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Osmanli Kudüsü'nde Toplum Ve Siyaset (1703-1789)

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Osmanli Kudüsü'nde Toplum Ve Siyaset (1703-1789) Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı OSMANLI KUDÜSÜ’NDE TOPLUM VE SİYASET (1703-1789) Alaattin Dolu Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2017 OSMANLI KUDÜSÜ’NDE TOPLUM VE SİYASET (1703-1789) Alaattin Dolu Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2017 Bu dünyadaki en büyük sermayesi olan sevgisini bana her daim hissettiren ve bu çalışmanın her harfine varlığıyla katkı veren Annem'e v TEŞEKKÜR 2008 yılında başlayan ön inceleme, tetkik ve seyahatlerden sonra ortaya çıkan bu çalışma için çeşitli ülkelerin farklı kurum, kütüphane ve arşivlerinde uzun soluklu araştırma yapıldı. İlk olarak bu çalışma boyunca sekiz yılı geçirdiğim Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tarih Bölümü benim için önemli bir okuldu. Nihâyet bu serüven tamamlandı. Bu bağlamda büyük dedemiz "halka nâfiʽ bir sahs olan" Hacı Hafız Ömer'in ilim yolunda taşıdığı bayrağı devralmak benim için büyük onurdur. Evvela bu çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasında tez hocam Prof. Dr. Mehmet Öz, bu acemi bütünleşik doktora öğrencisinin sorularına cevap verirken hiç usanmadı. Bu anlamda çalışmanın gelişmesinde tavsiyeleriyle yol gösterirken, her daim ilminden istifade etmeme imkân tanıdı. İlâveten, ilim yolunda attığım adımlarda karşıma çıkan engellere karşı kadirşinas kişiliği ve hoşgörüsüyle hep yanımdaydı. Bu vesileyle kendisine şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Bölüm başkanımız Prof. Dr. Ramazan Acun verimli bir çalışma ortamının oluşmasını sağlayarak lisansüstü eğitimimizi tamamlamamızda büyük müsamaha gösterdi. Bölümdeki varlığı benim gibi birçok öğrenci için bir nimet olan Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hulusi Lekesiz bizim için ayaklı biz sözlük idi. Osmanlıca belgelerde karşılaştığımız zorluklarda kapısı her daim açıktı. Teşekkür ederim. Ellinizdeki çalışma son halini alıncaya kadar desteklerini hiç esirgemeyen değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Hülya Taş tez izleme komitesindeki öneri, soru ve en önemlisi teşvikleriyle bana hep güç verdi. Olumlu eleştiri ve destekleri sayesinde araştırmanın gelişimine katkı sundu. Kendisini bu vesileyle tanımış olmaktan büyük mutluluk duyuyorum. Doç. Dr. Emine Erdoğan Özünlü tez izleme komitesindeki yönlendirici katkıları ve yurtdışında iken bile maillerime verdiği cevaplar ile aklımdaki soruların giderilmesinde yardımcı oldu. Tezin son vi aşamasında tanıma fırsatı bulduğum Prof. Dr. Ahmet Kankal espirili kişiliği ile heyecanımı giderdi. Teşekkür ederim. 2008 yılında doktora amacıyla geldiğim Ankara'da birçok kişiyi tanıma şansı yakaladım. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tarih Bölümü'nde geçirdiğim uzun zamanda muhabbetle yârenlik ettiğimiz oda arkadaşlarım, zaman zaman çeşitli nedenlerle içine düştüğüm buhran ve sıkıntılara katlandı. Hususen Arş. Gör. Rümeysa Kalem ve Dr. Ömer Gezer'e teşekkürler. Ayrıca Dr. Ömer Gezer ile Osmanlı tarihine dair yaptığımız her sohbet yeni keşiflere vesile oldu. Bilmediğimiz Osmanlıca kelimeler için birbirimizin sözlüğü olduk. Bürokrasiyi bizim için kolaylaştıran, elinden içtiğimiz kahvelere birçok hatır sığdıran ablamız Serpil Okumuş'u burada anmadan olmaz. Çok teşekkürler. Osmanlı coğrafyasının art bölgesinde kutsal bir kent olan Kudüs için farklı şehirlerde yaptığım araştırmalar sırasında birçok kimsenin yardımını ve desteğini gördüm. 