After use, selected pipes were dissected and made into pendants (Blakeslee 2012: 318). The main source of pipe-making stone for the Great Bend aspect populations was Kansas pipestone found in the glacial tills of northeastern Kansas

(Hadley 2019: 109).

Great Bend aspect ceramics are composed primarily of utilitarian wares formed by the paddle and anvil technique. This involved coiling ropes of wet clay into general shape and then paddling to bond the coils together (Rohn and Emerson 1984: 112). After the vessels were formed, they were fired at low temperatures in reducing atmospheres to produce mostly gray colors (Rohn and Emerson 1984: 128).

The most common form is an amphora-shaped jar with fairly tall rims and handles attached by riveting Some exhibit incised or punctuate decoration (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006:

176). Some miniature bowls were produced by pinching (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 176).

Decoration is usually limited to the lip, rim interior, and handles. Rim, face, and shoulder decoration are rare. Surface texturing includes simple stamping in Little River focus sites, while cord roughening is rare and possibly early. Slip applied to a few vessels is usually red; cream colored slip is underfired.

49 Great Bend aspect pottery exhibits differences in vessel form, surface treatment, and temper among the three main village clusters. In Lower Walnut assemblages shell temper is dominant, and jars have smooth surfaces, and flat bases. In Little River assemblages sand temper is the most common type, flat bases are rare, and some simple stamped surfaces occur.

These sites have the highest frequency of red slipped vessels. The sites near Marion have a variety of temper types, some simple stamping and flat bases (Blakeslee and Hawley 2006: 176).

50 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS

A sample size was taken for each tool category for stacked outline analysis due to the large amount of materials within the assemblages. Across the assemblages a sample of 224 points, 357 end scrapers, and 72 blades are presented in the outlines.

Points

A sample size of 224 points is used from across the seven assemblages. These stacked outlines represent 20 points from 14PT1, 38 points from WSU 14SR501, 27 points from Grove-

McKellips, 80 points from Rockenbach, 23 points from 14RC410, 20 points from 14BU402-3, and 16 points from 14CO419. The points are illustrated in Plates 46 and 47.

The points in my sample include Fresno, Washita, and Harrell forms. Some preforms are also present. The Fresno points are unnotched, with triangular outlines. Bases vary from straight to concave. The Washita points have a single pair of side notches, the position of which varies somewhat. The Harrell points are also side notched but also have a central base notch. The assemblages are composed of a majority of Washita points and a smaller number of Fresno points. Some corner-notched points and base-notched points are present in small amounts and probably reflect mixing from earlier deposits.

The results of the stacked outline analysis reveal 18% of the sample size is a small, well- flaked triangular unnotched point. These occurred in all of the assemblages at low numbers. The second category of unnotched points are slightly larger and evidence of less re-flaking consisting of 24% of the sample size. Some of these unnotched points have a slight curve at the base compared to the smaller Fresno points. Unnotched points occurred in all of the assemblages, but

51 at a lower rate than notched points; the unnotched points account for 42% of the total sample size.

The notched points occurred in several varieties and account for 58% of the sample size of complete points from all across the assemblages. The majority or 37% of the notched points are small, heavily reflaked with side-notches. These points occurred in all of the assemblages and dominate the point types.

The second stacked outline notched point is very similar to the first but is slightly larger in size and often finely flaked. These may be the original form of the notched points before they were used and re-flaked to smaller sizes; 14% of the points are slightly larger or medium sized points.

Corner notched points occur in only some of the assemblages, and at a very low rate. The corner notched points that are present vary in blade length and seem crudely made compared to the side-notched points. Only 4% of the sample size is corner-notched.

Of the total sample size, only 3% of the notched points are base-notched and side- notched. These varied slightly in size, but overall maintained uniformity across the assemblages.

Plate 45. Point Stacked Outlines.

Plate 46. Great Bend aspect Point Stacked Outlines. Created by Dr. Donald Blakeslee, WSU.

53 End scrapers

A large sample size of end scrapers is present throughout all of the assemblages; 357 end scrapers are outlined. Of the 357 end scrapers: 24 end scrapers are from 14PT1, 133 end scrapers from WSU 14SR501, 24 end scrapers from Grove-McKellips, 84 end scrapers from Rockenbach,

15 end scrapers from 14RC410, 65 end scrapers from 14BU402-3, and 12 end scrapers from

14CO419. The end scrapers are illustrated in Plates 48 and 49.

From the sample size, 2% of the end scrapers are rounded and irregular shaped compared to the rest of the end scrapers. These specimens are not well-flaked and have wide bases with no evidence of hafting.

The largest category of end scrapers contains 34% of the sample size. These endscrapers are small, heavily worked, and slightly wider at the working edge. These specimens are well- flaked and largely uniform in width, with the length varying due to reuse patterns.

The second largest category of end scrapers makes up 24% of the sample size. These end scrapers are also heavily re-worked with slim widths at the base. The end scrapers exhibit a tear- dropped shape that is typical of the Great Bend aspect.

A small amount of short and wide end scrapers is present. This shape makes up 5% of the sample size and these endscrapers are less flaked. The base width of the end scrapers is largely uniform but the length of the specimens varies.

A slightly larger version of the tear-dropped shape end scraper totals 20% of the sample size. These are slightly larger and wider, with a more rounded base than the smaller specimens.

The specimens are all quite similar in length and width.

Large and wide end scrapers with poor flaking quality compose 10% of the sample size.

These specimens are less well shaped than the others and vary in length but have similar widths.

54 An elongated form of end scrapers compose 5% of the sample. These largely vary in the length of the end scraper but have similar widths. The specimens have slim widths when accounting for the length.

Plate 47. Endscraper Stacked Outlines.

Plate 48. Great Bend aspect End scrapers Stacked Outlines. Created by Dr. Donald Blakeslee,

WSU.

55 Knives

The knives include diamond-shaped alternately beveled forms, an elongated rhomboidal form, and hafted alternately beveled blade, as shown in Plate 50. The knives in Plate 51 vary in type, with two elongated hafted alternately beveled blades, while the rest of the blades are unifacial and bifacial ovate specimens.

The knives present throughout the assemblages include the diamond-shaped alternately beveled knife, a transitional elongated alternately beveled knife, and the hafted alternately beveled knife. Large alternately beveled forms are present, these were likely broken during the flaking process. Ovate specimens and flake blades are present as well.

From the sample size of 72 blades, 18% are from the 14BU402-3 assemblage. These blades are the typical Middle Ceramic diamond-shaped alternately beveled knives and are composed of Alibates and Florence A chert. The blades are heavily uniform and worked on all four edges.

In the Zyba assemblages, a transitional form of the alternately beveled knife is present, these are elongated alternately beveled knives with four working edges. Four complete knives are present in the sample size and consist of 5% of the sample.

The hafted alternately beveled knife has two working edges and widens at the base, where it was fitted into handles. The hafted blade comprises of 28% of the sample size and all are from the Zyba assemblages. These blades closely resemble the typical Great Bend aspect alternately beveled knife. 7% of the blades are large, broken forms with bifacial flaking.

Plate 49. Blade Stacked Outlines.

Plate 50. Blade Stacked Outlines.

Plate 51. Great Bend aspect Blade Stacked Outlines. Created by Dr. Donald Blakeslee, WSU.

58 CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION

This stacked outline analysis demonstrates similar patterns across the assemblages and the comparisons reveal both similarities and differences between the tool types. The stone tools are distinctive within each assemblage in their differences of style and material but overall are more similar to each other than they are different.

The points across the assemblages are uniform in size and shape. The frequency of

Washitas to Fresnos varies across the assemblages, 14PT1 is composed of mainly Washita, whereas 14SR501 contains more Fresnos. However, the points are similar in flaking quality, size, and shape of the specimens.

The end scrapers of the assemblages vary in width and height, some are short tear- dropped specimens and others are wider and longer. A small number of the end scrapers are thick and elongated. The differences in endscraper size and shape are minimal, with the majority of the end scrapers exhibiting similar traits.

The knife types vary between the sites; site 14BU402-3 contains a majority of Harahey knives and 14SR501 contains elongated alternately beveled knives and the hafted form of alternately beveled knives. Site 14RC410 has a majority of unifacial and bifacial ovate shaped blades, with only a few specimens having alternate beveling and notches for hafting.

One main difference between the assemblages is the frequency of lithic materials, 14PT1 and 14BU402-3 contain a majority of Alibates chert, 14SR501 is a majority of Florence A chert, and 14RC410 contains a majority of Gray Permian chert. The differences between the assemblages include the ratio of notched to unnotched points and the type of blades present.

59 The artifacts of Great Bend are distinctive and readily identifiable from other complexes.

Great Bend has no Huffaker points, mainly Fresnos with a minority of Washita, almost all points are finely flaked. Central Plains mosaic points are Washita, Harrell, and Huffaker, the triangular forms are mostly preforms. White Rock points are all Fresnos, but crudely flaked.

Great Bend end scrapers have carefully shaped bases for insertion into handles, most are narrow and finely flaked. Most are very short from use and repair. Central Plains mosaic end scrapers are longer, broader, and thicker without evidence for hafting and not especially well flaked. White Rock specimens are almost all on blades, more parallel sided, and broader than

Great Bend with little flaking on sides.

Great Bend knives are mostly hafted forms, with and without notches. Bluff Creek knives are diamond shaped. Central Plains mosaic include both diamond shaped (rare) and ovate knives with a single beveled edge. White Rock has Harahey and narrow rhomboidal forms but no hafted specimens.

The alternately beveled knives that appear in Great Bend aspect sites exhibit an elongated, lanceolate shape; rounded bases and side notches appear as evidence for hafting. The

Middle Ceramic forms of alternately beveled knives is a crisp diamond shape with straight, alternately beveled edges. The early specimens were most likely handheld, while the later ones were hafted.

Great Bend sites have quite a few awls, made on flakes and various broken tools. Central

Plains mosaic has very few awls, and White Rock has no awls.

The tools compared to Great Bend exhibit the greatest similarity in the points and end scrapers. The knives of the Zyba site are closest related to the Great Bend aspect. The variations of Fresno and Washita are indicative of the Great Bend pattern in style, shape, and size. When

60 the assemblages are compared to those from Middle Ceramic phases, both differences and similarities emerge.

Figure 3. Odessa Artifacts. (Brosowske and Bevitt 2006: 188).

This analysis finds the assemblages are more similar to the Odessa phase than the Central

Plains mosaic materials. The Odessa phase has Washita and Fresno points that are small and well flaked. Contrasted to the Central Plains mosaic where the points are larger and less flaking, unnotched specimens of the Central Plains mosaic are typically preforms and not finished points.

The points of the assemblages examined are more similar to the Odessa phase specimens in size, shape, and point-type varieties.

The end scrapers of the Odessa phase have shaped bases, creating a larger tear-dropped or sub-triangular shape. The end scrapers of the Central Plains mosaic are longer, broader, and thicker with no evidence of hafting. The end scrapers of the assemblages are typically small,

61 finely flaked, and short from repeated use and repair. Larger end scrapers are present and exhibit typically the same shape as the smaller ones. The end scrapers of the assemblages are intermediate between the Odessa phase and the Great Bend aspect end scrapers.

