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Zevaıd-Horan SURPLUS-RECEIVERS (ZEVAID-HORAN) FROM IMPERIAL WAQFS: BETWEEN PHILANTHROPY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ÖZGE ASLANMİRZA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY JULY 2017 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _____________________ Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Assoc. Dr. Kayhan Orbay Supervisor Examining Committee Members Doç. Dr. Evgenia Ünal-Kermeli (HACETTEPE, HIST) _________________ Doç. Dr. Kayhan Orbay (METU, HIST) _________________ Yrd. Doç. Dr. Selçuk Dursun (METU, HIST) _________________ 2 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and ethical conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname: Özge ASLANMİRZA Signature: iii ABSTRACT SURPLUS-RECEIVERS (ZEVAID-HORAN) FROM IMPERIAL WAQFS: BETWEEN PHILANTHROPY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY Aslanmirza, Özge M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kayhan Orbay July 2017, 109 pages This study examines the place of surplus-receivers in the waqf institutions through their contribution to the philanthropy and the political economy of the 16th-17th century Ottoman Empire. The study specifically focuses on surplus-receivers to reveal who they are, what their place and importance in the waqf, how and on which base they were assigned to these duties and how they can be interpreted in the context of the philanthropy by the examination of mainly the registers of zevāid-horān and waqf account books. As complementary sources, the şer’iyye sicils (court registers), waqfiyye (foundation deed) and mühimmes (registers of important affairs), tevcihs (officials document of assigning a duty), arz-ı hal (petition) are analyzed. The examination and analysis of the sources set forth that the surplus-receivers were composed of variety of people, from poor to the (retired) high-ranking officers and they got payment from the budget surplus of the waqf though they were not stipulated in the foundation deed. It is revealed that this group is a mean for providing social security by sustaining high- ranking officers and also a vehicle for providing social welfare. iv Keywords: Waqf Institution, Surplus-receiver, Philanthropy, Ottoman Classical Age, Social Welfare v ÖZ EMPERYAL VAKIFLARDAKİ ZEVAİD-HORANLAR: HAYIRSEVERLİK VE POLİTİK EKONOMİ ARASINDA Aslanmirza, Özge Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Kayhan Orbay Temmuz 2017, 109 sayfa Bu çalışma, 16. Ve 17. Yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda zevāid-horān kesiminin vakıf kurumlarındaki yerini hayırseverlik ve politik-ekonomiye olan katkıları yönüyle incelemektedir. Özellikle üzerinde durulan nokta, zevāid-horān kesiminde kimlerin olduğu, vakıf içindeki yerleri ve önemleri, bu kesime nasıl girmiş oldukları olmakla beraber bu sorular ışığında hayırseverlik bağlamında nasıl yorumlanması gerektikleri öncelikli olarak zevāid-horān ve vakıf muhasebe defterleri ışığında açıklanmaktadır. Ek kaynaklar olarak da çalışmada kadı sicilleri, vakfiye, mühimmeler ve arz-ı haller analiz edilmiştir. Kaynakların incelenmesi ve analizi sonucunda zevāid-horān kesiminin ihtiyaç sahibi insanlardan yüksek rütbeli kimselere kadar uzanan geniş bir yelpazeyi kapsadığını ve bu kimselerin aslında şart-ı vakıf olmamasına rağmen vakfın bütçe fazlasından ücret aldıklarını görmekteyiz. Bu anlamda, bu grubun hem sosyal refah hem de sosyal güvenlik amacına hizmet eden bir araç olduğunu ifade edebiliriz. Buna ek olarak bu çalışma, hayırseverlik çalışmalarına zevāid-horān kesimini ekleyerek literatürdeki boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır. vi Anahtar Kelimeler: Vakıf, Zevāid-horān, Hayırseverlik, Osmanlı Klasik Dönemi, Sosyal Refah vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and above all, my deepest gratitude is to my thesis supervisor, Assos. Prof. Dr. Kayhan Orbay who helped me find my way on the convoluted path of 16th and 17th centuries Ottoman Empire with his infinite patience and support. His support and trust to his student is the foremost motivation for me. I would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Evgenia Kermeli-Ünal for her incomparable support and invaluable suggestions during the process of writing my thesis. I never forget her advice and wisdom impacting my life positively. I would like to express my gratitude to Assist. Prof. Dr. Selçuk Dursun who allocated time looking over my thesis and providing motivational support. I would like to thank also Prof. Dr. Seçil Karal Akgün for her support. Her teaching on how a prospective historian should conduct research was inspiring. I would like to offer my thanks to Assoc. Prof. Hatice Oruç. She helped me to understand