2007 yılında MEB aracılığıyla Arapça eğitimi için gittiğim Mısır'da, Kahire Üniversitesi'nde değerli birçok kişi tanıdım. Üniversite yurduna geçinceye kadar Kahire'de bana evini açan Süleyman Sezer ve Mustafa Aydoğdu'ya teşekkür ederim. Yine MEB aracılığıyla Ürdün hükümeti tarafından verilen Arapça öğrenimi ve araştırma için bulunduğum Amman'da kaldığım iki eğitim-öğretim dönemi boyunca birçok kimsenin desteğini gördüm. Bana çalışmalarının birer nüshasını vererek, bu araştırmanın önemli dönem kaynaklarından olan Muhammed Halîlî'yi tanımama vesile olan Prof. Dr. Adnan Bakhit'e ve oradaki eğitimim süresince desteklerini esirgemeyen herkese teşekkür ederim. Elinizdeki çalışmanın neticelenmesindeki en önemli araştırma safhasına Filistin'de geçildi. Kudüs'e adım attığım andan itibaren her daim yardımını gördüğüm ismiyle müsemma Mahmud el-Ensârî, istediğim kaynaklara ulaşmamı sağladı. Kudüs şerʽiyye sicillerinin bulunduğu Ebu Dis'teki arşivlerde kayıtların şifresini çözmemde yardımcı olan müessese müdürü Muhammed Safedî ile Dr. Mahmud Eşkar her daim rehberim oldular. Osmanlı arşivlerinden vii sorumlu Besme el-Abbasî'nin gerek arşivdeki yardımseverliği, gerekse ailesiyle göstermiş olduğu misafirperverliğini unutamam. Bu araştırma için önemli rehberlerden olan 16. yüzyıl âlimi Mucireddin el-Hanbelî'nin torunlarından Bessam Kuttîne ve ailesi her daim yardımsever halleri ve güler yüzleriyle Kudüs'teki dostlarım oldular. Azeriyye'de köhne bir binada ev arkadaşlığı yaparak kısa süre de olsa bize eşlik eden Usame Ebu Sayf ve birçok zamanımı birlikte geçirdiğim Ahmed Shakarnah en büyük yoldaşımdı. Yerleşimciler tarafından kuşatılmış, Osmanlı döneminden beri varlığını sürdüren küçük bir köy olan Nahhâlîn'de misafir kaldığım zamanlarda Shakarnah ailesi bütün imkânlarını seferber ederek, Filistin'de bir ailem olduğunu hissettirdiler. Hepsine sonsuz teşekkürler. Benim yetişmemde katkıları olan bütün hocalarıma ayrıca teşekkür ederim. Bunlardan birisi olan ve Kudüs'te araştırma yapma imkânı elde etmemde yardımlarını esirgemeyen değerli hocam Doç. Dr. Yasemin Avcı, Kudüs İbrani Üniversitesi'nden Prof. Dr. Eyal Ginio ile tanışmamı sağlayarak araştırmanıın en önemli aşamasının geçilmesine vesile oldu. Kezâ Prof. Dr. Amy Singer da buna katkı sundu. Ebu Dis'teki arşivde araştırma yapmam için YÖK maddi destek sundu. Çok teşekkür ederim. Son olarak araştırma için bulunduğum New York Columbia Üniversitesi kütüphanelerinde çalışma imkânını bana sunan Prof. Dr. Rashid Khalidi, ailesinin tarihine dair sorduğum sorulara içtenlikle cevap verdi. New York'ta bulunduğum sürede yardımlarını esirgemeyen Selda Tina ve kendisiyle tanışarak karşılanmamızı sağlayan eski dostum Gamze Balcıoğulları'na teşekkür ederim. 