Awls appear regularly in the Odessa assemblages and the knives are the diamond shaped alternately beveled form. The alternately beveled knives of 14BU402-3 are made of Alibates and are more similar to the Odessa phase than the Central Plains mosaic. The shift from the diamond- shaped alternately beveled knife to hafted or stemmed alternately beveled knives appears throughout the assemblages, with each types present. The presence of these earlier and later forms of knives shows the usage of both types while one began replacing the other. The handling forms and usage patterns of the knives change through time; the early specimens were most likely hand-held forms and over time hafting and notching appears for the blade to be placed in a handle. The diamond shaped alternately beveled knife and the hafted alternately beveled knife, along with elongated rhomboidal shapes that may be intermediate throughout the assemblages examined here.

The Central Plains mosaic disappeared in Kansas around A.D. 1300 and Oneota sites appear in the Central Plains mosaic territories immediately after. These dates suggest the Central

Plains mosaic populations were too early to have contributed to the Great Bend aspect. The dates of the Odessa phase A.D. 1250 to A.D. 1475 correlate with the beginning of the Great Bend aspect.

The results indicate that most of the attributes of Great Bend lithic technology had developed before Great Bend ancestors appeared in Kansas. The same is not true of the ceramics.

Odessa and Pratt jars are shorter, with lower rims, and are cord-roughened rather than smooth.

The cord-roughened ceramics in Great Bend sites in Rice and McPherson counties may be traced

62 of early occupations like the one at 14RC410. The repeated occurrence of Alibates reflects

14RC410, Pratt, and the hunting camps on the Walnut River indicate strong ties with the

Panhandle.

The Little River and Lower Walnut foci have been suggested as developing independently of one another. Whether the same migrations contributed to both foci cannot be determined in the present research. The Great Bend aspect was the result of a series of social change, and multiple factors should be considered to contributing to the development of the aspect.

The temporal position of the Odessa phase and the Great Bend aspect are indicative of an ancestral relationship. The Odessa phase disappears as the Great Bend aspect is established and continuity between the stone tools is reflected in the early sites of the Great Bend aspect, including all of the sites examined in this research. Previous debates about the origins of the

Great Bend aspect centered around southern migrations, indigenous development, or the Central

Plains mosaic. In recent research, the origins of the Great Bend aspect have been credited to the

Odessa phase and a coalescence of smaller communities; the continuity of transitional stone tool types between the Great Bend aspect and earlier sites shown in the results supports the hypothesis.

63 CONCLUSIONS

The following analysis illustrates that all the sites examined are similar to one another.

They are roughly the same age, with occupation immediately prior to Great Bend, although Zyba and the two hunting camps on the Walnut River are undated. The continuity with Great Bend is apparent more so in the lithic tools than the ceramics.

The Central Plains mosaic disappeared in Kansas around A.D. 1300 and was replaced by

White Rock sites for a period of 50 to 100 years. The 150-year gap between the end of the

Central Plains mosaic and the beginning of Great Bend at about A.D. 1450 makes a Central

Plains mosaic contribution to Great Bend unlikely.

The similarities of these sites to the Odessa phase is apparent in the points, end scrapers, and knives. Even though most of the Odessa sites are in Oklahoma and Texas, the use of Smoky

Hill jasper, Alibates, and Kansas pipestone occur within assemblages. Anthony (1990) argues that people migrate in mass into regions which they already have some familiarity. The dates of the Odessa phase, A.D. 1250 to 1475, correlate with the beginning of the Great Bend aspect A.D.

1450 to 1700. The temporal position of the Odessa phase and the Great Bend aspect are indicative of an ancestral relationship. The Odessa phase disappears as the Great Bend aspect is established and continuity between the stone tools is reflected in the early sites of the Great Bend aspect, including all of the sites examined in this research.

Previous debates about the origins of the Great Bend aspect centered around whether southern migrations, indigenous development, or the Central Plains mosaic were responsible. In current research, the origins of the Great Bend aspect have been credited to the Odessa phase and a coalescence of smaller communities; the continuity of transitional stone tool types between the

Great Bend aspect and earlier sites shown in the results supports the hypothesis.

64 The results of this research establish the sequence of changes in material culture and tests the hypothesis that Great Bend derives mainly from the southern Plains complexes rather than

Central Plains mosaic. My research confirms sites 14PT1, 14SR501, 14RC410, 14BU402-3, and

14CO419 were involved in the origins of the Great Bend aspect due to their distinctive and transitional styles of chipped stone tools and are similar to the Odessa phase. This research provides insights to the processes of change in material culture that occurred during the establishment of settlements characterized as Great Bend aspect.

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71 Vehik, Susan C. and Timothy G. Baugh 1994 Prehistoric Plains Trade. In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, edited by T. G. Baugh and J.E. Ericson. 249-274. Plenum Press, New York. Vehik, Susan C. 1976 The Great Bend Aspect: A Multivariate Investigation of its Origin and Southern Plains Relationships. Plains Anthropologist. Vol 21 (73): 199-205. 1988 Late Prehistoric Exchange on the Southern Plains and its Periphery. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology. 41-68. 1992 Wichita Culture History. Plains Anthropologist. Vol 37 (141): 311-332. 1994 Culture Continuity and Discontinuity in the Southern Plains and Cross Timbers. In: Plains Indians, A.D. 500-1500, by Karl Schlesier. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. 239-263. 2002 Conflict, Trade, and Political Development on the Southern Plains. American Antiquity. Vol 67 (1): 37-64. 2006 Wichita Ethnohistory. Kansas Archaeology. Robert Hoard and William Banks, eds. The University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas: 206-218. 2012 Ethnohistory of the Wichita Indians. In: Archaeological Investigations at Arkansas City, Kansas. Edited by R. J. Hoard. 39-56. Kansas Historical Society, Contract Archaeology Publication 26. Wedel, Waldo R. 1959 Introduction to Kansas Archaeology. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology. Bulletin No. 174. Washington D.C. 1967 The Council Circles of Central Kansas: Were They Solstice Registers? American Antiquity. Vol (32): 54-63. 1970 Antler Tine Scraper Handles in the Central Plains. Plains Anthropologist, Vol 15 (47)0: 36-45. 1982 Further Notes on Puebloan-Central Plains Contacts in Light of Archaeology. In: Pathways to plains prehistory, D.G. Wyckoff and J.L. Hoffman, editors. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Memoir 3. Norman. Zehnder, Jon P. 1998 Relationships Between Two Little River Focus Sites in McPherson and Rice Counties of Central Kansas Based on Excavated Lithic Debitage. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Wichita State University.

APPENDIX

73 14PT1 Points Artifact No. Material Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 14PT1-61 Alibates 1.4 1 .2 14PT1-72 Alibates 2.2 1.3 .3 14PT1-65 Alibates 2.9 1.4 .3 14PT1-71 Alibates 2 1.2 .3 14PT1-69 Alibates 1.1 .9 .3 14PT1-75 Alibates 2.8 1.4 .5 14PT1-56 Alibates 2.3 1.6 .5 14PT1-74 Alibates 1.9 1.4 .3 14PT1-62 Alibates 2.4 1.1 .3 14PT1-67 Alibates 2.6 1.2 .4 14PT1-57 Alibates 2.4 1.4 .2 14PT1-64 Alibates 1.8 1.4 .3 14PT1-66 Alibates 1.6 1.3 .3 14PT1-58 Alibates 1.6 1.3 .3 14PT1-70 Alibates 1.4 1.3 .3 14PT1-59 Alibates 1.8 1.2 .3 14PT1-60 Alibates 1.9 1 .4 14PT1-68 Alibates 1.8 1.1 .2 14PT1-63 Alibates 1 1.3 .3 14PT1-73 Alibates 1 1.4 .3 14PT1-55 Alibates 4.1 2.2 .6

14PT1 End scrapers Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 14PT1-42 Alibates 21 5.6 2.4 1.2 14PT1-41 Alibates 15 4.3 2.6 1.2 14PT1-36 Alibates 6 3.6 2 .9 14PT1-50 Alibates 6 2.9 2.3 1 14PT1-40 Alibates 3 2.2 1.8 .6 14PT1-33 Alibates 3 3.1 1.7 .5 14PT1-39 Alibates 4 2.7 2 .6 14PT1-47 Alibates 3 2.7 1.8 .6 14PT1-44 Alibates 4 3.4 1.7 .6 14PT1-51 Alibates 3 2.4 2 .6 14PT1-34 Alibates 3 2.1 2.1 .6 14PT1-49 Alibates 3 1.9 1.9 .6 14PT1-35 Alibates 4 2.7 2.3 .6 14PT1-48 Alibates 3 2.2 2.1 .7 14PT1-37 Alibates 2 1.7 1.7 .7 14PT1-43 Alibates 3 2.3 1.8 .8 14PT1-46 Alibates 2 1.6 1.9 .4

74 14PT1-45 Alibates 1 1.9 1.4 .4 14PT1-38 Alibates 3 1.6 2. .6

14PT1 Perforators Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 14PT1-54 Alibates 7 7.3 1.2 .7 14PT1-52 Alibates .65 2.1 .9 .4 14Pt1-80 Florence A .8 2.7 .7 .4

14SR501 WSU Points Artifact No. Material Weight Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness (g) 14SR501-255 Florence A 5 3.9 2.4 .5 14SR501-253 Florence A 3 3.5 1.8 .5 14SR501-251 Florence A 3 3 1.9 .5 14SR501-248 Florence A 3 2.9 2 .6 14SR501-244 Florence A 2 2.8 1.6 .4 14SR501-246 Florence A 2 2.9 1.8 .52 14SR501-252 Florence A 2 3.2 1.5 .5 14SR501-249 Mississippian 3 2.9 2.2 .6 14SR501-236 14SR501-226 14SR501-385 14SR501-407 14SR501-269 Alibates .6 2.2 1.45 .3 14SR501-271 Florence C .9 2.7 1.5 .3 14SR501-270 Florence A .6 2 1.1 .3 14SR501-272 Florence A .8 2.3 1.4 .4 14SR501-268 Florence A .5 1.3 3 .3 14SR501-267 Alibates .5 1.6 1.2 .3 14SR501-262 Florence A .6 2.4 1 3.2 14SR501-311 Florence A .8 2 1.5 .2 14SR501-263 Florence A .5 1.8 1.5 .3 14SR501-286 Florence C 1 2.9 1.5 .3 14SR501-276 Florence A .9 2.6 1.4 .3 14SR501-274 Florence A 1.3 2.3 1.9 .4 14SR501-275 Florence A .9 2.3 1.74 .3 14SR501-312 Florence A .8 2.3 1.2 .3 14SR501-363 Florence A .7 2.6 1.1 .3 14SR501-257 Florence A .7 2 1.7 .3 14SR501-273 Florence A .6 2 1.3 .3

