16008 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-8-ENATE DECEMBER 1 By Mr. WALTER: . MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT ate on official business as a representative H. R. 9826. A bill for the relief of Gunter Messages in writing from the Presi­ of the to the fifth session Arno Theleman; to the Committee on the of the General Assembly of the United Judiciary. dent of the United States submitting nominations were communicated to the Nations. Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre­ Mr. WHERRY. I announce that the PETITIONS, ETC. taries. Senator frorri Iowa [Mr. HICKENLOOPER],. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions the Senator from California [Mr. KNow­ and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk RESIGNATION OF SENATOR DOWNEY LAND], the Senator from South Dakota and referred as follows: The PRESIDING

message came with a large emigrant WAGONS WEST however, and ·it seemed to him that party in 1842, ordering the closure of Travel under adverse circumstances Waiilatpu was a logical place for the Waiilaptu and Lapwai, recalling Spald­ that wot.Id halt a man of lesser courage headquarters of a chain· of missions. ing, and locating the -0ther missionaries was commonplace to Marcus Whitman Whitman excelled in development of at Tshimakain. both in his days as a country doctor i~ the resources of the soil. So much so, . Reluctantly, the others agreed to a New York, and his first years at in fact, that as the settlers came into proposal by Whitman that he go east to Waiilatpu. It was well for him and for the Territory they found such an evi­ the board to plead their case; and on the future of the Oregon Territory that dence of abundance that word went back "October 3, 1842, he was on his way. he was so capable and courageous. East that here indeed was the land of THE OREGON COUNTRY The ride east on behalf of the work of opportunity. Marcus Whitman, the shoemaker's the missions was taken in company with With the way opened to wagon traffic son, lived in a period of American history A. L. Lovejoy, a New England and throu·gh the 1843 immigration in which when the still young Nation was ·already recent immigrant. They left Waiilatpu Dr. Whitman was a key figure, home­ in the throes of an expansion . that its on October 2, 1842, with Washington, seekers literally poured into the country. vigorous and adventurous people re­ D. C., and Boston as their objectives, un­ After 1844 most sought a shorter route quired. daunted by the fact that much of the to the south and Waiilatpu lost some of Accompanying that desire for increas­ trip would be made in the most severe its activity. ing the physical limits of the expanding part of the winter. The lessening activity was not en-0ugh country was an almost universal and It t>roved to be one of the most diffi­ to allay the reviving fears of the In­ emotional reaction by the people to a cult rides in American history. Un­ dians, who had become less and less deep sense of religion. Both of these friendly Indian tribes made it necessary peaceful after 1840. characteristics took Whitman into his to avoid South Pass and to detour south­ A severe winter in 1846-47 resulted place in· western life, without his know­ ward. Near what is now Gunnison, in the loss of many Indfans' horses, ing or understanding what the over-all Colo., they nearly lost their liv~s fording rousing their discontent. The 1847 im­ factors were. · the Colorado River. migration brought with it a particularly He moved west into a land that was In the mountainous country near Taos virulent form of measles and dysentery virtually unknown, but in which there their food gave out. After eating their which hit Indians and whites alike. Dr. was a great and growing interest, and a pack mules and finally, their dogs, they Whitman did his best to minister to the strong degree of conflict. This was were near starvation. Rescued by a sick, but the Indians could not under­ especially true of the Oregon country. party of hunters, they continued on, Dr. stand why he cureu so many of the Until the treaty of 1846 finally re­ Whitman going ahead to Boston after whites while his Indian patients usually solved the differences of the nations that short visits in Washington, D. C., with died. Their habit of .taking hot steam claimed the vast Oregon region and ex­ Government officials, and in New York baths and then of jumping into the cold tended the boundary of the United States with Horace Greeley, whom he im- river probably killed many who might along the forty-ninth parallel to the . pressed with the great potentialities of have survived otherwise. Pacific 0Gean, that region lying west of the Oregon· country. Treacherous statements by half-breed the Rocky Mountains and between Mexi­ Returning West, he joined some 1000 Joe Lewis that Dr. Whitman, the suc­ can California and Russian Alaska was immigrants who assembled near rr{de­ cessful farmer, was poisoning the In­ in a sense no man's land. pendence, Mo., to take part in what was dians in order that he might have their In the succession of events leading up then the largest group to attempt the lands increased their suspicions. They to that treaty, the direction and stimulus trip across the Nation to Ore~n. _ They had deba;ted killing him in 1844 after provided by Dr. Whitman and his efforts were dubious about taking wagons all the Elijah, the son of the Walla Walla chief, toward greater colonization and develop­ way to the Columbia, but Whitman as­ Peupe-:.imoxmox, had heen murdered by a ment were especially significant. English sured them it could be done and May 22 white mar. papers of the times were saying.: "How­ the trek began. The Indian tribal custom called for ever the political question between Eng­ At Fort Hall, near the present Poca­ someone of equal rank among a mur­ land and America as to the owners of tello, Idap.o, Hudson's Bay Co. officials derer's people to be marked for death. Oregon may be decided, Oregon will advised them to leave the wagons and go In the 1847 treachery, however, it was by horseback, but again Whitman's ad­ the Indian belief that a "tewat" or medi­ never be colonized overland from the cine man had to be killed to cure a person Eastern States." vice and encouragement prevailed. He became their guide and with the knowl­ poisoned by a "tewat." A treaty of joint occupancy in 1818 About 2 o'clock the afternoon of No­ left the Oregon country open to nationals edge gained from his own travels and what he knew had been done with wag­ vember 29, 1847, Dr. Whitman was called of the ·united States and Great Britain to the door by an Indian request for med­ alike. In 1819, Spain gave up her claims ons that had reached the Columbia in 1840, he headed the party west. icine. He was struck from behind by a to the region north of 42 ° ; and by the tomahawk and the attack against the treaties of St. Petersburg in 1824 and .Dr. Whitmµ,n guided the wagon train from Fort Hall to the Grande Ronde virtually helpless whites was on. Before 1825, Russia relinquished her claims the assault ended, 13 had been killed, · south of 54° and 40'. · River, just east of Waiilatpu, leaving in response to a message that the Spaldings Mrs. Whitman being the only woman American claims to the Oregon country victim. were based upon the discovery of the Co­ were desperately ill with scarlet fever. The significance of the 1843 immigra­ With the massacre, ·waiilatpu became lumbia River by Robert Gray-i 792; the a memorial to its martyred missionaries, exploration of Lewis and Clark-1803- tion and the people, livestock, and equip­ ment that came with it, was great for and has properly remained so to this day. 1806; establishment of fur-trading posts Mr. President, if the junior Senator by Astor's Pacific Fur Co.-1811; and the with it a new era dawned in Oregon. It set the precedent for the subsequent his­ from Washington understands in part relinquis.hment of Spanish rights to the the future which lies before all of us it coast north of 42 degrees by the Adams­ tory of the Oregon Trail and made the Northwest and its resources more secure will be very largely filled and our ti~e onis Treaty for the purchase of Florida- occupied, both within the Senate and in 1819. . for the United States of America. ~ the case of all citizens throughout the Control of Oregon then rested gen­ THE MASSACRE land, by nothing less than a great deal erally in the hands of the powerful The success which Marcus Whitman of blood, a great deal of sweat, and a flood British Hudson Bay Co. American achieved as the first great farmer of the of h:uman tears. I think tha'; is mostly traders, adventurers, and explorers, Northwest, and as ,the effective operator what we shall be able to look forward however, had developed considerable in­ of a service center for emigra:its moving to for a long time to come. terest in the region on the part of the into the Oregon Territory, contributed As I have been privileged this after­ United States. to a substantial degree to ·the tragic end noon to recite a few of wha':i I consider to It was into such an era of challenging of his mission. be the facts sur:rounding the life of competition and action and adventure He had erred at the outset in deciding Marcus Whitman in our great .North­ that Marcus Whitman moved ·with his to settle among the Cayuse tribe against west, I have derived' a sense of satisfac­ idea that "My plans require time and the advice of . the more friendly Nez tion and encouragement from a man distance." Perce. He had his plans and re.asons, who in the past hP.lped build America. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16023 He dealt, as we of this generation must, James Harland, Iowa. United States and Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, with blood and sweat and tears. The Samuel Houston, Texas. the Director of the Federal Bureau of res:ilts of the suffering of Marcus Whit­ John J. Ingalls, Kansas. