INVESTIGATING THE ORIGINS OF THE GREAT BEND ASPECT THROUGH REANALYZING LITHIC ASSEMBLAGES OF PRATT PHASE SITES, ZYBA SITE, 14RC410, AND TWO EARLY HUNTING CAMPS A Thesis by Joan Bayles Bachelor of Science, Emporia State University, 2013 Submitted to the Department of Anthropology and to the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December 2019 © Copyright 2019 by Joan Bayles All Rights Reserved INVESTIGATING THE ORIGINS OF THE GREAT BEND ASPECT THROUGH REANALYZING LITHIC ASSEMBLAGES OF PRATT PHASE SITES, ZYBA SITE, 14RC410, AND TWO EARLY HUNTING CAMPS The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in Anthropology. Donald Blakeslee, Committee Chair David Hughes, Committee Member William Parcell, Committee Member iii DEDICATION To my family and my fiancé. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Blakeslee for his years of guidance. Thank you to the Coronado Quivira Museum, Derby Historical Museum, and Hurshall Clark for allowing me to analyze the assemblages presented here. Thank you to Dr. Hughes and Dr. Parcell for being Committee Members. v ABSTRACT The Great Bend aspect is the designation for proto-historic Wichita sites in central and southern Kansas, dating from A.D. 1425 to 1700. The origins of the Great Bend aspect have not been studied in depth previously, but comparisons with the earlier Central Plain mosaic suggest that the latter was not directly ancestral to Great Bend. Patterns of tool-stone acquisition, ceramic vessel forms and surface treatments, and formal stone tool types all differ. This research tracks changes in material culture as the Great Bend aspect developed. This research employs stacked outline comparative analysis of lithic assemblages from sites of the Pratt phase, the Zyba site, an early Little River site in Rice County, and early hunting camps along the Walnut River. These sites appear to date immediately before the emergence of Great Bend and after the disappearance of the Central Plain mosaic. The sites examined all appear to be ancestral to the Great Bend aspect and are more similar to the Odessa phase than to the Central Plains mosaic. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 The Problem ............................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 2 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 2 Great Bend Aspect ................................................................................................................... 2 Previous Investigations Regarding Origins ............................................................................. 4 Background .............................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 11 DATA AND METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 11 Collections Examined ............................................................................................................ 11 14PT1..................................................................................................................................... 11 14SR501 ................................................................................................................................ 16 14RC410 ................................................................................................................................ 36 14BU402-3 and 14CO419 ..................................................................................................... 40 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 51 RESULTS.................................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 59 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 59 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................... 64 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 66 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 73 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Distribution of Great Bend aspect sites ..................................................................................... 3 2. Location of Sites ...................................................................................................................... 11 3. Odessa Artifacts. ...................................................................................................................... 61 viii LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 1. 14PT1 Points ............................................................................................................................ 13 2. 14PT1 End scrapers. ................................................................................................................ 14 3. 14PT1 Perforators. ................................................................................................................... 14 4. 14PT1 Ceramics. ...................................................................................................................... 15 5. 14PT1 Ceramics. ...................................................................................................................... 15 6. 14PT1 Ceramics. ...................................................................................................................... 15 7. 14SR501 WSU Preforms. ........................................................................................................ 17 8. 14SR501 WSU Notched Points. .............................................................................................. 18 9. 14SR501 WSU Unnotched Points. .......................................................................................... 19 10. 14SR501 WSU Unnotched Points. ........................................................................................ 19 11. 14SR501 WSU End scrapers. ................................................................................................ 20 12. 14SR501 WSU End scrapers. ................................................................................................ 21 13. 14SR501 WSU Blades. .......................................................................................................... 22 14. 14SR501 WSU Blades. .......................................................................................................... 23 15. WSU 14SR501 Perforators. ................................................................................................... 24 16. 14SR501 WSU Ceramics. ...................................................................................................... 24 17. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips Points ........................................................................................ 25 18. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips End scrapers. ............................................................................. 26 19. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips Perforators. ................................................................................ 26 20. 14SR501 Grove-McKellips Blades........................................................................................ 27 21. 14SR501 Rockenbach Points. ................................................................................................ 28 ix LIST OF PLATES (continued) Plate Page 22. 14SR501 Rockenbach Points. ................................................................................................ 29 23. 14SR501 Rockenbach Points. ................................................................................................ 30 24. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers. ..................................................................................... 30 25. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers. ..................................................................................... 31 26. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers. ..................................................................................... 31 27. 14SR501 Rockenbach End scrapers. ....................................................................................