75 14SR501-301 Florence A .6 1.7 1.2 .3 14SR501-278 Florence A .4 1.6 1 .3 14SR501-289 Florence A 14SR501-373 Florence A 2.1 2 .3 1.57 14SR501-245 Gray Permian 2.3 2.3 .4 2.39 14SR501-243 Florence A 2.3 2 .3 1.67 14SR501-239 Florence A 1.77 1.9 .4 1.43 14SR501-374 Florence A 2 1.7 .3 1.42 14SR501-372 Florence A 1.5 2 .3 .92 14SR501-371 Gray Permian 1.4 1.9 .3 .85 14SR501-250 Florence A 3 1.8 .5 2.73 14SR501-254 Florence A 3.3 1.6 .4 2.57 14SR501-367 Gray Permian 2.8 1.5 .4 1.71 14SR501-247 Florence A 2.9 1.7 .3 1.4 14SR501-360 Florence A 1.9 1.2 .3 .47 14SR501-393 Gray Permian 2.1 1.2 .5 .78 14SR501-389 Florence A 1.8 1.2 .3 .41 14SR501-382 Florence A 2.3 1.4 .4 .87 14SR501-343 Florence A 2.1 1 .3 .58 14SR501-376 Florence A 2.1 1.8 .3 .72 14SR501-378 Florence A 2.5 1.6 .3 1 14SR501-406 Florence A 3.5 1 .4 1.15 14SR501-381 Florence A 2.9 1.4 .3 .94 14SR501-380 Gray Permian 2.6 1.3 .3 .71 14SR501-231 Florence A 2.8 1.2 .3 1.04 14SR501-374 Florence A 2.4 1.1 .3 .64 14SR501-402 Gray Permian 2.1 1.2 .3 .49 14SR501-408 Florence A 2.5 1.1 .3 .72 14SR501-339 Florence A 2.7 1.4 .3 1.29 14SR501-229 Florence A 2.1 1.3 .3 .68 14SR501-315 Florence A 2.5 1.5 .4 1.17 14SR501-242 Florence A 2.2 1.7 .4 1.53 14SR501-411 Florence A 2.4 1.3 .3 .99 14SR501-337 Florence A 1.9 1.2 .2 .49 14SR501-388 Florence A 2.2 1.4 .3 .72 14SR501-366 Gray Permian 2.3 1.4 .3 95 14SR501-423 Gray Permian 1.8 1.3 .3 .61 14SR501-230 Florence A 2.1 1.5 .3 .66 14SR501-390 Mississippian 2 1.3 .3 .87 14SR501-340 Florence A 2.3 .8 .3 .54 14SR501-344 Florence A 2 1 .2 .39 14SR501-341 Florence A 1.5 .9 .3 .38 14SR501-418 Florence A 1.7 1 .2 .38

76 14SR501-419 Florence A 2 1.2 .3 .55 14SR501-342 Florence A 2 1 .3 .37 14SR501-234 Florence A 1.8 1.8 .3 .73 14SR501-379 Gray Permian 1.9 1.6 .3 .82 14SR501-290 Gray Permian 2 1 .2 .45 14SR501-325 Gray Permian 1.8 1.1 .3 .44 14SR501-391 Gray Permian 1.3 1.7 .3 .51 14SR501-345 Gray Permian 2.1 1.1 .3 .57 14SR501-346 Mississippian 1.5 1.3 .2 .35

14SR501-316 Florence A .2 .13 .7 .3 14SR501-308 Florence A .69 1.7 1.6 .3 14SR501-306 Florence A .62 1.6 1.8 .4 14SR501-265 Florence A .58 1.5 1.4 .3 14SR501-326 Florence A .85 1.5 1.4 .4 14SR501-293 Florence A .31 .9 1.5 .3 14SR501-295 Florence A .33 1.1 1.4 .3 14SR501-319 Florence A .37 1 1.7 .3 14SR501-309 Florence A .55 1.7 1.3 .3 14SR501-284 Peoria .92 2 1.6 .4 14SR501-266 Florence A .51 1.8 1.5 .3 14SR501-304 Florence A .46 1.7 1.3 .3 14SR501-310 Florence A .98 2.1 1./6 .4 14SR501-279 Florence A .34 1.4 1.4 .3 14SR501-300 Florence A .63 1./6 1.4 .3 14SR501-350 Florence A .74 1.3 1.7 .4 14SR501-307 Florence A .6 1.4 1.4 .3 14SR501-305 Florence A .47 1.8 1.4 .4 14SR501-318 Florence A .4 .9 1.7 .3 14SR501-264 Florence A .52 1.4 1.4 .3 14SR501-323 Florence A .57 1.4 1.6 .3 14SR501-297 Permian .89 1.4 1.7 .4 14SR501-303 Florence A .58 1.6 1.6 .3 14SR501-292 Florence A .33 .9 1.1 .3 14SR501-258 Florence A .3 1.2 1.1 .3 14SR501-260 Florence A .43 1.5 1.5 .3 14SR501-296 Florence A .49 1 1.7 .3 14SR501-321 Florence A .48 1.1 1.5 .3 14SR501-317 Florence A .34 .9 1.5 .3 14SR501-349 Florence A .34 .8 1 .3 14SR501-299 Florence A .41 1.4 1.2 .3 14SR501-298 Florence A .43 1.2 1.4 .3 14SR501-281 Florence A .49 2 1.1 .3 14SR501-282 Alibates .67 2.2 1.2 .4

77 14SR501-283 Florence A .59 2.1 1.2 .3 14SR501-280 Florence A .36 1.7 .9 .3 14SR501-261 Florence A .31 1.6 1.1 .3 14SR501-278 Florence A 14SR501-347 Florence A .63 2.4 1.1 .3 14SR501-335 Florence A .61 1.9 1.6 .3

14SR501 Knives Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 14SR501-223 Florence A 30 10.7 3.4 .7 14SR501-224 Florence D 28 9.3 3.34 .98 14SR501-427 Florence A 6 1.9 2.89 .76 14SR501-442 Florence A 24 11.64 2.6 .84 14SR501-444 Florence A 29 8.94 3.59 .9 14SR501-441 Florence A 35 11.5 3.2 1 14SR501-443 Florence A 39 11.72 3.1 1.1 14SR501-436 Florence A 11 6 2.33 .75 14SR501-229 Florence A 4 3 2.1 .61 14SR501-433 Florence A 14 6 2.87 .92 14SR501-447 Florence A 44 10.1 3.65 .99 14SR501-432 Florence A 15 4.33 2.77 .86 14SR501-428 Florence A 5 2.24 1.94 .92 14SR501-430 Florence A 11 2.75 3.36 .81 14SR501-431 Florence A 13 3.8 3.13 .95 14SR501-440 Florence A 16 6.7 2.71 .72 14SR501-439 Florence A 20 7.6 3.21 .89 14SR501-427 Florence A 6 2.89 1.9 .76 14SR501-448 Florence A 25 6.8 3.35 .9 14SR501-435 Florence A 25 7.1 3.6 .85 14SR501-446 Florence A 22 8.8 3.5 .86 14SR501-445 Florence A 30 8.2 3.9 .7 14SR501-451 Florence A 28 7.1 3.8 1 14SR501-438 Florence A 25 5.82 3.6 .96 14SR501-437 Florence A 18 5.19 3.7 1.06 14SR501-434 Florence A 9 5 2.75 .79 14SR501-449 Florence A 37 11.6 4.5 .82 14SR501-521 Florence A 35 `7.8 4.6 .81

78 14SR501-452 Florence A 16 6.2 2.58 1.1 14SR501-450 Florence A 13 2.6 5.5 .86 UNLABELED

14SR501 End scrapers Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length Width (cm) Thickness 14SR501-96 Alibates 1 2.3 1.4 .6 14SR501-97 Alibates 2 1.97 1.69 .8 14SR501-117 Alibates 2 2.5 1.7 .52 14SR501-99 Alibates 2 2.3 1.7 .59 14SR501-101 Alibates 2 2.3 1.5 .71 14SR501-108 Alibates 3 2.6 1.8 .6 14SR501-110 Alibates 4 3.1 1.7 .6 14SR501-214 Alibates 6 3.4 2.3 .6 14SR501-221 Alibates 9 3.8 2.5 .7 14SR501-158 Alibates 6 4.3 2.1 .65 14SR501-113 Alibates 5 3.2 2 .8 14SR501-104 Alibates 3 2.8 1.5 .7 14SR501-95 Alibates 2 1.9 1.5 .68 14SR501-194 Alibates 4 3.3 1.7 .7 14SR501-102 Alibates 3 2.7 1.9 .6 14SR501-105 Alibates 3 2.5 1.7 .7 14SR501-181 Florence A 32 7 2.6 1.7 14SR501-167 Florence A 13 4.4 2.8 1.2 14SR501-182 Florence A 15 5.6 2.2 1.2 14SR501-219 Florence A 7 4.3 2.1 .8 14SR501-215 Florence A 7 4.7 2 .8 14SR501-216 Florence A 8 4.4 2.2 .7 14SR501-166 Florence A 8 4.1 2.1 .9 14SR501-217 Florence A 5 4.4 1.8 .6 14SR501-187 Florence A 8 4.3 2 .8 14SR501-190 Florence A 7 4 2 1 14SR501-163 Florence A 7 4 2 .7 14SR501-153 Florence A 7 3.5 2.2 .9 14SR501-218 Florence A 10 4 2.4 1.1 14SR501-162 Florence A 7 3.6 1.8 1 14SR501-125 Florence A 2 2.7 1.8 .5 14SR501-135 Florence A 11 4.9 2.4 .9 14SR501-159 Florence A 9 4.6 2.2 .9 14SR501-184 Florence A 18 4.4 2.6 1.7

79 14SR501-144 Florence A 4 3.2 1.7 .7 14SR501-118 Florence A 2 2.2 1.7 .6 14SR501-140 Florence A 4 2.9 2.1 .7 14SR501-164 Florence A 5 3.5 2.2 .6 14SR501-148 Florence A 5 3.3 2.1 .8 14SR501-155 Florence A 3 3.2 1.9 .5 14SR501-203 Florence A 6 3.8 1.9 .7 14SR501-209 Florence A 4 3.5 2.1 .6 14SR501-152 Florence A 5 3.4 2 .7 14SR501-147 Florence A 5 3.5 1.9 .7 14SR501-131 Florence A 4 2.5 1.9 .7 14SR501-123 Florence A 2 2.6 1.7 .5 14SR501-149 Florence A 5 3.3 2.2 .7 14SR501-161 Florence A 8 3.5 2 .9 14SR501-151 Florence A 5 2.9 2.2 .7 14SR501-157 Florence A 7 3.4 2.2 .9 14SR501-205 Florence A 4 3.2 2 .7 14SR501-136 Florence A 3 2.8 2 .5 14SR501-138 Florence A 5 3 1.8 .8 14SR501-134 Florence A 3 3 1.7 .7 14SR501-137 Florence A 5 3.4 2 .7 14SR501-129 Florence A 5 2.7 2 1 14SR501-111 Florence A 5 3.2 2 .6 14SR501-201 Florence A 4 3.4 1.8 .6 14SR501-142 Florence A 5 3.3 1.9 .8 14SR501-207 Florence A 6 3.2 2 .9 14SR501-199 Florence A 5 2.7 2.3 .8 14SR501-126 Florence A 4 2.5 2 .8 14SR501-141 Florence A 4 3.2 2.3 .6 14SR501-116 Florence A 1 2.2 1.8 .7 14SR501-127 Florence A 3 3.1 1.7 .5 14SR501-202 Florence A 4 3.3 1.8 .6 14SR501-133 Florence A 3 2.6 1.9 .6 14SR501-206 Florence A 4 3.3 1.8 .7 14SR501-180 Florence A 3 2.6 1.9 .7 14SR501-200 Florence A 4 2.9 1.9 .6 14SR501-121 Florence A 3 2 2 .8 14SR501-115 Florence A 2 2.1 1.9 .5 14SR501-130 Florence A 8 3.2 2.1 1.4 14SR501-212 Florence A 8 3.8 2.1 1 14SR501-178 Florence A 3 2.5 2 .7