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee. Investig:·,tion. man and his death gave to America a Philip Kearney, New Jersey. BOOK A REHASH great and promising new frontier across · John E. Kenna, West Virginia. Most of the book is a rehash of some the Nation. I join with many others Thomas Starr King, California. of Mr. Lowenthal's own work when he in feeling that out of the blood, sweat, William King, Maine. was-employed by the Norris committee and tears of this generation we perhaps S. J. Kirkwood, Iowa. Robert M. La Follette, Wisconsin. some years ago. The com:tnittee's repoi:.t shall be able to provide for succeeding was favorable to the FBI. Although 1 generations in the distant future a Robert E. Lee, Virginia. Robert R. Livingston, New York, shall not go into all the evidence, some civilization at peace, a civilization that Dr. Crawford. W. ·Long, Georgia. parts of it are now being used on the will be worth living in. I am not pre­ Huey P. Long, Louisiana. other side, as condemning the FBI. pared to say when the State of Wash­ James Marquette, Wisconsin. ington will officially send the statue of Ephraim McDowell, Kentucky. LONG•RANGE PATTERN Marcus Whitman to the Capitol, to take J. Sterling Morton, Nebraska. If this attack was an isolated instance its glorious place in Statuary Hall, but Oliver P. Morton, Indiana. it could be excused as an irresponsible for the benefit of thoae among my con­ J. P. G. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania. flight of fancy by a comparative non­ Francis H. Pierpont, West Virginia. entity-but it follows too closely the stituents who are keenly interested in Henry M. Rice, Minnesota. the matter, I should like to tell them Caesar Rodney, Delaware. pattern of destruction of responsible in whose company Marcus Whitman will Will Rogers, Oklahoma. Government to be ignored. stand. As of the last reading, 74 statues Uriah M. Rose, Arkansas. DFSTROY COMMUNIST RECORDS have been contributed by 40 American Sequoyah, Oklahoma. The distinguished senior Senator from States to Statuary Hall, which is but Junipero Serra, California. John Sevier, Tennessee. Iowa [Mr. HICKENLOOPER] ably informed a few feet from where we sit and from Roger Sherman, Connecticut. us on this subject last Monday. The where I speak this afternoon. Of those, James Shields, Illinois. House Un-American Activities Commit­ 70 represent two statues received from George L. Shoup, Idaho. tee has sugges"ted the author's motive in each of 35 States. Four States, Minne­ E. Kirby Smith, Florida. writing the book. As a matter of fact, sota, , South Dakota, and John Stark, New Hampshire. all one need do is to read the book to Louisiana, have contributed but one Alexander H. Stephens, Georgia. learn that the author would like to de­ statue each. The nine States not thus Richard Stockton, New Jersey. Jonathan Trumbull, Connecticut. stroy the FBI and its records of Com­ far represented are Colorado, Montana, Zebulon B. Vance, North Carolina. munists, fellow travelers, and deluded Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Gen. , Indiana. dupes. Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, and George Washington, Virginia. I have learned that Members of both utah. Daniel Webster, New Hampshire. Houses of Congress, Federal judges, Mr. President, whenever I have an Gen. Joe Wheeler, Alabama. e~ucators, and newspapermen received opportunity, I go to Statuary Hall to Frances E. Willard, Illinois. copies of the volume. The method of look at those men from out. of the past Roger Williams, Rhode Island. distribution and the extent of distribu­ John Wint~rop, Massachusetts. and from States other than the State tion suggests thi:tt it was a propaganda of Washington, to understand, if I can, Mr. President, because Dr. Marcus book. what nature of men it was who built the Whitman, of Walla Walla, and of the PROPAGANDA BOOK great opportunity which was given to State of Washington has earned the. The fact that the author has a motive us by those who went before. How right to stand in the company of such does not account for the fact that the ·happy I shall be to know that Marcus great names as I have mentioned, I am book was published and placed on desks Whitman, from my own State of Wash­ completely satisfied that all of them will of persons who could be expected to mold ington, will shortly join other pioneers move. over and bid him welcome when some opinion or pass some judgment on - and builders of days gone by. I desire in due time his statue comes across the the FBI and its activities. Ordinarily, to read these names as rapidly but as Nation. books are published as a commercial ven­ thoughtfully as I can, in bringing to a ADDITIONAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR DE· ture-in anticipation of profit. Some­ close this record and this brief treat­ PARTMENT OF DEFENSE - MESSAGE times books are published at a loss in ment of the fullness of a man's life: . FROM THE PRESIDENT (H. DOC. NO. 726) order that profit might come other . ways, or that an objective, usually sin­ ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE 74 STATUES The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be­ CONTRIBUTED BY STATES fore 'the Senate a message from the ister, may be achieved. , Massachusetts. President of the United States, which When a book priced at $4.50 is given away in wholesale qu~ntity, we can , Ohio. was read, and referred to the Commit­ , Vermont. assume that the motive of publication Stephen F. Austin, Texas. tee on Appropriations. is not entirely one of profit. This sus­ Charles Brantley Aycock, North Carolina.

THE RES0 ~ 0 UTION FOR INVESTIGATION because nothing else was done in that so far as the Secretary is concerned. The Secretary cleared him simply by Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, will the connection. Then the action described earlier took place. making an arbitrary statement. Senator yield? Mi. STENNIS. Mr. President, will the Mr. MALONE. I yield. PRESENT STATUS OF MR. LEE Mr STENNIS. The Senator from Mis­ Senator yield further? Mr. .STENNIS. At that point the Mr. MALONE. I yield. sissippi was not in the Chamber when junior Senator froin Mississippi came the Senator from Nevada began speak­ Mr. STENNIS. I was not here when into the Chamber. What was the sub­ the measure relating to loyalty boards ing. Will the Senator g;ive us again the sequent action? Does the Senator say date of the investigation, and what com­ he is still employed? was passed. I understand each depart­ mittee the Senator was speaking of? Mr. MALONE. No. The subsequent ment has a separate board? Mr. MALONE. I do not recall the action was the immediate discharge of EACH DEPARTMENT DOES OWN INVESTIGATING date of the investigation. Mr. Liberman-Mr. Lee now-and of Mr. Mr. MALONE. Yes. The junior Sen­ Mr. STENNIS. Can -the Senator give Remington, who was associated in a gen­ ator from Nev:ada had never gone into it approximately? · eral way with all these activities. But that subject until he made his state­ Mr. MALONE. I do not recall the date Mr. Remington submitted to the dis­ ment on the Senate floor. Then it be­ when the junior Senator from Nevada charge, and Mr. Lee did not. came necessary for me to do so. I found made the first charge on the Senate floor, Then hearings were held before the that each department of government, but the resolution providing for the in­ Department of Commerce. I am not the Department of Commerce, the De­ vestigation, Senate Resolution 230, was entirely familiar with the hearings that partment of State, and so forth, has its submitted during the second session of were held, but the Loyalty Board of the own loyalty board and does its own in­ the Eighty-first Congress. The resolu­ Department of Commerce subsequently vestigating when any subject for investi­ tion provides : fOund him guilty. The Senator under­ gation comes up, or when any accusation Resolved, That the Committee on Inter­ stands that each department has its own is made against a member of the depart­ state and Foreign Commerce, or any duly loyalty board. After the loyalty board ment, just as a family would conduct its a.uthorized subcommittee thereof, in pur- of tha·t Department found him guilty own investigation if an accusation of XCVI--1009 16026 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 1 wro'1gdoing were made against a mem­ PUBLIC RESPECT MR. HOOVER AND GENERAL who live. there did not have anyone. We ber of the family. MAC ARTHUR are not taking their part, either; we are· If the matter is pressed beyond the Both Mr. Hoover, the head of the FBI, supporting colonialism by .the empire­ loyalty board of the Department, another and General MacArthur are persons minded nations in that area, to keep the board, the President's Loyalty Board, whom the American people respect and people of that area under the yoke of appointed by him and responsible only like very much, because they have a great France, just as in Singapore the British to him-not at all to the Congress of the deal of courage, which they demonstrate are doing the same thing. · In other United States-can consider the case fur­ every day in their respective fields. words, we are backing colonialism in the ther-conduct a further investigation or . Both General MacArthur and Mr. Far East, just as we are backing colonial­ reverse the finding of the Department Hoover have demonstrated again and ism in Africa. board. That Board can clear an accused again· that they will do very well indeed I have described before the visit I person or find him guilty. However, it if they are allowed to fight, or, in the made on that occasion, so I shall not go seems that Board never has held any­ case of Mr. Hoover, if he is allowed to into detail now about it. It was inade one to be really guilty. It operates in a make the investigations which he thinks at the time when the armies were facing · peculiar fashion. It seems to operate to should be made. each oi;her in Indochina. No one then clear an individual rather than hearing This dispatch is dated at Paris, No­ seemed to be for the Indonesians. Some evidence. vember 25, a little after the election. persons were for the Dutch; but the In­ Mr. STENNIS. ·I