the language of the documents and we were able to muddle through them. Her guidance was priceless. Gürer Karagedikli was also encouraging during the process of writing my thesis. His comments on using the archival sources and providing strong literature were rather significant and valuable. The Turkish Historical Foundation (Türk Tarih Kurumu) was very supportive in both helping me to use their library and providing me funding to conduct my master thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to Özgen Özcan who was always ready to delve into the documents I struggled with and helped me to get through them. I will never viii forget her selfless support. Her solutions to my problems in the process of writing my thesis, her motivation and valuable comments were incomparable and priceless. Selin Deniz, my encouraging sister has been a valuable supporter when I felt down and she is the one giving support to endure the ups and downs of uniting a thesis. Our coffee time was a recollection of moment, a full of spirited creativity. My gratitude to my family is endless. Their support and love made the completion of this thesis possible. My beloved husband, Burak Aslanmirza, has been the greatest support for me to get through the difficulties of writing a thesis. His emotional and intellectual stance was a significant reinforcement for me. Last but not the least, I am grateful to the officers of the Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri both in Ankara and İstanbul, Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü and the Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi for their kind attitude to me and their support whenever a problem occurred. ix To my grandfathers who watch over me in their cloud abode x TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM……………………………………………….………………………iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….……iv ÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………….v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………….…………………………………vi DEDICATION…………………………………………………………....…………vii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………….…………………………………………ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………..……….………1 II. THE CONCEPT OF PHILANTROPHY…...…....……………………….9 2.1. Philanthropy in Different Contexts…………………….....…….……15 2.2. Waqfs Institution in a Philanthropic Context………….……….…….23 2.3. Philanthropy through the Prism of Waqf Institution and of Legitimization………………………………………………………...23 III. TREATING HETEROGENITY: ZEVAID-HORAN…….……………...26 3.1. Getting Acquainted with Zevāid-horān…….………………..…....….25 3.2. Procedure in Waqfs for zevāid-horāns………………………….……40 3.3. Familiar zevāid-horāns: A So-Called “Family Company”.……….....49 3.4. High-ranking zevāid-horāns and Some Inferences about Payment Structure……………………………………………….…...51 IV. CONCLUSION……………………………………………….........……69 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………….………….………...…73 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………….………..83 APPENDIX 2………………………………………………………….……..84 APPENDIX 3………………………………………………….……………..85 APPENDIX 4………………………………………………….……………..86 APPENDIX 5…………………………………………………………….…..87 APPENDIX 6………………………………………………….……………..88 xi APPENDIX 7………………………………………………………………..89 APPENDIX 8………………………………………………………………..90 APPENDIX 9………………………………………………………………..91 APPENDIX 10………………………………………………………………92 APPENDIX 11………………………………………………………………93 APPENDIX 12 TURKISH SUMMARY/TÜRKÇE ÖZET…………………94 APPENDIX 13 TEZ FOTOKOPİSİ İZİN FORMU………………...……..109 xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION To give away money is an easy matter and in any man’s power. But to decide to whom to give it, and how large, and when, and for what purpose and how, is neither in every man’s power nor an easy matter1 It has been always overwhelming to study on the long-sustained institutions of charity and the permeating nature of their acts vis-a-vis the mechanisms of sovereignty. Their acts are responding to the basic human motivation and more often than not, ensure the continuity of a long-lasting empire. Thus, it is intriguing to examine the mechanisms of charity, to explore its purpose and ponder on the sources discussing it. Besides the historical implications, it is also important to understand the very idea of “giving” to others2 since this act can be a tool for state to legitimize its power over the society, also, to help the needy. With these considerations, the main purpose of this study is to reveal the place of surplus-receivers in the waqf institutions, also, their contribution to the philanthropy and the political economy of the 16th-17th century Ottoman Empire. This study has two important aims. Firstly, the surplus-receivers
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