80 14SR501-196 Florence A 12 5.8 2.3 .8 14SR501-160 Florence A 12 4.1 2.3 1.3 14SR501-208 Florence A 5 2.9 2 .9 14SR501-119 Florence A 3 2.9 1.7 .6 14SR501-186 Florence A 8 4.4 2 .8 14SR501-198 Florence A 3 2.7 2.2 .7 14SR501-139 Florence A 4 3.1 1.8 .7 14SR501-183 Florence A 14 6.2 2.7 .9 14SR501-185 Florence A 11 5.3 2 1 14SR501-220 Florence A 15 4.3 3.6 .8 14SR501-165 Florence A 7 3.8 2.4 .8 14SR501-143 Florence A 4 2.9 1.8 .7 14SR501-122 Florence A 3 2.5 1.9 .6 14SR501-154 Florence A 8 3.5 2 .9 14SR501-150 Florence A 4 2.7 2.1 .7 14SR501-128 Florence A 4 2.6 2.1 .6 14SR501-211 Florence A 5 3.3 2.3 .7 14SR501-210 Florence A 6 3.3 2.3 .9 14SR501-146 Florence A 7 3 2.6 1 14SR501-124 Florence A 2 2.3 1.7 .5 14SR501-145 Florence A 3 2.6 1.9 .7 14SR501-114 Florence A 2 2.2 1.7 .5 14SR501-168 Florence A 2 2.2 1.6 .8 14SR501-120 Florence A 3 2.2 1.8 .7 14SR501-191 Florence A 7 3.2 2.4 1 14SR501-109 Florence A 3 3 1.7 .6 14SR501-174 Florence A 2 2.3 1.9 .5 14SR501-204 Florence A 3 2.8 1.9 .6 14SR501-103 Florence A 4 2.6 1.7 .9 14SR501-179 Permian 3 2.6 1.8 .7 14SR501-100 Florence A 6 3 2.2 .9 14SR501-132 Florence A 3 2.6 2 .6 14SR501-107 Permian 3 2.6 1.9 .7 14SR501-98 Florence A 3 2.3 2.1 .6 14SR501-156 Florence A 4 3.4 2.1 .4 14SR501-225 Florence A 9 4.2 2.2 1 14SR501-189 Florence A 9 4.1 2.2 1.1 14SR501-193 Florence A 5 3.2 2 .7 14SR501-188 Permian 7 4.1 2.2 .8 14SR501-171 Permian 3 2.2 1.9 .9

81 14SR501-192 Permian 6 3.7 2 .9 14SR501-195 Permian 4 3.1 2 .5 14SR501-177 Permian 3 2.6 1.8 .6 14SR501-173 Permian 3 2.3 1.7 .9 14SR501-222 Smoky Hill 8 3.8 2.9 .6 14SR501-176 Chalcedony 4 2.8 1.8 .8 14SR501-172 Chalcedony 4 2.5 2.1 .8 14SR501-175 Permian 3 2.5 1.8 .7 14SR501-197 Unknown 5 2.9 1.8 1 14SR501-112 Alibates 5 3 2.2 .8 14SR501-106 Alibates 3 2.2 2.2 .5 14SR501-169 Florence A 2 1.9 1.8 .6 14SR501-170 Florence A 2 2.1 1.7 .5

14SR501 Perforators Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 14SR501-455 Florence A .5 2.1 .5 .3 14SR501-462 Florence A 5 3.4 2.5 .7 14SR501-454 Florence A .5 1.4 .6 .4 14SR501-460 Florence A 3 1.8 2.6 .7 14SR501-465 Florence A 8 3.9 2.5 1.1 14SR501-456 Florence A 1 2 1.5 .5 14SR501-457 Florence A 2 2.1 2.4 .6 14SR501-453 Florence A 1 2.9 1.1 .5 14SR501-464 Florence A 6 5.3 2. .5 14SR501-461 Florence A 2 4.2 2 .4 14SR501-458 Florence A 2 2 2.3 .6 14SR501-459 Florence A 4 4.3 2.7 .6 14SR501-463 Smoky Hill 4 5 1 .8 Jasper

14SR501 Grove-McKellips End scrapers Artifact No./ Materials Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness Phot (cm) 5a Florence A 5 3.3 1.9 .9 6a Gray Permian 6 4.1 2 .7 7a Florence A 6 4.2 2 .8 8a Florence A 5 3 2 .9 9a Florence A 5 3.1 2 .9 10a Florence A 8 3.9 2.1 .9 11a Florence A 19 7.9 2.1 .9

82 1b Gray Permian 1 1.8 1.6 .3 2b Florence A 2 2.4 2.6 .8 3b Florence A 3 2.5 1.8 .7 4b Florence A 18 5.4 2.7 .9 5b Florence A 5 2.9 2.1 .9 6b Florence A 4 2.6 2 .8 7b Alibates 6 2.8 2.1 .8 8b Florence A 3 2.8 1.9 .6 9b Florence A 4 2.8 1.9 1 10b Alibates 5 4.1 1.8 .5 11b Florence A 4 2.9 2 .6 12b Florence A 4 3 2.1 .7 13b Alibates 4 2.1 2.8 .9

14SR501 Grove-McKellips Points Artifact No. Material Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 35b 2.6 1.2 .6 36b Florence A 2 1.3 .3 37b 1.6 1.4 .2 38b Florence A 2.1 1.1 .2 39b Florence A 2 1.4 .3 40b Florence A 1.7 1.4 .2 41b Florence A 1.8 1.3 .2 42b Florence A 1.8 1.2 .3 43b Florence A 2 1.4 .3 44b Gray Permian 1.5 1.3 .3 45b 2.1 1.4 .3 46b Gray Permian 1.5 1.3 .3 47b Gray Permian 1.8 1.2 .3 48b Alibates 2 1.6 .3 49b Florence A 2.1 1.3 .3 50b Florence A 2 1.4 .3 51b Florence A 1.6 1.2 .3 52b Florence A 2.1 1.3 .3 53b Florence A 2 1.5 .3 54b Florence A 2.7 1.4 .3 55b Florence A 2.2 1.4 .2 56b Florence A 3 1..7 .3 57b Florence A 1.9 1.6 .3

83 14SR501- Grove McKellips Knives Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness

12 Alibates 23 8.6 2.5 1 13 Florence A 19 8.3 2.5 .7 14 Florence A 21 8 2.9 .8 15 Florence A 17 8 2.4 .8 16 Florence A 34 8.6 3.3 .9 17 Florence A 42 9.2 3.9 1 29 Florence A 17 7.4 3.2 .6 30 Gray Permian 23 8.6 2.7 .8 31 Florence A 40 12.8 2.54 .9 32 Florence A 36 9.7 3.8 .8 33 Florence A 33 9.2 3.7 1 34 Florence A 8 5.5 1.8 .6

Grove-McKellips Perforators Artifact No. Material Weight Length Width Thickness 1 Florence A 2 2.5 2.7 .7 2 Florence A 4 2.9 2.75 .7 3 Florence A 3 2.8 1.8 .8 4 Florence A 4 2.9 2.7 .7

14SR501 – Rockenbach Points Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 3d Florence A .6 2.5 1.3 .2 4d Florence A .8 2.5 1.5 .3 5d Florence A .45 1.8 1.3 .2 6d Florence A .68 1.8 1.3 .3 7d Chalcedony .45 1.7 1.4 .2 8d Florence A .74 2.1 1.3 .4 9d Alibates .54 1.9 1.2 .3 10d Florence A .42 1.8 1.3 .2 11d Gray Permian .74 2 1.2 .3 12d Florence A .68 2.2 1.6 .3 13d Florence A 1.38 2.8 1.7 .4 14d Florence A .52 1.6 1.4 .3 15d Florence A .41 1.6 1.2 .3 16d Florence A .46 1.6 1.6 .3 17d Florence A .4 1.8 1.1 .2 18d Florence A .95 2.1 1.8 .4

84 19d Florence A .9 2.3 1.5 .3 20d Florence A .82 2.1 1.7 .3 21d Florence A .44 1.8 1.3 .3 22d Florence A .73 2 1.3 .3 23d Florence A .53 1.9 1.6 .3 24d Chalcedony .14 1.2 1.1 .1 27d Florence A .67 2.6 1.3 .2 28d 1 2.3 1.6 .3 29d Gray Permian .39 1.8 1 .3 30d Florence A .5 2.1 1.3 .3 31d .42 1.9 1.1 .2 32d Florence A .911 2.3 1.3 .3 33d .9 2.6 1.3 .3 34d Florence A 1.2 2.1 1.6 .3 35d Florence A .7 2.2 1.3 .3 36d Florence A .72 2 .4 .3 37d Florence A .56 2.2 1.2 .2 38d Florence A .84 2.5 1.4 .3 39b Florence A .35 1.5 1.5 .2 40d Florence A .16 1.5 1.1 .2 41d Florence A .54 1.7 1.4 .3 42d Florence A .61 1.9 1.3 .3 43d Florence A .58 2.6 1.4 .3 44d Florence A .51 2 1.3 .3 45d Florence A .84 2 .4 .3 46d Florence A .39 1.4 1.4 .2 47d Chalcedony .64 2.1 1.5 .3 48f Florence A .54 2.5 1.3 .2 49f Florence A .8 2.5 1.3 .3 50f Peoria .51 1.7 1.6 .3 51f Chalcedony .3 1.8 1.1 .3 52f Florence A .4 1.8 1.3 .2 53f .4 1.7 1.2 .2 54f Florence A .7 1.9 1.7 .3 55f Florence A .72 2.1 1.3 .3 56f .22 1.6 1.1 .2 57f Florence A .55 1.9 1.2 .3 58f Florence A .9 2.4 1.2 .3 59f Chalcedony 1 2.4 1.3 .4 60f Florence A .7 2.2 1.3 .3 61f Florence A .57 1.8 1.6 .3