thank the Senator. The dispatch appeared in the interna­ donesians have worked that out now. I am impressed with the case he is pre­ tional edition of the New York Times Everywhere we go we seem to be ready senting. for Sunday, November 26. The head­ to aid someone who wishes to put a yoke Mr. MALONE. I will say further to line reads s.s fallows: "Eur.ope is dubious on the native people. The evidence in­ the distinguished Senator from Missis­ on United States aim in Korea. Nations dicated to me that all those native peo­ sippi that the junior Senator from Ne­ burdened by defense cost wonder if Mac­ _ple hate our guts ·right down to the vada introduced a bill immediately there­ Arthur is now going too far." ground, because we are backing those after which provided for setting up a Just how they are burdened by defense who are keeping the yoke on them. loyalty board by Congress, members costs, when we are putting up so much I continue to read the dispatch: thereof to be appointed by the President money for their defense and for the Mar­ There would be no violent objection here and approved by the Senate, so that the shall plan, is not clear. Nevertheless, if Formosa were sacrificed to a modus vivendi Congress would have some responsibility these nations may be afraid that they with Peiping that would end the pressure might have to put up some money, and on Indochina. in the matter. A board set up by law that if this situation continues it might could not simply clear an individual ·be necessary for them to use some of In other words, there would be no ob­ arbitrarily regardless of the evidence. their own military forces, if we continue jection in Europe if we sacrificed For­ It would be responsible to this body. to use our men abroad, in Korea, as bait, mosa and withdrew from it. The bill, however, is held in Gommittee. as has been mentioned several times. I read further from the dispatch: Mr. President, I had not intended to go The article reads as follows: The French concern to liquidate or re­ so far into Mr. Liberman's case because duce the barden of the Indochinese war it is closed now. At least, he is dis­ The second Korean crisis provoked by the has been intensified by its growing financial Chinese intervention has coincided with new cost at a time when the financing of charged and, so far as we know, has not pressure on Indochina and second thoughts France's share in European rear~ament has yet been rehired in another department. on Western rearmament in a way that Mr. President, I wish to speak on an­ become a m ajor problem for the Govern­ doubly emphasizes the no.table differences of ment, even though the United States is other matter now. view between Washington and the European helping. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The capitals. . Senator from Nevada may proceed. The United States deci.sion in June to re­ Mr. President, I should say, "Even sist the Korean invasion came as an almost GEN. DOUGLAS MAC ARTHUR though the United States is giving them joyful surprise to most Europeans. To them much more money· than anything in Mr. MALONE. The subject to which it meant that the United States would act to resist aggression anywhere, a point on Indochina is costing them." We are I am about to refer represents another financing that d·eal. attack on the remaining sound personnel which there had been doubts. in the administration. It is typically Within the last couple of days- I read further from the dispatch: illustrated in the attack on Gen. Douglas This dispatch is dated November 25, Premier Rene Plevin's newspaper has sought to reassure the public by explaining MacArthur. There is no question in the but it was published in the New York ·that taxes next year will rise by only about mind of the junior Senator from Nevada Times on November 26- 9 percent and that this rise will eat up that General MacArthur was slated for as Gen. Douglas MacArthur's forces have only 2 .percent of an increasing national in­ discharge very soon after election. pushed toward the Yalu River, there have come. But these statistics do not prevent ATTACK ON MAC ARTHUR NOT POPULAR been dismay arid fear lest the United States the new budget from being a first-class snould act too much and go too far in the headache for the Plevin Cabinet as it faces But as things have turned out it seems policy so heartily applauded in June. a Parliament whose normal aversion to tax­ that MacArthur is still very popular with The advance toward the Yalu River was ation is redoubled by the approach of a the American people, and that it would · first described here as an independent ac­ national election. not meet with popular approval if the tion by General MacArthur but is now inter­ The financial burden of the present de­ President or Mr. Acheson, Secretary of preted as a United States diploma~c move. fense program for Frenchmen would be per­ State, were to attack MacArthur. So it Neither construction of it pleases the French haps twice what it is were it not for United seems that the attack now rather is or British who doubted that it was the best States aid in the form of both credits and coming from Europe, particularly from means of getting a peaceful deal with finished material. About 20 percent of the Peiping. defense expenditure written into the budget England. The French would like to throw Indochina this week will be supplied by the· United AN INDIRECT ATTACK into the already large collection of Far States. Probably 50 percent or more of the The attack seems to be an indirect at­ Eastern problems under international dis­ total outlay on French armament in the tack. No doubt there is a long-distance cussion, thus escaping from the doctrine coming year will be .furnished by the Uni.ted ·pronounced by Dean Acheson, United States States, counting w,ar material as well as dol­ telephone connecting Washington with Secretary of State, last May that the defense lar credits. the nations now under the Marshall plan. of Indochina was primarily the responsibility . Moreover, about one-third of the indus­ A CONTINUATION OF THE PATTERN of the French and native states. trial investment proposed under the Monnet Mr. President, I hold in my hand a bf course, Mr. President, I was in pla.•~ for 1951 will come from the counter­ dispatch which shows that the attack is Saigon, and elsewhere in Indochina, part fund created ·by the Marshall plan. the same kind of attack as that which is about the time, or a little after, we had Mr. Presicient, the Monnet plan, I have being made on the FBI, although neither chosen as our man the French repre­ described at various times. I had a 3- of the attacks is being made directly, sentative in that area, to uphold his hand hour conference with Mr. Monnet in because both MacArthur and Mr. Hoover in the ruling of Indochina and putting France in 1947. At that time he out­ of the FBI are much too popular for down all insurrections. The Commu­ lined all these nice projects they were that. nists had a man there, too. The folks ~oing to build in France with our money. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16027 At the end of his talk, I inquired as to the result will not be merely that the excess exofficial, or a man who had worked for who would own the projects when they thus saved will go into United States stock­ one of the committees. piles at rising prices. This is an aspect of were finished. I was told that France, of rearmament that worries Europeans as they SOKOLSKY'S OUTLINE OF LOWENTHAL · course, would own them, or that the face new payments deficits, but that has I have before me a very interesting French Government would own them. hardly yet been discussed by higher offi.cials. article written by George Sokolsky, a I asked, "Is any method 'of amortization Economic Cooperation Administration offi.­ man whom I greatly admire for his or for making interest payments being cials were delighted when the European forthrightness of manner. The article provided?" However, it seemed that Payments Union managed to deal with the Western German payments deficit, even appeared in the November 30 issue of the there was no thought of such a thing. Washington Times-Herald. That was So I told' Mr. Monnet that such a though the Washington officials had refused a request for additional aid. They believed yesterday. In this article Mr. Sokolsky procedure was just a little strange to this was a good example of the Europeans says: me. I said that I had been connected facing their problems without United States with most of the large projects in the Most of my colleagues have written about help. Max Lowenthal's book on J. Edgar Hoover western part of the United States, such But the goal of European financial inde­ and the FBI. Apparently they have read the as Boulder Dam and Hoover Dam, and pendence has receded into a perhaps distant book, but I must plead that I had other busi­ that before most of them were begun and future as a result _of the new defense pro­ ness on hand. before the beginning of their construc­ grams. Marshall plan aid may be ended in Anybody can be negative about such a job tion was permitted, we required that defi­ 1952, as originally provided, but other United as J . Edgar Hoover does. Did Hoover catch nite arrangements be made for . the States aid, for both normal and defense pro­ the fellows who stole the ballot boxes in t he duction, will replace it. Kansas City, Mo., election? No. He did not. ·amortization of their cost and for the Was Harry Trumari in Kansas City when payment of the interest. · Mr. President, that would be the Gray the safe containing the ballot boxes was However, under the Monnet plan, the plan, the great plan that picks .up with blown up? Yes, he was there. So. French Government will own all the . millions of dollars after the Marshall That kind of argument can lead to noth­ projects we are building there. In plari ends, and invests in everything in ing. A police department is to be judged short, we are putting the French Gov­ sight, and looks around for more things by its general record, by the· honesty and