2008 yılında DPT/ÖYP burslusu olarak başladığım öğrenciliğim bir süre sonra keşmekeş bir hal alsa da, 2014'de New York'da kısmi zamanlı bir araştırmaya vesile oldu. Teşekkürler. Çalışmanın kaynakları açısından değerli arşiv malzemelerini bünyesinde barındıran ve gelişen teknolojiye ayak uydurarak, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi'ndeki defter ve belge serilerine Ankara'dan ulaşmamda yardımları viii bulunan ve mesailerini bizler için harcayan İstanbul ve Ankara'daki arşiv görevlilerine de teşekkür ederim. Henüz toy bir delikanlı iken gazeteci olma hayaliyle çıktığım yol, beni Erzurum'dan İstanbul'a, sonra İzmir'e, oradan da yeniden üniversite okumak için yola koyulduğum Denizli'ye uzanan gençliğimin erken yıllarında, çok arkadaş ve dost biriktirdim. Bir iş sahibi iken, yeniden okuma isteğime karşı çıkmayan ve "belki bir şey olmayacağım" dediğim zaman, yine de destekleyerek beni okutan babam Mevlüt Dolu'ya, hayatını bize vakfederek her daim manevi desteğini veren ve kendisini gururlandırdığıma inandığım annem Nurfiye Dolu'ya çok şey borçluyum. Kardeşlerim Sebiha Tepe ile Ruhi Dolu ve Sedat babam ile Muazzez annem sıkıntılı zamanlarımda hallerime katlandılar. Teşekkürler. Son olarak sade bir teşekkür ile burada kendilerini anmak yetersiz kalacaktır. Zira bu araştırma vesilesi ve hayatın akışı içinde eşim Banu Dolu ve hayatımızın en zor zamanında dünyamıza teşrif ederek sevinç kaynağımız olan oğlumuz Ahmet Ferhan'ı çok zaman ihmal ettim. Fedakârlıkları için ne kadar teşekkür etsem azdır. Ankara, Şubat 2017 ix ÖZET Dolu, Alaattin. Osmanlı Kudüsü'nde Toplum Ve Siyaset (1703-1789), Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2017 Bu tez 1703-1789 yılları arasında, Kudüs'teki yerel ileri gelenlerin şehir siyasetindeki etkinlikleri ile onların servetlerini ve şikâyet mekanizmasının Kudüs özelinde işleyişini ele almaktadır. Konu hakkında başvurulan kaynak ve araştırmaların değerlendirildiği giriş bölümünün ardından ilk bölüm Kudüs'ün kent kimliğini tanımlamaktadır. İkinci bölüm bu kimliğin oluşmasında katkı sunan mekânı ve siyasi figürleri konu edinmektedir. Din kenti özelliğinin ona kattığı değerin İslam devletleri zamanından beri devam eden özellikleri Kudüs'te vakıfların gelişmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Bu anlamda şehir siyasetine yön veren ileri gelenler için önemli bir kaynak olan bu müesseselerin etkisi ve devletin bu kurumlarda görev alanlar ile olan ilişkisi ikinci bölümde incelenmiştir. Şehirdeki servet dağılımını ortaya koymayı da amaçlayan bu bölümde Osmanlı devletinin Kudüslülere sunduğu önemli ikramlardan birisi olan surre üzerinde de durulmuştur. Son bölüm ise Osmanlı devletinin tebaasına sunduğu bir imtiyaz olarak şikâyet mekanizmasının Kudüs özelinde işleyişi ve konu dağılımları üzerinden değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır. Tezin ana kaynakları Filistin Arşivlerinde bulunan şeriʽyye sicilleri ile Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivinde bulunan şikâyet defterleridir. Ayrıca bu iki hukuk kaynağına ek olarak fetva mecmuaları ile dönem kroniklerinden istifade edilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler Kudüs, Filistin, Osmanlı Devleti, Ulema, Vakıf, Şikâyet, Gayrimüslimler x ABSTRACT Dolu, Alaattin. Society and Politics in Ottoman Jerusalem (1703-1789), PhD Thesis, Ankara, 2017. This thesis deals with the activities of notables in urban politics with their wealth and the operation of the complaint mechanism in Jerusalem, 1703-1789. After the introduction where primary and secondary sources evaluated, first chapter has described urban identity of Jerusalem. Ongoing features of the value of being the religious city since the time of Islamic states contributed to the development of the waqfs. Following chapter discusses spaces and political figures which
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