85 62f Florence A .56 1.6 1.3 .3 63f Florence A .55 2.1 1.1 .3 64f Florence A .4 2.3 1.5 .2 65f Florence A 1.15 2.6 1.4 .4 66f .8 2.2 1.2 .3 67f Florence A .57 1.6 1.4 .3 68f Florence A .48 2.4 1.2 .2 69f Florence A .53 1.9 1.6 .2 70f Florence A .48 1.9 1.5 .3 71f Florence A .67 2 1.4 .3 72f Florence A .65 2 1.5 .3 73f Florence A .5 2.1 1.5 .2 74f Florence A .9 2.9 1.6 .3 75f Florence A .9 2.3 1.6 .3 76f Florence A .56 2 1.4 .3 77f Florence A .5 1.8 1.2 .3 78f Florence A .4 1.8 1.3 .3 79f Chalcedony .55 1.9 1.1 .2 80f Florence A .7 1.7 1.5 .3 81f Florence A 1 2.5 1.5 .3 82f Florence A .33 1.6 1.2 .2 83f Alibates .44 1.7 1.2 .2 84f Florence A .6 2.2 1.4 .3 85f Florence A .86 2.5 1.3 .3 86f Florence A .93 2.3 1.3 .3 87f Florence A .92 2.6 1.3 .3 88f .5 2 1.3 .3 89f Florence A .9 2.2 1.6 .3 90f Florence A .53 1.8 1.3 .22 91f Florence A .38 1.7 1.2 .2 92f Florence A .86 2.3 1.5 .3 3b Alibates .87 2.8 2.2 .2 4b Florence A .5 1.9 1.2 .3 5b Alibates .6 1.9 1.4 .3 6b Peoria .63 2.2 1.1 .2 7b Alibates .61 2 1.3 .3 8b Florence A .66 2.3 1.4 .3 9b Gray Permian .5 2 1.2 .2 10b Florence A .7 2.2 1.1 .3 11b Florence A .75 2.3 1.2 .3 12b Florence A .97 2.6 1.6 .3

86 13b Florence A 1.18 2.9 1.4 .4 14b Florence A .84 2.4 1.6 .3 15b Florence A .8 2.4 1.5 .3 16b Gray Permian .55 2.1 1.5 .3 17b Florence A .49 1.9 1.3 .2 18b .94 2.8 1.3 .4 19b Florence A .75 2.2 1.2 .3 20b Alibates .66 2.3 1.4 .2 21b Peoria .56 2 1.2 .3 22b Florence A .4 1.7 1.1 .3 23b Florence A .32 1.5 1.3 .2

9 Florence A 2.3 1.1 0.3 0.57 10 Florence A 2 1.2 0.3 0.8 11 Florence A 1.9 1.2 0.3 0.36 12 Florence A 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.47 13 Florence A 2.2 1.1 0.2 0.51 14 Florence A 1.7 1 0.3 0.27 15 gray Permian 2.1 1.1. 0.3 0.45 16 Florence A 2.3 1.5 0.3 0.7 17 gray Permian 1.8 1.4 0.4 0.68 18 gray Permian 2.1 1.3 0.4 1.18 19 gray Permian 1.4 1.3 0.4 0.61 20 Florence A 2 1.1 0.2 0.5 21 Florence A 1.7 0.9 0.3 0.35 22 Florence A 1.8 0.9 0.2 0.26 23 gray Permian 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.38 24 Florence A 1.4 1 0.3 0.4 25 Florence A 1.4 1.1 0.3 0.38 26 Florence A 1.2 1 0.3 0.22 27 Florence A 1.6 1.1 0.3 .42 28 Florence A 1.9 1.2 0.3 0.35 29 Florence A 1.5 1.3 0.3 0.62 30 Florence A 1.7 0.8 0.2 0.26 31 Florence A 1.5 1 0.3 0.27 32 Florence A 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.19 33 Florence A 1.7 1.4 0.2 0.48 34 Florence A 2 1.1 0.3 0.4 35 gray Permian 1.8 1.2 0.3 0.55 36 Florence A 1.7 1.2 0.3 0.62 37 Florence A 1.6 1.4 0.3 0.6

87 38 Florence A 1.8 1.5 0.3 0.7 39 gray Permian 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.17 40 Florence A 2.1 1.1 0.3 0.53 41 Florence A 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.49 42 Florence A 1.5 1 0.3 0.22 43 Florence A 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.3 44 alibates 1.3 1 0.4 0.49 45 alibates 2 1.3 0.3 0.61 46 alibates 1.8 1.4 0.6 0.75 47 alibates 1.7 1.6 0.3 0.66 48 alibates 1.7 1.1 0.3 0.7 49 alibates 1.1 1.5 0.4 0.48 50 Peoria 1.8 0.6 0.3 0.29 51 gray Permian 1.8 1.4 0.4 0.68 52 gray Permian 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.77 53 unknown 1.6 1.1 0.3 0.67 54 Florence A 2.3 1 0.3 0.63 55 Florence A 1.6 1.4 0.3 0.56 56 Florence A 2 1.3 0.2 0.62 57 Florence A 1.2 0.98 0.3 0.27 58 Florence A 2 1.4 0.2 0.62 59 Florence A 1.6 1.4 0.3 0.75 60 Florence A 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.42 61 Florence A 1.8 1.6 4 1 62 Florence A 1.7 1.6 0.3 0.79 63 Florence A 1.9 1.1 0.3 64 Florence A 1.3 1 0.2 0.35 65 Florence A 1.7 1.6 0.4 0.93 66 Florence A 1.5 1.3 0.4 0.49 67 Florence A 2 1.4 0.4 0.76 68 Florence A 1.3 1.3 0.3 0.47 69 Florence A 1.4 1.1 0.3 0.36 70 Florence A 1.5 1.6 0.3 0.68 71 Florence A 1.7 1.5 0.3 0.6 72 Florence A 1.8 1.4 0.4 0.97 73 Florence A 2.1 1.2 0.4 0.73 74 Florence A 1.6 1.4 0.3 0.65 75 Florence A 1.5 1.3 0.3 0.61 76 Florence A 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.51 77 Florence A 1.4 0.9 0.3 0.28 78 Florence A 1.4 1 0.3 0.37 79 Florence A 1.6 1.1 0.3 0.55

88 80 gray Permian 1.2 1.6 0.2 0.5 81 Florence A 0.8 1.3 0.2 0.28 82 Florence A 1.3 1.7 0.3 0.54 83 Florence A 1.4 1.5 0.3 0.47 84 Florence A 1.2 1.5 0.2 0.46 85 Florence A 1.1 1.8 0.3 0.61 86 Florence A 0.9 1.6 0.3 0.4 87 Florence A 1.1 1.3 0.2 0.31 88 Florence A 1.1 1.5 0.4 0.48 89 Florence A 1.4 1.2 0.2 0.4 90 Florence A 1.4 1.3 0.3 0.32 91 Florence A 0.9 1.1 0.3 0.27 92 Florence A 1.1 1.9 0.3 0.76 93 Florence A 1.3 1.4 0.3 0.56 94 Florence A 1.5 1.3 0.4 0.52 95 Florence A 1.5 1.3 0.3 0.45 Florence A 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.39 96 97 Florence A 1 1.4 0.2 0.37 98 Florence A 0.9 1.3 0.3 0.31 99 Florence A 1.5 1.1 0.3 0.43 100 Florence A 1 1.5 0.3 0.58 101 Florence A 0.9 1.4 0.3 0.37 102 Florence A 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.4 103 Florence A 1.2 1.4 0.4 0.43 104 Florence A 1 1.4 0.2 0.37 105 Florence A 1.4 1.3 0.3 0.5 106 Florence A 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.48 107 alibates 1.4 1.6 0.4 0.8 108 Florence A 1.4 1 0.4 0.5 109 Florence A 1.4 1.7 0.3 0.64

110 1.7 1 0.3 0.45 111 1 1.1 0.3 0.34 112 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.51 113 1.4 1.3 0.2 0.4 114 1.3 1.5 0.3 0.48 115 0.9 0.7 0.2 .11 116 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.47

89 117 1.3 1.5 0.2 0.33 118 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.72

2 2.6 1.8 0.4 2.02 Florence A 3 2.6 1.7 0.4 2 Florence A 4 2.3 1.7 0.4 1.65 gray Permian 5 3.3 1.6 0.6 3.47 Florence A 6 3.1 1.6 0.4 1.73 Florence A 7 3.1 1.8 0.3 1.54 Florence A 8 2.7 1.4 0.4 1.36 Florence A 9 2 1.8 0.3 1.34 Florence A 10 2.9 1.9 0.5 2.22 Florence A 11 2.7 2 0.4 2.04 Florence A 12 2.4 1.9 0.4 2.27 Florence A 13 3.2 1.5 0.4 1.51 alibates 14 2.3 1.7 0.4 1.64 alibates 15 1.4 1.5 0.2 0.4 alibates 16 2.1 1.5 0.3 0.97 alibates 17 1.8 1.3 0.3 0.55 alibates 18 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.83 alibates 19 2.5 1.7 0.4 1.25 alibates 20 2.2 1.8 0.3 1.53 Florence A 21 1.9 1.5 0.3 0.9 Florence A 22 2.3 1.6 0.5 1.84 Florence A 23 2.4 1.3 0.2 0.81 Florence A 24 2 1.6 0.4 1.26 Florence A 25 2.2 1.3 0.4 1.05 Florence A 26 1.9 1.6 0.4 1.52 Florence A 27 2.5 2.1 0.4 2 Florence A 28 2.3 2.1 0.5 1.86 Florence A 29 2 2 0.4 1.91 Florence A 30 2.5 1.8 0.5 2.33 Florence A 31 2.2 1.8 0.4 1.6 Florence A 32 2.3 1.9 0.4 1.64 Florence A

1 2.2 1.7 0.3 1.09 Florence A 2 2.1 1.6 0.3 1.22 Florence A 3 2.2 1.9 0.3 1.33 Florence A

90 4 1.9 1.8 0.2 0.8 Florence A 5 2.1 1.4 0.3 0.83 Florence A 6 2.3 1.9 .4 2.26 Florence A 7 1.9 1.6 0.3 1.03 Florence A 8 1.8 1.7 0.3 0.98 Florence A 9 2.6 1.4 0.5 2.21 Florence A 10 2.1 1.5 0.3 1.06 Florence A 11 2.2 1.7 0.3 1.37 Florence A 12 2.1 1.5 0.4 0.96 Florence A 13 2.1 2 0.3 1.58 Florence A 14 2.4 1.4 0.3 1.29 Florence A 15 1.6 1.6 0.3 1.5 Florence A 16 2 1.5 0.3 0.85 Florence A 17 1.7 1.7 0.3 0.99 Florence A 18 2 1.6 0.3 0.74 Florence A 19 2 1.6 0.3 0.98 Florence A 20 2.4 1.5 0.3 1.32 unknown 21 2 1.7 0.4 1.18 Florence A 22 2.5 1.5 0.3 1.23 Florence A 23 2.5 1.4 0.4 1.4 Florence A 24 2.1 1.8 0.4 1.34 Florence A 25 2.2 1.8 0.3 1.39 Florence A 26 2.2 1.5 0.2 0.83 Florence A 27 1.7 1.8 0.5 1.4 Florence A 28 2 1.5 0.3 0.95 Florence A 29 2.6 1.5 0.3 0.95 Florence A 30 1.7 1.8 0.3 0.9 Florence A 31 2.2 1.6 0.4 1.41 smoky hill 32 2.1 1.5 0.2 0.85 Florence A 33 2.9 1.3 0.4 1.49 Florence A 34 2 1.8 0.4 1.3 Florence A 35 1.7 1.8 0.4 1.01 Florence A 36 2.1 1.9 0.4 1 Florence A 37 1.8 1.8 0.3 0.87 Florence A 38 1.6 1.7 0.3 0.82 Florence A 39 2 1.4 0.3 0.78 Florence A 40 1.9 1.5 0.3 0.93 Florence A 41 2.1 1.6 0.3 1.07 Permian 42 1.9 1.5 0.3 0.8 Florence A 43 1.7 1.4 0.3 0.77 Florence A 44 1.9 1.4 0.4 0.89 Florence A