ernment in that business. It seems a in which to invest. The Gray plan at­ efficiency of its employees, and by its own • adherence to the law. little unusual, but it seems to be ac­ tempts to show us that the United States The most provable criticism of the FBI is cepted now that that is the thing to do. must continue to divide its wealth volun­ that while it collected evidence to convict That is the great Monnet plan. tarily, until the Torquay conference can spies, traitors, Communists and their fellow I read further from the dispatch: level the tariffs and import fees and travelers, its accomplishments in this field There are therefore no important French divide our markets with the other na­ have, on the whole, been unsatisfactory be­ voices urging emancipation from United tions of the world. That is a great plan. cause on orders from the State Department States aid, as there apparently are in Britain, . Consequently the delicate diplomacy be­ and the Department of Justice, spies were not where some members of the Labor Party tween the giver of aid and the recipients- to be arrested. seem to believe that Washington pushes Brit­ In the evidence of Larry Kerley before the ain into more rearmament than she can af­ It is a very delicate thing, It is a very McCarran committee, the evidence shows ford. delicate situation- that the FBI had Arthur Alexandrovich Adams, one of the worst spies Soviet Russia Of course, Mr. President, we may push between the giver of aid and the recipients ever sent to this country, but the State De­ which has characterized the Marshall plan, partment safeguarded him from arrest. them into more rearmament than we can with the United States insisting upon col­ afford, if this keeps up. lective achievements that Europeans often Mr. President, those are strong words, I read further from the dispatch: were reluctant to undertake, may now be and this man wrote them down. He is Yet the difference between the Washington extended into the future a'nd into the eco­ not immune. approach and the French approach was 11- nomic and military fields. Continuing: 1ustra ted by Foreign Minister Robert Schu­ EUROPE'S AlTACK ON MAC ARTHUR man's speech in Strasbourg yesterday when In 1917, Lowenthal went on a secret for­ he defended the French plan for a Euro~ean That is a very interesting thing. But eign mission. This is what he says on the army as an effort to carry a political objec­ the most interesting thing of all, Mr. subject [in appearance ·t>efore the House tive into the military sphere. President, is that the attack upon Mac­ Committee on Un-American Activities­ Editorl: In other words, Mr. President, we are Arthur is now coming from Europe, "It was a confidential mission that I don't the push behind the western European · namely, from England, from France, and care to go into. It was only for a short time, defenses, and no European nation seems from other nations. As the junior Sen­ and I never discuss that kind of Government to be very much interested. ator from Nevada sees it, the general is work with anybody." simply too popular a man for an~·one in You would imagine that in 1917 this secret I read further from the dispatch: this administration to attack. mission was so terrific that it could only have The German approach appears similar in been to Lenin or Trotzky or somebody like the sense that the western Germans want to HANDICAPPING GENERAL MAC ARTHUR that, although I was in Petrograd in those barter their military contribution to acquire I do not know how tJ::e United Nations days and do not recall Lowenthal, whose greater sovereignty. thinks a man fights a war, or fights any mission must have been too important even Consequently there is lacking in Europe fight. When he reached the thirty­ for history. both the sense of urgency and the singleness . Max Lowenthal has held innumerable jobs of purpose that distinguished the United eighth parallel they put their arms with various branches of the Government States efforts to build up western defenses. around him and held his arms down from 1912 almost· up to date. Some of them Here rearmament has many aspects that are to his body for 10 days while the enemy were of this character, to use his own words: sometimes overlooked or underestimated in recruited and dug in and got more muni­ " In 1942 or 1943 there was some kind of Washington. tions with which to fight him p,nd to kill problem, it is not quite clear in my mind; For example, behind the prospective visit a few more American boys over there. there was a war commission, I don't remem­ to Washington of a delegat ion of the Euro­ We are now up against Manchuria. No ber its name; it was headed by Mr. McNutt." pean Marshall plan council early in Decem­ one seems to know how far we are going, ber- He is quoting from Mr. Lowenthal. But we stop him from attacking behind Mr. WHEELER- I may say that as a part of this foreign ·the lines, where the munitions and inftuence we now hear about the pro­ 'troops are mobilized, and make him wait That is Mr. Burt Wheeler, one of the posed visit of Attlee, who will arrive in until they "hit the line," just as in a keenest Senators who ever served on this just a little while. Apparently they are football game. "Don't start until the floor, according to my book. not able to malrn exactly clear what they whistle blows.'' Mr. WHEELER. Paul McNu~t? want over long distance; even though Mr. President, if we do not look out, This was from the cross examination. they have been running our foreign pol­ one of these days ways will be found to I continue: · icy for ·a long time, it is going to be nec­ defeat even General MacArthur. No one essary for them to come over here now to can win a fight under such conditio.ns. Mr. WHEELER. P a.ul McNutt? Mr. LOWENTHAL. Yes, Paul McNutt. I was explain it in more detail, in order to Mr. President, coming back to the sworn to assist them for a. very temporary continue the direction we are going. attack on Mr. Hoover, Mr. Max Lowen­ period on something or other, trying to Is the desire of Europeans to be assured thal's book is a roundabout attack straighten out some difficulties among some that if they economize on vit al raw materials, · through an already discredited official or men who were not part of the Government. 16028 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 1 He is still quoting from Mr. Lowenthal. DESTROYING THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE the pending motion is concerned, all it UNITED STATES Mr. Chairman, I wouldn't remember these now needs is its obsequies. The end things too definitely, and anything any Mr. President, we have debated this is­ was a foregone conclusion when the records would show that would correct me. sue a good many times on the floor of the motion was made. It has been perfec.tly I would accept those corrections. Senate. Since 1934 the administration clear for months that no vote would be Toward the 'end .of 1943 or early 1944 has deliberately entered into a line of ac­ had by the Eighty-first Congress on the I left that work. During all that period and tion calculated to destroy the economic merits of either of the statehood bills. since that period I have been consulted in­ system of the United States, through Before I discuss the bills and the pres­ formally by various people in the Govern­ ment, but so far as I can recollect at this deficit financing and the free trade pro­ ent parliamentary situation, I wish to moment, I don't think ever in any official gram to divide the American markets digress for a moinent to express my own capacity. There might be some, and I would with the nations of the world, removing deep appreciation to the present occu­ be very glad to have those noted for the all semblance of a floor under wages and pant of the Cnair [Mr. O'MAHONEY] for record. · investments. From the end of World the yeoman service he has rendered as Mr. President, I am quoting from an War II we started giving away the stra­ chairman of the Committee on Interior article written on the basis of a record, tegic areas of the earth, needed to defend and Insular Afiairs in holding hearings and reference is made to the man who the United States of America. What on both bills, in reaching a conclusion wrote a book on the FBI. I continue: happened at Yalta-Manchuria, Korea, by the committee on both bills, in re­ Berlin? At Yalta we gave away Man­ porting both bills to the Senate, and in It is a little difficult to believe that Mr. Lowenthal cannot remember what he did for churia over the almost dead body of endeavoring to get the Senate to give Paul McNutt. It was not so long ago nor Chiang Kai-shek, without his knowledge, consideration to them. Being a mem­ could it have been very important. Mr. and then forced him to take it. We di­ ber of the committee, I know the diffi­ Lowenthal's lapse of memory at this point is, vided Korea into North Korea and culties with which he as chairman was to say the least, fascinating. · South Korea, which Undoubtedly has­ faced. Being a Member of the Senate, Mr. Lowenthal was asked who had recom­ tened the adven~ of the present conflict. I know the difficulties with which he and mended him for employment by the War We gave way in Berlin, without retaining I and all of us who believe that a measure Department. This is his reply: any means of ingress or egress. This of this kind is entitled to be heard on its "I couldn't say for certain. I was asked by made necessary heroic efforts to main­ a group of organizations whether I would merit have been faced since the bills permit my name to be submitted for recom­ tain a coal lift, which involved an ex­ were reported. mendation by General Clay, and I agreed." pense of several hundred dollars a ton As I stand on my feet this afternoon, What are those organizations? He must to haul coal into Berlin. There was I am under no illusion as to what the know, but he does not say. ·No names of or­ nothing on the railroads, nothing on end will be-the end has been. ganizations. No names of individuals. It all the highways, and nothing on the river