91 45 1.6 1.3 0.2 0.52 Florence A 46 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.49 Florence A 47 1.9 1.5 0.3 0.78 Florence A 48 2.1 1.5 0.3 0.97 Florence A 49 1.9 1.6 0.3 0.73 Florence A 50 2 1.4 0.2 0.65 Florence A 51 2.3 1.4 0.4 0.97 Florence A 52 1.9 1.3 0.3 0.81 Florence A 53 1.8 1.4 0.2 0.73 Florence A 54 2.1 1 0.2 0.52 Florence A 55 2.2 1.5 0.3 0.86 Florence A 56 1.7 1.6 0.3 0.92 Florence A 57 1.8 1.5 0.3 0.71 Florence A 58 1.9 1.4 0.3 0.9 Florence A 59 1.9 1.4 0.4 0.85 Permian 60 2 1.4 0.3 0.85 Florence A 61 2.1 1.4 0.2 0.69 Florence A 62 2 1.3 0.4 0.88 Florence A 63 1.9 1.3 0.3 0.75 Florence A 64 1.7 1.2 0.3 0.67 Florence A 65 2.3 1.6 0.4 1.2 Florence A 66 1.9 1.2 0.3 0.55 Florence A 67 2 1.4 0.3 0.56 Florence A 68 1.8 1.3 0.2 0.57 Florence A 69 1.8 1.2 0.3 0.66 Florence A 70 1.5 1.2 0.3 0.57 Florence A 71 1.7 1.3 0.3 0.79 Florence A 72 1.7 1.4 0.3 0.94 Florence A 73 1.6 1.3 0.3 0.62 Florence A 74 1.7 1.5 0.3 0.82 Florence A 75 1.6 1.4 0.2 0.54 Florence A 76 2.3 1.1 0.4 0.88 Florence A 77 1.8 1.4 0.3 0.73 Florence A 78 2.5 1.3 0.3 0.99 Florence A 79 1.7 1.8 0.3 0.75 Florence A 80 2 1.4 0.3 0.86 Florence A 81 1.8 1.5 0.4 0.93 Florence A 82 2 1.4 0.4 1.01 Florence A 83 2.8 1.2 0.3 0.91 Florence A 84 2.4 1.3 0.3 1.18 Florence A 85 2 1.1 0.3 0.9 Florence A

92 86 2.3 1.1 0.2 0.63 Florence A 87 2.2 1.2 0.4 0.71 Florence A 88 2.2 1.2 0.3 0.94 Florence A 89 2 1.2 0.3 0.87 Florence A 90 1.9 1 0.3 0.64 Florence A 91 2.2 1.1 0.4 0.85 Florence A 92 2.1 1.4 0.4 0.82 Florence A 93 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.64 Peoria 94 1.9 1.3 0.4 0.93 Florence A 95 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.22 Florence A 96 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.53 Florence A 97 1.3 1.2 0.3 0.42 Florence A 98 1.6 0.9 0.2 0.35 Florence A 99 1.8 1 0.2 0.45 Florence A 100 1.6 1.3 0.3 0.48 Florence A 101 1.6 1.1 0.3 0.45 Florence A 102 1.2 1.3 0.3 0.39 Florence A 103 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.59 alibates 104 1.8 1.3 0.4 0.91 Florence A 105 1.4 1.3 0.3 0.59 Peoria 106 1.5 1.3 0.3 0.63 alibates 107 1.6 1.3 0.3 0.51 Florence A 108 1.5 1.3 0.3 0.59 Permian 109 1.4 1.3 0.2 0.33 Florence A 110 1.3 1.3 0.2 0.49 smoky hill 111 1.6 1.3 0.3 0.49 Florence A 112 1.3 1.1 0.3 0.5 Permian 113 2.1 1.9 0.3 1.39 Florence A 114 2.1 1.9 0.3 1.39 Florence A 115 2.9 1.4 0.4 1.21 Florence A 116 2.9 1.8 0.4 2.37 Florence A 117 2.8 1.6 0.4 1.7 Florence A 118 2.2 1.6 0.3 1.06 Florence A 119 2.8 1.7 0.3 1.59 Florence A 120 2.l8 1.5 0.4 1.23 unknown 121 2.5 1.7 0.3 1.15 Florence A 122 2.2 2 0.4 1.61 Florence A 123 2.7 1.8 0.2 1.13 Florence A 124 2.5 1.6 0.4 1.19 Florence A 125 1.8 1.8 0.3 0.93 Florence A 126 2.4 1.6 0.3 0.99 Florence A

93 127 2.9 1.9 0.3 1.56 Florence A 128 2.8 1.5 0.3 1.22 Florence A 129 2.3 1.4 0.3 1.03 Florence A 130 2.3 1.3 0.3 1.23 Florence A 131 3.3 1.9 0.6 2.65 Florence A 132 2.6 1.6 .6 3.78 Florence A 133 2.2 1.2 0.3 1.46 Florence A 134 3.1 1.5 0.3 1.17 Florence A 135 2.2 1.5 0.3 0.8 Florence A 136 2.2 1.6 0.3 1.1 Florence A 137 2.5 1.4 1.01 Florence A 138 2.3 1.3 0.2 0.66 Florence A 139 2.7 1.7 0.4 1.5 Florence A 140 2.1 2 0.3 1.41 Florence A 141 2.2 1.7 0.3 1.18 Florence A 142 1.9 1.7 0.3 0.75 Florence A 143 1.6 1.5 0.2 0.44 Florence A 144 2 2.1 0.3 1.15 Florence A 145 1.7 1.5 0.3 0.67 Florence A 146 1.7 1.4 0.3 0.66 Florence A 147 1.9 1.7 0.3 1.22 Florence A

14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers 5a 3.7 1.6 .5 3 Permian 6a 3.7 1.7 .6 4 Florence A 7a 3.3 2 .7 4 Florence A 8a 3.3 1.9 .8 5 Florence A 9a 3.2 2.2 .8 6 Florence A 10a 3.2 2 .8 5 Florence A 11a 3.9 2 8 7 Florence A 12a 4.1 2.2 .8 7 Florence A 13a 3.6 2.4 .9 7 Florence A 14a 3.8 1.8 .7 5 Florence A 15a 4.3 1.9 .5 5 Florence A 16a 4.6 3 .8 9 Florence A 17a 4.6 2.2 1 10 Florence A 18a 4.1 2.2 .9 9 Florence A 19a 4.5 2.2 .8 9 Florence A 20a 3.2 2.2 1.1 7 Florence A 21a 4.3 2.1 1 9 Florence A 22a 4.5 2.2 1.2 12 Florence A

94 23a 4.2 2.2 1.2 12 Florence A 24a 4.2 2.2 1 10 Florence A 25a 4 2.3 1 10 Florence A 26a 3.4 1.9 1 6 Florence A 27a 3.9 2.2 1.1 9 Florence A 28a 3.4 1.8 .9 5 Florence A 26c 2.7 2 .5 3.64 Florence A 27c 2.6 2 .7 3.9 Florence A 28c 2.3 1.9 .4 2.71 Florence A 29c 2.5 1.8 .5 2.61 Florence A 30c 2.7 1.6 .8 4.04 Florence A 31c 2.6 1.6 .5 3.18 Peoria 32c 2.4 1.7 .6 3.09 Florence A 33c 3.1 1.4 .5 2.8 Florence A 34c 2.8 2 .6 4.22 Florence A 35c 2.9 1.8 .8 4.58 Florence A 36c 2.6 1.9 .5 3.07 Florence A 37c 2.5 1.6 .6 2.76 Florence A 38c 2.6 2 .7 4.17 Florence A 39c 2.6 1.7 .5 2.65 Florence A 40c 2.6 1.8 .6 3.73 Florence A 41c 2.8 1.6 .6 2.39 Florence A 30e 10 2 .8 18 Florence A 31e 7 2.4 1.2 18 Florence A 32e 5.2 2.2 .6 10 Florence A 33e 5.2 2 .6 10 Florence A 34e 3.3 2.2 .5 4 Florence A 35e 4.9 1.9 .9 9 Florence A 36e 6.7 2 .7 13 Florence A 37e 7 2 1 17 Florence A 38e 8.6 2.1 1 19 Florence A 39e 6.1 2.1 1 19 Florence A 40e 5.5 1.7 .8 7 Permian 41e 5.6 3.4 .5 9 Florence A 42e 5.3 2.3 .7 10 Florence A 43e 5.9 1.8 1 15 Florence A

14SR501 Rockenbach Pile of End scrapers

1j 5.7 2.1 1.1 21.86 Florence A 2j 5.3 2.2 .9 11.98 Florence A

95 3j 3.5 2.1 1 8.03 Florence A 4j 3.7 1.8 .7 7.27 Florence A 5j 3.9 1.9 1.1 8.55 Florence A 6j 3.5 2 .8 6.83 Florence A 7j 3.2 2.5 .7 6.82 Florence A 8j 3.6 2.1 .7 6.26 Florence A 9j 3.6 2.1 .7 7.15 Florence A 10j 3.7 2.2 .6 7.44 Florence A 12j 3.3 2 .5 4.08 Florence A 13j 3.2 2.1 .6 5.19 Florence A 14j 3.3 2 .5 4.87 Florence A 15j 3.9 2 .5 4.27 Florence A 16j 2.9 2.1 .7 5.07 Florence A 17j 3.8 2.8 .6 7.59 Alibates 18j 3.4 2.2 .7 6.12 Alibates 19j 3 1.8 .67 4.41 Alibates 20j 3 2 .5 3.73 Alibates 21j 2.4 2.3 .8 4.39 Alibates 22j 3.1 1.8 .8 4.98 Florence A 23j 3.4 1.8 .4 3.56 Florence A 24j 3.7 2.4 .8 8.66 Unknown 25j 3.1 2 .7 4.93 Unknown 26j 3 1.9 .8 4.39 Unknown 27j 3 .17 .7 3.17 Florence A 28j 3.3 2 .8 5.36 Florence A 29j 3.3 1.8 .9 5.32 Florence A 30jj 3.4 1.9 .8 4.97 Florence A 31j 3 1.8 .7 4.23 Alibates 32j 2.4 2.1 .4 3.34 Alibates 33j 4 1.6 .4 3.5 Alibates 34j 3.1 2.1 .6 3.89 Florence A 35j 2.7 2.1 .7 4.04 Florence A 36j 3.5 2.2 .7 4.39 Alibates 37j 2.7 2.1 .9 4.72 Florence A 38j 2.3 1.7 .8 2.72 Florence A 39j 3 1.7 1 4.49 Unknown 40j 3.1 1.7 .7 4.45 Unknown 41j 3.2 1.5 .6 5.45 Florence A 42j 2.7 2.1 .6 3.88 Florence A 43j 2.6 1.8 .4 2.16 Florence A 44j 2.7 1.8 .4 3.04 Florence A 45j 2.2 1.7 .6 2.24 Unknown 46j 2.9 2.9 1 5.95 Florence A 47j 2.1 1.9 .7 3.41 Alibates 48j 3.1 2.2 .7 4.56 Florence A

96 49j 2.8 1.7 .6 3.23 Florence A 50j 2.5 1.9 .8 3.24 Florence A 51j 2.9 1.6 .6 2.15 Florence A 52j 2.8 1.6 .5 2.01 Permian 53j 2.4 1.7 .6 2.03 Florence A 54j 2.8 2 .5 3.53 Florence A 55j 2.1 1.7 .8 2.34 Unknown 56j 1.8 1.8 .8 2.28 Florence A 57j 2.6 1.7 .7 2.76 Florence A 58j 2.2 1.9 .6 2.28 Florence A 59j 2.6 1.6 .7 2.72 Unknown 60j 2.4 1.9 .5 2.34 Florence A 61j 2.1 1.8 .6 2.6 Florence A 62j 2 1.7 .7 2.33 Florence A 63j 3.6 2.7 1.3 3.56 Chalcedony 64j 3 1.9 .8 5.58 Florence A 65j 4.5 2.2 .7 7.34 Florence A 66j 3.3 2.4 .5 4.98 Florence A 67j 3.6 2.5 1 8.02 Florence A 68j 3.1 2.1 .9 5.69 Florence A 69j 3.1 2.1 .6 3.87 Florence A 70j 2.2 1.7 .7 3.42 Florence A 71j 2.5 1.5 .7 2.05 Florence A 72j 2.8 1.9 1.1 5.36 Florence A 73j 2.6 2 .9 4.789 Alibates 74j 3.2 1.8 .6 3.11 Florence A 75j 2.9 1.8 .7 3.92 Florence A 76j 2.8 1.8 .7 3.22 Florence A 77j 2.2 2 .7 3.49 Florence A 78j 2.1 1.8 .7 2.35 Chalcedony 79j 2.5 1.9 .9 4.24 Florence A 80j 2.8 1.9 .8 4.42 Florence A 81j 2.5 2 .6 3.58 Alibates 82j 4.3 2.4 1.3 3.51 Florence A 83j 3.3 2.1 1 6.18 Florence A 84j 3.3 2.1 1 6.18 Florence A 85j 2.6 1.9 .5 3.28 Florence A 113k 2.1 1.8 .7 2.35 Peoria? 114k 1.9 2.1 .5 2.5 Alibates 115k 3.3 2.1 .7 4.9 Unknown 116k 3.5 2.3 1 8.18 Florence A 117k 4.1 2.89 1.7 9.5 Florence A 118k 3.8 1.7 .7 6.3 Florence A 1 2.8 1.8 .7 3.39 Florence A 2 3.3 2.1 .8 5.76 Florence A

97 3 5.1 3.1 .6 6.48 Florence A 4 3.4 2 .8 6.57 Florence A 5 2.9 1.7 .8 4.88 Florence A 6 3.2 2.1 .9 6.29 Florence A 7 2.1 1.9 .5 2.12 Florence A 8 2.7 2.1 .8 4.75 Florence A 9 3.3 1.9 .8 5.14 Florence A 10 2.9 1.8 .7 4.3 Florence A 11 3.1 1.9 .7 4.51 Florence A 12 2.2 1.9 .6 2.2 Florence A 13 2.8 1.7 .7 4.26 Florence A 14 2.3 1.6 .7 2.36 Florence A 15 2.6 1.5 .5 2.65 Florence A 16 3.2 1.7 .6 3.64 Permian 17 2.9 2.1 .5 3.56 Permian 18 3 2.3 .6 4.5 Permian 19 3.4 2.4 .8 6 Permian 20 2.7 2.1 1 6.92 Florence A 21 2.2 1.6 .4 1.52 Chalcedony 22 2.2 1.8 .7 2.9 Chalcedony 23 1.9 1.8 .7 2.07 Alibates 24 2.4 1.7 .6 2.56 Unknown 25 3.5 2.1 .9 2.7 Alibates 26 2.5 1.6 .5 2.47 Alibates 27 2.4 1.9 .8 3.13 Alibates 28 2.4 1.5 .6 2.05 Alibates 29 2.7 1.7 .7 2.79 Alibates 30 2.8 2 1 6.04 Alibates 31 2.5 1.8 .5 2.65 Unknown 32 2.6 1.7 1.1 5.4 Alibates 33 1.8 1.7 .4 1.54 Alibates 34 1.9 1.7 .6 1.8 Florence A 35 3 2 .8 4.8 Florence A 36 3 2.2 .8 5.95 Florence A 37 3.7 2.2 .9 7.5 Florence A 38 3.2 2.3 1 6.84 39 2.1 1.7 .7 2.78 Florence A 40 2.6 1.8 .8 2.9 Florence A

14SR501 Rockenbach Blades

1a 11 4 .8 30 Florence A 2a 10.1 3.7 .9 30 Florence A

98 3a 10.1 3.9 .9 29 Florence A 4a 8.6 3.3 .8 23 Florence A 24-5c 9.6 2.5 .6 15.57 Florence A 29e 14.1 6.2 1.2 101 Florence A 1-2b 12.2 2.8 .8 24.25 Permian 25d 9.5 2.9 .7 22.02 Peoria 1d 9.8 3.3 .9 30 Florence A 94f 10.7 4.3 .9 51 Florence A 95f 13.5 4.1 1 545 Florence A

14SR501 Rockenbach Pile of Blades

1 5.5 6.6 1 41 2 11.9 3.6 .9 43.59 3 8.2 3.6 .8 34.07 4 8.2 5.8 .9 52.59 5 8.1 4.2 .9 40.8 6 7.4 4.3 .9 34.44 7 7.7 4.7 .7 41.25 8 8.1 5.7 .8 33.32 9 8.3 3.9 .7 23.58 10 7.8 3.8 1 41.28 11 7.6 3.3 .9 27.67 12 7.2 3.2 .7 25.2 13 8.5 3.5 .7 18.4 14 8 3.1 .9 20.42 15 8.4 3.3 .9 25.4 16 8.2 3 .7 24.67 17 7.8 3.5 .85 25 18 7.1 3.4 1 27.16 19 8.4 3.9 .9 30.56 20 7.1 3.5 .8 29.98 21 7 3.3 .8 23.45 22 9.5 2.4 .8 22.49 23 7.9 2.9 .9 26.04 24 6.6 2.4 .8 17.3 25 4.8 4.2 .8 24.25 26 5 3.9 .7 20.35 27 5.7 2.9 .9 18.22 28 4.7 3.4 .8 17.47 29 4.2 3.2 .7 11.95 30 4.1 3.6 .8 11.91

99 31 3.9 4.3 .8 20.15 37 5.5 2.9 1 18.01 38 6.3 3.4 .8 17.22 39 6.4 3.2 .7 18.44 40 6 2 .7 10.2 41 6.1 2.1 .8 11.46 42 5.3 2.6 .8 11.27 43 4.4 2.3 .8 7.66 44 4.5 2.8 1.1 10.98 45 5.4 2.4 1 13.6 46 3.9 2.4 .8 6.6 47 5.8 2 1 9.74 48 5.9 1.8 1 9.85 49 5 2.2 .7 8.45 50 5.8 2 1 8.77 51 5.3 1.5 .9 6.68 52 4.4 1.4 .8 5.95 53 5 1.8 .5 4.74 54 5.3 1.8 .9 8.4 55 3.7 2.1 .6 4.92 56 4.8 1.7 .9 7.55 57-58 4.4 1.7 .9 7.38 60 4.3 2.1 .9 7.87 61 3.3 2 .8 6.5 62 3.5 2 .9 4.64 63 3.6 1.2 .6 2.93 64 4.4 2.2 .7 7.42 65 4.9 2 .8 8.3 66 7.2 1.2 .4 13.84 67 7.7 1.9 .9 18.59 68 7.7 2.8 .8 24.12 69 6.5 3.9 1 31.76 70 5.3 4 .9 28.49 71 6.3 3.6 .9 23.48 72 6.5 3 .7 20.34 73 5.6 2.3 .9 12.25 74 6 2.8 .8 12.61 75 4.7 2.3 .7 8.2 76 4.9 2.2 .8 9.72 77 5.6 3.2 1.1 20.15 78 4.8 3.1 1 17.9 79 5.2 2.1 .8 11.4 80 6.2 2.8 .7 14.58 81 5.5 3 1 19.45 82 4.8 3.9 .6 12.95

100 83 7.6 2.8 .5 10.24 84 4.7 2.7 .8 11.66 85 5 3.3 .9 19.81 86 3.9 3.2 .8 15.64 87 4.6 2.7 .9 15.23 88 4.7 2.3 .8 13.29 89 4.9 2 .8 7.71 90 4.8 2.1 .9 14.17

14RC410 Points Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 332.005 SmokyHillJasper 2.3 1.6 .1 318.037 Florence A 4 3.5 2 .5 492.026 Florence A 1 2.1 1.34 .3 418.018 Alibates 1 2.5 1.6 .2 347.004 Florence A 1 2.3 1.5 .4 438.006 Florence C 2.1 1.7 .4 342.008 Florence A 1.9 1.3 .4 340.048 Florence A .5 1.6 1.1 .2 335.003 Florence A 2.2 1.1 .2 245.003 Florence C .7 1.9 1.3 .3 362.001 Florence C 1 2.4 1.4 .3 448.001 Alibates 1 2.5 1.2 .2 586.003 Florence A 1.9 1.1 .3 551.008 Florence C 1.4 1.3 .3 494.001 Florence C 1.5 1. .3 F9.13 Florence A 1.7 1.5 .3 610.006 Florence A 1.5 1.6 .3 288.0111 Alibates .6 2.2 1.3 .3 340.049 Florence A .5 2.1 1.2 .2 517.013 Florence C .8 .6 .1 286.043 Florence C 1 .8 .7 1 610.007 Florence A 1 1 .5 .1 279.006 Alibates .5 2.1 1.2 .3 591.001 SmokyHillJasper .3 1.9 1.2 .2 448.028 Florence C 1 2.7 1.7 .3 440.002 Florence C 2 3.1 1.9 .4

101 14RC410 Perforators Artifact No. Material Weight Length Width Thickness

517.014 Alibates 2.5 .6 .2 392.008 Alibates 1.7 .9 .3 271.016 Florence C 1.7 .7 .2 426.005 Florence C 1.1 .7 .4 345.014 Florence C 1.4 .8 .2 595.998 Alibates .7 .3 .1 345.015 Florence A .38 1.2 .2 548.037 Florence C .5 .1 .1