However, Mr. President, other days hangs in the vacuum of secrecy and mystery. except a few sentries who said, "You can­ will come. Somewhere, somehow, some­ At this point, Mr. President, let me say not p~ss." time the hopes and aspirations of the that I have the highest regard for Paul REQUIRES A GREAT NATION TO TAKE THIS BEATING United States citizens who reside in the McNutt. I do not remember about this Mr. President, it would take a great present Territory of Alaska, and the testimony, but it is mentioned here nation to stand up very much longer · hopes, aspirations, and dreams of the merely to show the type of this man and ·under an attack of this kind. It seems citizens of the United States who reside his memory. He had memory enough to to me that it is time to stop such danger­ in the Territory of Hawaii~ must have write a 450-page book, but. he did not ous practices or at least expose them for recognition before this body. have memory enough .to know what im­ what they are, namely, attacks on the Mr. President, the people of the United portant missions he was sent on by the great men who are still carrying their States have spoken on the question. War Department. I read further: weight in the and in Time after time the people of America What are those organizations? He must the greatest investigative body in: the have spoken in polls throughout the know, but he does not say. No names of world. · United States. The press of America has spoken. It is overwhelmingly in organizations. No names of individuals. It ATTACKS DELIBERATE AND CALCULATEp all hangs in the vacuum of secrecy and mys­ favor of the statehood measures. I tery. In conclusion, let me tie these things realize that polls do not enjoy the same . Some of the pages of this hearing would together. They are not isolated things measure of sanctity they had before.the interest a psychologist, who might write a and cases. They come from separate Presidential elections of 1948. How­ doctor of philosophy thesis about them. sources. The attacks are deliberate and ever, they are not wholly discredited. Here is a man who started his career as sec­ calculated. I think at this time it would be well to retary to Judge ·William Mack, a jurist of The attack on General MacArthur invite the attention of the Senate to the distinction who would not take on a dope. comes from Europe, from .the countries result of such a poll which was taken by I continue reading from the article by which are enjoying our bounty. They Dr. Gallup during the current year. It Mr. Sokolsky: are on our payroll, just as are the FBI was taken after the 25th day of June, the He goes through years of Government serv­ and the Secretary of State. The attacks da.te of the invasion of Korea. There­ ice and is associated with Senator Burton K. on one of the greatest generals in the after, ·in the latter part of July, the re­ Wheeler on the Interstate Commerce Com­ world are still being made. We hold him sult of the Gallup poll on statehood ap­ mittee of the Senate. at the 38tb parallel. We handicap him. peared in the papers of the country. The Wheeler is an extraordinarily shrewd man. We hold him on the Manchurian border result was very carefully presented by He would not hire a forgetful Jane. Yet, and ·do not let him attack. We let the It time after time, Mr. Lowenthal cannot re­ Dr. Gallup. was more than a show­ member dates, names, facts which no ordi· Reds murder our American boys. ing of the result of the most recent poll. nary man could forget. STATEHOOD FOR ALASKA A comparative showing was made also. Mr. President, I ask that a copy of the It is difficult to help wondering how a man, The Senate resumed the consideration who forgets so much so easily, could remem­ Gallup poll as it appeared in the Hono­ ber so much about the FBI. of the motion of Mr. LucAs to proceed lulu Star-Bulletin on July 29, 1950, be. to the consideration of the bill (H. R. . ATTACKS NOT ISOLATED incorporated in the RECORD at this point 331) to provide for the admission of as a part of my remarks. Mr. President, this attack on Govern­ Alaska into the Union. ment is not confined to isolated instan­ There being no objection, the poll was Mr. CORDON. Mr. ·President, I rise ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as ces. If it were, it would be excusable. to discuss the pending question. I de­ follows: · But here are two men. The first is. Mr. sire the RECORD to clearly show my posi­ J. Edgar Hoover, of the ·FBI. The sec­ GALLUP POLL ON STATEHOOD-TIDE OF PUBLIC tion with respect to the pending motion SENTIMENT RUNS HIGH AS RESULT OF WAR ond is General MacArthur, who, the to consider the Ala.ska statehood bill. IN KOREA American people are convinced, is one of of· course we all recognize that the fate (By George Gallup, director of the American the greatest generals that the United of the motion will carry with it the fate Institute of Public Opinion) States has ever produced. These two of the Hawaiian statehood bill. Frankly, One aftermath of the has been men are made the subject of isolated at­ I fully realize that so far as the event is a sharp increase in public sentiment in favor tacks. The attacks all tie in together in concerned, I am unduly taking the time Qf admitting Hawaii and Alaska into the a deliberate pattern. of the Senate. I realize that so far as Union as the forty-ninth and fiftieth States. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16029 Shortly aft~r President Truman announced taken after the beginning of the Korean We are dealing with people. We are the decision to defend Korea, the American aggression. Dr. Gallup says: dealing with our own citizens. The Institute of Public Opinion put its Nation­ wide corps of interviewers to work. Here is the trend of the vote on Hawaiian white people of Alaska were made citi­ They sampled a carefully constructed· statehood. zens by the treaty of annexation. The cross section of the voting population in all The question: same is true of the population of Hawaii. areas of the continental United States on the The Territorial status of ·each guarantees .would you favor or oppose h~ving Hawaii question of statehood for the Hawaiian and to every individual in either Territory Alaskan Territories-both strategic areas in admitted as a State in the Union? whose citizenship has been created any Pacific war. In 1941, 48 percent voted yes; 23 per­ under either of the organic acts or the It found a vote of 7 to 1 in favor of Hawai­ cent voted no; 29 percent had no opinion. treaties of annexation every constitu­ ian statehood, highest favorable sentiment . In 1946, 60 percent voted yes; 19 per­ tional right and immunity that is given in 9 years, and 10 to 1 in favor of Alaskan cent voted no; 21 percent had no opinion. to any citizen of the United States any­ statehood. In 1949, 58 percent voted yes; 12 per­ / Here is the trend of the vote on Hawaiian where. They have every constitutional statehood: cent voted no; 30 percent had no opinion. guaranty that I have or that the Pre­ "Would you favor or oppose having Hawaii In February of this year. 64 percent siding Officer has. They have every admitted as a State in the Union?" voted yes; 16 percent voted no; 20 per­ right I have or that he has except the cent had no opinion. right which brought our forebearers into No Today-this was after the Korean meeting when they promulgated the Yes No opinion aggression had taken place-76 percent DeCiaration-of Independence. They do of those polled voted yes; 10 percent not have the right to sit in the high Percent ·Percent Percent voted no; 14 percent had no opinion. councils of their government and have 1941. ------48 23 29 That was the result at the poll on their representative there speak and 1946. ------60 19 21 Hawaiian statehood. work for them and for the Nation. 1949.February ------1950------______58 12 30 Today ______64 16 20 As to Alaskan statehood, the subject Mr. President, to me it is inconceiv­ 76 10 14 now under consideration-or at least it able that there could be any question is pending at the moment and not yet in the mind of anyone as to the right The vote -on Alaskan statehood follows: buried-the question asked in the Gal­ of every' American citizen to enjoy the "Would you favor or oppose having Alaska lup poll was: Would you favor or oppose admitted as a State in the Union?" full privileges of citizenship if in the having Alaska admitted as a State in the area where he resides there are no more Union? No obstacles than are found in either of Yes No opinion In 1949, 68 percent voted yes; 7 per­ these two Territories. I can conceive of cent voted no; 25 :Percent had not made circumstances where citizenship might Percent Percent Percent up their minds. · not, because of very real conditions, 1949_ ------68 7 25 Today, after the beginning of the Ko­ ripen into full-fledged voting and repre­ Today______81 8 11 rean aggression, 81 percent voted yes; 8 sentation rigpts. I can understand that. percent voted no; 11 percent had no But there is nothing here of that char- STIRS RENEWED INTEREST opinion. acter. · The Korean crisis, with the possibility that Mr. President, the results of the polls The right of people to govern them­ 1t may lead to war between the United States represent the thinking of the people of selves and choose their representatives and Russia, stirred renewed interest in Con­ the United States. We who are hon­ and have their voices heard through gress in admitting Hawaii and Alaska into ored with the confidence of these people, the Union. Both places were important mil· those representatives is the highest priv­ and who are sent here to Tepresent them ilege and right that can come to them; 1tary bases in the last war. on the floor of the Senate, should give Hawaii itself has just drawn up a consti• and in this instance we are dealing tution looking toward statehood. some thought to such an overwhelming with people, hot with geographical areas; Admission of Hawaii would climax a long expression of opinion on the part of the we are dealing with American citizens. fight conducted in Washington on behalf of people we represent. Mr. President, I wish that we could statehood by JOSEPH R. FARRINGTON, Delegate Mr. President, I have listened to the have had this bill before the Senate to Congress from Hawaii. debates on the floor of the Senate. with some fair chance to go into it fully, Senator JOSEPH O'MAHONEY, of Wyoming, Those that I could not remain on the to explore it to the utmost. I should has served as spearhead in the Senate for floor to hear I have read with care. I like to take the time to traverse the pro-statehood forces. have particularly paid attention to the statements made in the debate para­ NO PARTISAN DIFFERENCES debate against the motion now pending. graph by paragraph and point by point, As in previous surveys, today's study finds I desire to consider somewhat the con­ and indicate wherein it would seem to little difference of opinion by political parties tents of the statements made, the major me that the speakers have not given the on the statehood issue. Democratic and Re­ aspects of them, so far as the points of time which they should have given to publican voters join hands in voting for ad­ opposition are concerned. But before I do that I should like to suggest my posi­ the seriousness of this problem. mission. I have no criticism of any of my col­ • Here is the vote by party.affiliation on the tion on the statehood bill. I am dis­ question of Hawaiian statehood: cussing its merits. Tbe debate has not leagues who take a view opposite to been on a parliamentary motion to take mine. I have been wrong many times. I think I am right now. But I do not No up a bill. The debate has reflected the Yes No opinion views of those who spoke as to whether criticize any for holding opposite views. they were for or against statehood for I feel that tr.ere is a duty which devolves Percent Precent Percent Alaska, so we might as well forget the upon every Member of the Senate, how­ Democrats. _.------77 9 14 ever, to do whatever is humanly possible Republicans ______76 12 12 fiction and go to the facts. Independents ______72 14 14 My position with reference to state­ to help all who may be interested to hood for Alaska and statehood for Ha­ gain a full understanding of the prob­ lems which confront us. I should like Mr. CORDON. I invite attention only waii can be summed up thus: If taxation without representation was tyranny in to see that done. to some extracts from the poll. Dr. Gal­ I shall not now take the time to do lup says that when thfs poll was taken, 1776, it is tyranny today. If the right of people to govern themselves, to partici­ it, Mr. President, because I know it would after the crossing of the thirty-eighth pate in their government, was so dear be time wasted. I know that matters parallel by the Korean Communists, the to those giants of old who gathered and of desperate necessity will be before the vote was 7 to 1 in favor of Hawaiian promulgated and signed the Declaration Senate very shortly. I know that how­ statehood, the highest . favorable senti­ of Independence, that they were willing ever much we may believe in the rights ment in 9 years, and 10 to 1 in favor of to pledge their lives, their fortunes, and of our fellow citizens to 100-percent Alaskan statehood. .their sacred honor, in support of that participation in our Government, never­ That was the result of a careful poll proposition, it is just as dear today. theless we would have to join others in of public opinion taken by one of the Mr. President, what we are consider­ setting aside consideration of the state­ outstanding men in his field. It was ing is not a minor political question. hood bill in order to consider other 16030 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 1 measures of tremendous importance ical maturity, lack, as of the minute, of when I think they are wrong. But there made necessary from the world situation. adequate financial resourc~s for a new is inherent in the concept of manage­ Mr. President, I also know that this State, are weak. None of them, save ment on the basis of ownership the ne­ is a rump session of the Senate. I know that of noncontiguity, can apply to cessity of absentee landlordism · when that there are Members of this body who Hawaii. Hawaii is self-sufficient eco­ the seat of the Government is in Wash­ feel just as deeply in opposition to these nomically. Hawaii has had a long his­ ington, D. C., and the lands are 1,000 bills as I could feel in favor of them, or tory of self-government patterned after 2,000, 3,000, 5,000 miles away. That is as even the citizens of Alaska and H3.­ the State governments of these United bound to result, and so Icing as it .does waii feel. I know that those who have States. Alaska has a similar history, result we will not have the kind of devel­ that deep opposition will-and they have though it is not so long as that of opment that came to Wyoming, the kind frankly so stated-take advantage of Hawaii. of development that came to Oregon, the every parliamentary situation in their More reason could be advanced, let kind of development that came to Cali­ favor to delay action or to defeat the me in all frankness say, for opposition fornia, the kind of development that motion. on the ground of lack of economic suf- came to all the other States. There must Again, I do not criticize. I regret to­ . ficiency in Alaska, than can be advanced be created in Alaska the local govern­ day more than ever since I have been with respect to Hawaii. But, Mr. Presi­ ment which can require, by virtue of its in the Senate that we have not been dent, as was said in the opening state­ very necessities, the changing of the able to do more to require that action ment on this matter by the Senator basic laws with reference to its assets and be taken in this body when matters are from Wyoming [Mr. O'MAHONEY] who ~ that , Mr. President, will be nothing new. presented to it of the gravity of the sub­ now presides over the Senate, Alaska is That has happened time and time again ject now under consideration. I am for a treasure house of unknown potentiali­ in the history of the United States. the first time deeply doubtful as to ties, but, as now cataloged, her poten­ In my own State of Oregon we had whether we can go forward in an orderly tialities are adequate to guarantee all special Federal laws to aid the settlers fashion in the United States Senate with the assets needed for complete self:. who came West into that unpeopled Ter­ unlimited debate. government. Those assets are not all ritory. We had a special donation law Mr. President, I have had great sym­ immediately .available and producing, by which a man and his wife might ac­ pathy for my colleagues from the south­ but let me say that until statehood comes quire 640 acres in the form of a donation ern States. I know something of their to Alaska, and its people have the right from the Federal Government, 320 acres problems. I was born in a southern of ·citizens to set up· and operate their to each, and they might take it anywhere State, of a southern·mother. Frankly, own government and have their voices within the boundaries of the Territory I feel that my friends in the South have heard in the two Houses of Congress­ without respect to. legal subdivisions. perhaps, as we say in the West, been too until that takes place this vast store­ That was a donation act passed espe­ close to the trees for a long time fully to house will never be opened, and I think cially for the people in the Oregori Terri­ be able to evaluate the forest, I think no one knows that better than the mem­ tory. There was one for Arkansas, as I perhaps prejudice has obscured their bers of the Committee on Interior and recall, the Swamp Land Act, a special vision at times. I think perhaps their Insular Affairs. concession to that area because of the own people have gone further than they Give to Alaska statehood, and Alaska peculiar conditions. which existed in that fully realize they have in a matter which will take care of the rest. I say that, area, where every acre of swampland be­ very deeply concerns them. I can go a Mr. President, as one who alone voted came the property of the State, to enable long way in support of deep-seated and in the committee against a favorable the State to reclaim it and pr~pare it for honest convictions of my colleagues report on· the Alaska statehood bill. I the State's citizens and settlers. That where the matters directly at hand are believed then, as I believe now, that the was a special act to take care of a specific only concerned. But that is not the case provisions made in the bill are not ade­ condition in order to encourage the de­ here. Here we seek only to grant all quate for complete self-sufficiency finan­ velopment of that area. 