14RC410 Blades Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness

300.021 Florence C 6.3 3.4 .6 581.007 Florence A 5 2.1 .5 508.009 Florence C 6.5 2.8 .5 300.018 Florence A 3.6 2.6 .7 578.007 Florence C 3.4 3 .5 531.003 Florence C 5.3 3.1 .8 421.029 Florence C 12.9 3.7 1 517.012 Florence C 6.5 2.5 1 335.002 Florence A ` 2.8 2.3 1.4 205.001 Florence C 4.9 1.6 1.8 436.005 Florence C 3.6 4.4 .5 F9.001 Florence A 2.2 2.6 .4 478.006 Florence C 1.8 3.9 .2 345.021 Florence A 5.8 3.5 1 286.007 Florence A 4.5 5.1 1.3 370.017 Florence C 1.9 2.4 .6 251.004 Florence C 3.4 4 1.1 318.025 Florence C 4.7 3.3 .7 00.00 8.9 2.8 .8 356.002 Florence C 7.6 3.1 1

14RC410 End scrapers Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 390.014 Florence A 3 3.2 1.5 .7 281.009 Florence A 7 3.9 1.7 1 293.017 Florence A 10 3.5 2.2 1 462.009 Florence A 4 2.5 2 .8 305.018 Gray Permian 5 3.1 1.8 .9 102 311.006 Gray Permian 7 2.4 2.5 .9 459.008 Gray Permian 15 3.7 4.4 1.2 081.001 Gray Permian 2 1.9 1.6 .5 370.052 Alibates 18 7.4 2.4 1.3 392.009 Alibates 5 3.2 2 .7 383.002 Alibates 5 3.2 2 .7 637.001 Gray Permian 1 2.2 1.6 .6 340.014 Florence A 3 2.4 1.9 .7 199.001 Florence A 8 3.9 2.2 1 603.006 Florence A 7 3.9 2.3 .6 318.024 Alibates 19 5.4 1.8 1.2 400.003 Gray Permian 7 4.8 1.7 .7

14BU402-3 Points Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 1 Florence A .39 1.5 1.2 .2 8 Florence A .35 1.6 1.2 .3 12 Florence A .52 2.1 1.8 .8 14 Alibates .54 3.6 2.7 .3 19 Florence A .5 2.7 1.3 .8 20 Alibates .44 1.9 1.2 .2 21 Alibates .41 1.9 1.3 .3 22 Florence A .5 1.9 1.2 .3 24 Florence A .4 1.8 1.1 .3 25 SmokyHillJasper .56 1.8 1.5 .2 26 Florence A .45 2 1.3 .2 27 Alibates .64 2.6 1.3 .3 28 SmokyHillJasper .64 2.6 1.4 .2 29 Florence A .7 2.3 1.3 .3 31 .6 2.5 1.4 .3 32 Mississippian .63 2.9 1.7 .8 33 Mississippian .76 3.2 1.8 .8 34 Mississippian .7 2.1 1.4 .2 35 Alibates .4 1.5 1.3 .8 36 Florence A .5 1.5 1.3 .8 38 Alibates .85 2.2 2.6 .3 41 Alibates .66 1.8 1.1 .2 43 Alibates .7 1.8 1.2 .3 44 Florence A .48 2 1 .1 46 Alibates .39 2.6 1.8 .6 47 Florence A .29 1 1.1 .2

103 48 Alibates .33 1.6 1 .2 49 Alibates .38 1.9 1 .3 50 Alibates .45 2 1.3 .2 51 Alibates .41 2 1.2 .2 52 Alibates .48 2.1 1.2 .2 53 Alibates .51 2 1.3 .2 54 .66 2.1 1.2 .3 55 Alibates 1.03 2.3 1.7 .3 56 Alibates 1.19 2.3 1.7 .3 57 Alibates 1.3 2.6 1.6 .4 58 Alibates .72 2 1.3 .3 59 Mississippian .42 2.3 1 .3 60 Florence A .66 2.4 1.3 .3

14BU402-3 Blades Artifact No. Material Weight (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness 1216-1217 41.3 9.4 5 1.1 1218-1219 Florence A 39.5 10.9 4.2 1 1220-1221 Florence A 72.73 12.2 4.1 1.6 1222-1223 Gray Permian 39.2 9.1 3.3 1 1224-1225 Gray Permian 23.6 7.8 3.5 1 1226-1227 Florence A 35.2 8.2 4 1 1228-1229 Florence A 15.6 8.2 2.1 1 1230-1231 Florence A 13.3 8.1 2 1 1235 Alibates 20.6 9.1 2.6 1.1 1236-1237 Alibates 23.5 9 3.2 1.1 1238-1239 Florence A 20.5 9.5 3 .9 1240-1241 Gray Permian 16.3 8.6 2.6 .8 1242-1243 Alibates 25 10 3.3 .7 1244-1245 Grey Permian 38.7 10.6 3.6 1.2 1246-1247 Florence A 28 11.2 3 1 1248-1249 Alibates 29.2 10 3.5 .9 1251-1252 Alibates 26.44 10.1 3.1 1 1253-1254 Florence A 17.1 7.5 3.1 .9 1255-1256 Alibates 29.8 8.5 3.5 1 1257-1258 Florence A 22.7 8.3 3.6 .7 1259-1260 Alibates 17.2 7.4 2.6 .9 78 Alibates 29.7 7.3 4 1 79 Florence A 27..3 10.1 3 1.2 65-66 9.07 5.1 2.1 1

104 67-69 Quartz 7.5 4.3 2.2 .9

14BU402-3 End scrapers

61 3.6 1.8 .5 3.87 62 3.2 2 .7 5.45 63 5.3 3 1 11.17 1263 1.8 1.7 .4 1.23 1264 1.9 1.6 .6 2.35 1265 2.7 2 .8 3.5 1266 2.4 2.1 .6 3.25 1267 2.8 1.8 .4 3.07 1268 2.6 2.3 .7 3.75 1269 1.3 1 .7 3.83 1270 2.4 2.3 .87 4.46 1271 2.4 2.3 .8 4.76 1272 2.6 2.2 .5 4.24 1273 2.6 1.9 .6 3.51 1274 2 1.8 .6 2.59 1275 3 1.9 .6 3.55 1276 2.6 1.8 .6 3.71 1277 3.1 2 .7 5.39 1278 2.7 2.3 .8 4.48 1279 2.4 2 .6 3.55 1280 2.2 2.1 .6 2.75 1281 2.9 2.8 .7 7.58 1282 2.8 2.6 .4 3.61 1283 3.4 1.8 .6 4.33 1284 2.5 2.3 .7 4.77 1285 2.3 2 .5 2.62 1286 2.3 2.4 1 5.44 1287 3.7 2.2 .7 7.11 1288 3.7 2.2 .6 5.88 1289 2.6 2.5 .5 3.69 1290 2.3 1.7 .6 2.69

1292 3.9 2.2 .9 7.45 1293 2.6 2.3 .4 3.68 1294 2.3 1.7 .5 2.69 1295 2.7 1.7 .7 3.27 1296 3.8 2.2 .8 7.47 1297 3.8 2.3 .7 7.5

105 1298 3.4 2.5 1 9.44 1299 2.5 1.9 .6 4.04 1300 2.1 1.8 .6 4 1301 2.6 2.1 .7 4.09 1302 3.6 2.6 .6 6.31 1303 3.6 2 1 6.01 1304 2.7 2.2 .6 4.43 1305 2.3 2 .6 2.98 1306 2.5 2.2 .6 4.16 1307 3.6 2.2 .7 4.84 1308 3.1 2.2 .4 3.95 1309 3.5 1.8 .5 3.87 1310 2.6 1.8 .8 4.53 1311 2.5 1.8 .5 2.53 1312 2.8 2 .7 4.25 1313 3.1 2.3 .5 4.35 1314 3.3 2.1 .4 4 1315 2.5 2 .5 2.78 1316 2.4 1.8 .8 2.59 1317 2.6 2.2 .9 5.14 1318 2.6 2.6 .6 4.26 1319 2.6 2.1 .7 3.39 1320 2.5 1.5 .5 2.61 1321 2.2 2.7 .5 2.35 1322 2.2 1.8 .4 1.92 1323 2.4 2.3 1 4.91 1324 2.3 2.1 .6 2.79

14CO419 Points

1330 2.1 1.4 .2 .57 Grey Permian 1331 2.4 1.4 .3 .78 Florence A 1332 2.5 1.7 .5 1.89 Alibates 1333 2.5 1.6 .3 1.1 Florence A 1334 2.6 1.3 .3 .81 Permian 1335 2.1 1.1 .36 .51 Permian

1343 2.2 1.1 .4 .46 Florence A 1344 3.1 1.3 .4 1.54 Permian 1345 5.5 2.3 1 9.04 1346 3.4 1.3 .4 1.12 Permian 1347 3.1 1.1 .4 1.16

106

14CO419 End scrapers

1336 2.7 1.8 .8 3.47 Alibates 1337 3 2.1 .8 5.87 Alibates 1338 5.6 3.2 1.1 9.44 Alibates 1339 3.3 1.8 1 7.4 Alibates 1340 3.8 2.1 .7 7.29 Alibates 1341 3.1 2.3 .8 6.51 Alibates 1342 3.7 2 .8 7.63 Alibates 1351 2.2 1.9 .7 2.71 Chalcedony 1352 2.7 2.3 .7 4.69 1353 2.2 1.9 .6 2.05 Permian 1354 3.1 2.2 .9 6.28 Permian 1355 3.3 1.3 .7 7.76 Permian 1356 3.1 2.1 .9 5.66 Florence A 1357 3.9 2.8 .8 9.69 White? 1358 4.2 2.6 .9 11.42 Florence A 1359 3.6 2.6 .6 5.46 Permian 1360 4.5 2 .9 7.28 Florence A 1361 5.3 2.7 .7 12.35 Florence A 1362 4.1 2.1 .8 6.22 Permian

14CO419 Blades

1349 8.3 4.1 .8 26.43 Permian Bifacial 1350 7.4 2.6 .8 14.05 Alibates 1364 10.6 2.8 1 25.49 Florence A Alt Bev 1365 8.8 2.7 .9 20.98 Alibates Alt Bev 1366 9.8 3.6 1.1 33.98 Permian Bifacial 1367 13.1 3.5 .8 37.32 ____ Alt Bev 1368 14.9 3.1 1 38.26 Florence A Alt Bev 1369 13.2 4.6 1 53.54 Permian Alt. Bev 1370 11.3 2.6 .9 23.71 Florence A Alt. Bev 1371 12.6 3 1.1 32.89 Florence A Alt Bev 1372 9.1 3.4 .7 16.87 Permian 1373 7.9 2.5 .9 20.37 Alibates

SOUTHWEST SHERDS Collection Identification Weight Length Width Thickness R. R. E 2.03 2.1 1.7 .5

107 R. R. F 38.83 5.7 6.2 1 Robb Rio Grande E 10.04 4.4 3.7 .6 or F R.R. A 9.3 4.3 3.1 .6 R.R. Knife River 5.95 2.4 2.4 1.1 Fineware R.R. D 5.18 3.3 3 .5 R.R. B 9.71 3.4 2.8 1.1 R.R. C 9.21 3.9 3.5 .6

108

109