'That Swamp the rights of citizenship to residents in cially for a new State of Alaska. But I.and Act· was expended by successive two · geographical areas which hereto­ I know that the potentialities are there, acts time after time, and today embraces fore the Government of the United and I know that Congress, after a re­ the State of Oregon, among others, anq, States has incorporated into this Union. survey, can take care of that particular I believe, the State of Wyoming. We seek here only to carry out the basic question. I also know that it never can Mr. President, that is nothing in the tenets of the Government of the United take care of it until statehood comes to way of an obstacle to statehood for States. Alaska. That has been the history of Alaska. Those matters can be handled Indirectly, of course, that would mean our country. certainly by Congress when it has behind two Senators from Alaska added to the Let us remember that this country it the experience of all the years which United States Senate, and two Senator~ today is operating under a completely have gone by and which have witnessed from Hawaii added to the United States different philosophy with reference to the development of 2,000,000,000 acres oi Senate. But, Mr. ·President, there is federally owned natural resources than land within continental United States. none so wise as to be able at this time existed when the other States came into All the people of Alaska need is an oppor­ to know what views those new Members the Union. When the State of Wyoming tunity to prove that they can take care of this body would entertain on the so­ came into the Union, and before that, of themselves on a State basis. Let them • called civil-rights question or any other when the State of Oregon came into the have their State. Let them send their question, nor how long they would en­ Union, and before that, when the State Representatives to the Senate and to the tertain the views which they brought , of California came into the Union, and House of Representatives. Let us have with them, nor what views their suc­ before that, when the State of Minnesota before us the practical necessities of cessors would have in the years to come. and the other States came into the those people,. arid out of that vast treas­ We do know that those Members of this Union-in those days every acre of the ure house we can meet those necessities body would be the choice of American public domain was deemed to be held in a practical manner after we can iden­ citizens who would have the right to in trust by the Federal Covernment to tify what is most needed. make the choice, and with respect to be transmitted to the settlers in the new Opposition has been heard here, Mr. whom, Mr. President, in my view, we do areas, and it was all open to them. It President, becaus3 several thousand peo­ not have the right to deny the right to is no longer open. A new philosophy of ple are employed there, it is said, by the make the choice. ownership and management in the Fed­ Federal Government. My answer is, "So · Mr. President, as to the objections eral Government has come about, and it what?" · which have been made on the floor as ·has resulted in management by remote In the first place, they are not em­ to noncontiguity, it is a fact that control and government by remote con- ployed by the Federal Government; they Alaska and Hawaii are not contiguous trol, and it cannot help but result in are employed by contractors who have Territories. If a Senator, after sound that. contracts with the Federal Government. consideration, reaches the view that In that statement there is nothing However, Mr. President, if we are to say that is an insurmountable obstacle to critical of the departments who are doing that receiving Federal assistance is a bar statehood of the Territories, he has that the work connected with the Territories. to the exercise of all the rights and privi­ right. But, at best, the arguments as I have criticized them when I thought leges of citizenship, what shall we say to sparseness of population, lack of polit- they were wrong. I shall do so again with respect to farm-support prices? 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16331 What shall we say with respect to na­ There must be a day when the repre-. now because I wish to use the observa­ tional highways? What shall we saY. sentatives of the people of this country tions I made during that inspection trip with respect to soil-co~servation pay­ will respond to the will of those whom as a basis for certain conclusions which ments, and so f orth-:--aids rendered by they represent; and, Mr. President, on I wish to draw in support of statehood the Federal Government to the people all that day we will find two more stars in fQr Alaska: We arrived in Ale.ska, at An-· over these United States? Has that so the flag of this Union. chorage; we traveled from Anchorage to corrupted them that they are not now Mr. THYE. Mr. President, I rise for Nome; from Nome to Fairbanks, and on entitled or able to discharge the duties the purpose of asking the very able to Eilson Field, to Whittier, to Seward, to of citizenship? The argument, Mr. senior Senator from Oregon EMr. CoR­ Juneau, to Annette, to Ketchikan, and President, falls of its own weight. It DON] if I may be associated with him in back to the States. needs no answer. his excellent plea and his presentation At all those points we conducted a Sparseness of population is advanced of the compelling reasons why this series of public hearings, Mr. President, as an argument against statehood for measure should be given the right of on the basic question of Alaskan de- · Alaska. Mr. President, when the State legislative consideration, and also his fenses; but in the course of that investi­ of Oregon came into the Union, it had reasoning as to why this measure and gation in Alaska we had ample oppor­ but 52,000 people, not 112,000, as is now the one granting statehood to Hawaii tunity to study the Alaskan statehood the case in Alaska. The opponents of should be enacted at this time. His pres­ problem and to weigh the point.:> of view statehood for Alaska speak of the vast entation· constitutes one of the most in­ which were presented to us by the people areas of Alaska that are unpeopled. Mr. telligent reasonings I have heard in the in that Territory. · President, I can take you down highways Senate Chamber why this measure con­ I wish to make very clear, Mr. Presi­ in my own State of Oregon and let you stitutes sound proposed legislation and dent, that we did not conduct ·any hear­ drive 115 miles without seeing a house, why we should act upon it now. ings on the question of Alaska state­ much less a service station, and I sus­ I wish to say, further, that the argu­ hood. Such observations respecting pect that the same thing can be done in ment regarding the distance of Hawaii statehood for Alaska as any member of Wyoming and elsewhere on the Great from the mainland of the United States that subcommittee made, he made on his Plateau. Certainly that argument has and the distance of Alaska from the personal and independent behalf. no validity. main body of the United States is not This afternoon I :r.ropose to speak only Mr. President, there are arguments such that we should take it into con­ for the junior Senator from Oregon, as a against the granting of statehood to sideration. The attempt in the course member of that subcommittee. I wish to Alaska, but they are not found in that of the arguments to raise a fear that say that the greatest human drama l' sort of reasoning. I know they cannot the distance is too great for adequate have ever observed, I observed in Nome, be met in action on this floor at this time. and proper protection, so far as the Alaska, when on October 18, I believe it I could have hoped that after the Com­ United States is concerned, in the case of was, we conducted a public hearing· in mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs these particular Territories is not sound. the courthouse, where we listened to wit­ had rendered its report last June, we Time has changed the mode of transpor­ nesses testify in behalf of some 150 fel­ might have had a full and fair. chance on tation; and today it is not so hazardous low American citizens, residents of the the floo,r of the United States Senate to or so time consuming to travel from the Seward Peninsula. We observed them get th~se bills before the Senate and to United States mainland to Hawaii as it exercise one of the greatest of all the determine whether majority rule should was when our forefathers traveled from freedoms incident to being an American, prevail. It would have been a trial by this Capital City to the then distant namely, the freedom to petition their ordeal; that I recognize. land of Oregon or even to the then dis­ Government for the redress of what they But, Mr. President, we are going to tant land of Minnesota. consider to be a wrong. have to face that issue; and the sooner So, Mr. President, I say this is the In testimony ably prepared, they pre­ we do so the better for the United States. time when the Congress should enact the sented to our committee the evidence on We have had other trials by ordeal. We proposed legislation which is before us, which they based their petition for more are going to have to face it. Had the and should provide statehood not only adequate defense, not for themselves statehood measures been brought up­ for Alaska but also for Hawaii. alone, not for Nome alone, but for the and, Mr. President, I feel that the ma­ Again I wish to state to the very able entire Seward Peninsula. Two of those jorjty party. has to carry the load for senior Senator from Oregon that his witnesses will always remain very vivid that failure; I think those bills could reasoning in support of statehood for in my memory, Mr. President; one of have been brought up at the last session, both of these Territories is most sound, them, a Mr. A. Polet, who has spent 51 with adequate time to determine, by and I ask that I may associate myself years in Nome. He has raised his family trial by ordeal, if necessary, whether we with him in his plea for statehood for there, presently lives with his grand­ can legislate on the basis of majority them. children in Nome. He has been a past rule-the situation now would be differ­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I wish president of various civic clubs and is ent. However, we did not have that to take a very few minutes to associate presently secretary of the Nome Cham­ chance. myself with the exceedingly able argu­ ber of Commerce. Mr. Polet is one of I feel very frankly that the making of ment which my senior colleague has the leading merchants of the Seward the motion at this rump session repre­ made in support of statehood for Alaska Peninsula, beloved by all the residents sented little more than a gesture. I and for Hawaii. of that area, including the native Es­ know that the President of the United I have been a very long time coming to kimos. The other witness I wish to States time after time has requested the a final decision on this issue. During the especially mention is a Mr. Jones, who Congress to act on this matter. I know last year I have read and studied exten­ has been in Nome for 53 years, and who that both parties, when asking for the sively on this subject. It was not until for many years was a member of the people's votes, have pledged their sup­ shortly before the end of the recent ses­ Senate of the Territory of Alaska. port for statehood, and I know that the sion of Congress that I made my first These witnesses presented to us, as our Democratic Party pledged its support for public statement of position on this is­ committee report I am sure will eventu­ immediate statehood. Both parties have sue, when I announced that I had con­ ally show, convincing evidence that the failed, Mr. President. Let us face it cluded that, on the facts and on the resources of the Seward Peninsula are frankly. merits, statehood should be granted to of such vital importance to the security There will be deep and bitter disap­ both Hawaii and Alaska. . of America that they must never be pointment in the northland and in the From October 15 kl October 20, I trav­ allowed to fall into the hands of Soviet islands of Hawaii. I can only say to eled throughout Alaska with a subcom­ Russia. As we sat in the courthouse those people, "Do not despair. Bring mittee of the Armed Services Committee listening to the testimony presented in your cause again to the Congress, to of the Senate, headed by the distin­ the course of the hearing, we were less both Houses of the Congress." I think guished Senator from Wyoming EMr. than 10 minutes by jet plane from one I can say, "The committees of both HUNT J. The other member of . the sub­ of the greatest concentrations of air Houses will help you get your bills again committee was the distinguished senior power ever assembled by any nation­ on the calendar." Senator from Massachusetts EMr. SALT­ the air power of Soviet Russia assem­ Let us start a new session with new ONSTALL]. We covered the following bled on Siberian soil. I repeat that this hope, and let us never · cease trying, major points in Alaska, which I mention powerful concentration of Russian air 16032 C9NGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 1 might is a little less than 10 minutes not given a voting voice in self-govern- debate, of 112,000, or the figure of by jet plane from Nome, Alaska. Of men~ · 132,000, which I heard throughout Alaska course, we were a shorter time than that One cannot travel through Alaska, one as I talked to the people on my recent from Big Diomede, which is well known cannot talk to the many people with trip there, I believe either figure com­ to be one of the great military installa­ whom we talked in our recent trip pares well with the total population ill tions of Soviet Russia. Figuratively, it through Alaska without recognizing some of our present States at the time is just a stone's throw from Nome. It is that Alaska suffers from the great evil they were admitted into the Union, in­ also well known. Mr. President, if one is of absenteee ownership. Absentee own­ cluding, for example, my own State. It in Alaska-and the Delegate from Alaska ership and the evils that inevitably go is an adequate population. As my senior in the House of Representatives is in the along with it can thrive best when self­ colleague mentioned, to point out that Senate Chamber at this moment, who government is denied. Self-government there is a concentration of population in could verify what I say-that our planes is necessary to check the evils of ab­ only a few areas of Alaska as ground for do not get near Big Diomede, although it sentee ownership; and if self-govern­ denying statehood at this time is a very is such a short distance from American ment, which would go along with specious and fallacious. argument. I say shores. They do not approach Big statehood existed in . Alaska, I think that because I believe if Alaska were Diomede because of the military installa­ there would be discovered within a very granted stateh6od and given the right to tions of Russia on Big Diomede. few years thereafter a great improve­ free herself from some of the evils of ab­ As we looked out of the window of ment in Alaska in connection with sentee ownership, with the resulting im­ that courthouse onto Marks Field, which some of the problems which have been provements which would flow from the '. was one of the _great air bases of Amer- mentioned in this debate by the oppo­ granting of statehood, such as more ade­ 1ica during World War II, what did we nents of statehood. This is generally quate transportation and highway sys­ see? We saw a field which to all intents recognized throughout Alaska, as one tem, the population of Alaska would in­ : and purposes has been dismantled­ talks to the people: they feel that much crease rather rapidly. Such has been stark, ghostly evidence of one of the of their opposition is coming from great our experience in connection with other great mistakes of America since World financial powers outside Alaska, with sparsely populated areas which in time . War II, as far as its demobilization and tremendous investments within Alaska, past have been granted statehood. ' disarmament program is concerned. I who are conducting a program of ab­ Mr. President, the next argument I : would point out this afternoon tbat for sentee ownership. I think that is also wish to make in support of statehood for · a long time following the close of World true to a lesser degree in regard to some Alaska ·and Hawaii is the sound argu­ . War.II we were actually engaging, sense­ of the problems of Hawaii. ment of fairness to our fellow citizens. . lessly in my opinion, in a disarmament The next point that I want to empha­ I believe ordinary fairness and ordi­ · program in America as well as a demo­ size in this argument for statehood for nary decent dealing with fellow Ameri­ bilization program. Marks Field stands Alaska and for Hawaii is that I believe cans call for the granting of statehood as a stark reality of that fact. · we have an opportunity here again to to Alaska and Hawaii at this time. I These witnesses, Mr. President, testi­ demonstrate to the world that we do not do not think it is fair and square to deny fied for .defense of the Seward Penin­ bc:lieve in perpetuating a policy of colo­ to fellow American citizens the right of sula, not for themselves alone, as I say, nialism upon any people when they self-government when they can make as not for Nome alone, but for the Seward reach the point in their territorial de­ strong a case for self-government as Peninsula, because the resources of the velopment where it is safe and proper the people of Alaska and Hawaii have Seward Peninsula are vital to the secu­ to relieve them of that colonial policy. made. rity of every American living in conti­ I say, Mr. President, that both Hawaii I do not care to dwell this afternoon on nental United States. And so, as my able and Alaska have reached that point, and what motives may be present in the colleague has pointed out in his excellent we are called upon, it seems to me, be­ Senate for the parliamentary barricade speech here today, we are dealing with fore the bar of public opinion of the which has been thrown up in order to a Territory which is a rich storehouse of world, to practfoe this great profession prevent a vote upon the two statehood natural resources vital to our security. of ours that we will not keep a people bills in this short session of Congress. I As he further pointed out, the people under colonial control beyond the time regret what I believe to be those motives. who live in the Territory where these that we can be of the greatest assistance I am a realist, and I have been a realist resources are located most certainly are to them throughout a colonial policy. all along on the whole qu€stion of un­ entitled to adequate defense, and they We have always proclaimed to the world limited debate in the Senate. I am are entitled to a voice in American gov­ that we will give the people of an Ameri­ realistic enough to know that uncon­ ernmental policies, backed up by voting can colony or territory complete self­ trolled, unlimited debate in the Senate representation. government as soon as they have reached is the barrier which will prevent a vote In fact, f m: a long time one of the · that territorial. development which on the pending question in this short cardinal principles that we have enun­ makes perfectly clear that they are session of Congress. However, I am ciated tn our relations with foreign peo- ready to govern themselves. I submit, hoping that the sense of fair play, which .pl es has been the principle of support­ as my able colleague has so well pointed characterizes the inner man of every ing self-determination. But I want to out this afternoon, that the people of one of my colleagues in the Senate who say we are guilty of not giving to our Alasl.$:a and of Hawaii have reached that is using a parliamentary barricade to fellow Americans the right to exercise point of territorial development, and prevent a vote on the pending question self-determination in Alaska, because that for us longer to keep them under in this short session of Congress will that right cannot be exercised unless the territorial control will, in the eyes of cause everyone of them to agree that right of self-government goes along with millions of people in the world, make us we should come to a vote on it in the it. Therefore, the first major point I guilty of perpetuating a policy of colo­ next session of Congress which will start wish to make· in support of my conclu­ nialism upon a people who are ready in January, after full and fair debate on sion that Alaska-and it is equally ap­ to be freed of colonialism. the merits. of the issue. If the experi­ plicable to Hawaii-should be given Thus, I wish to stress that statehood ence we are having on this question in statehood, is that I believe that from the for Alaska and for Hawaii would have the short session of Congress will serve standpoint of living up to the principle tremendous value to the United States to speed up the opportunity in the next of self-determination American citizens in international recognition of our good session of Congress to thrash out the living in Alaska are entitled to self­ faith of living up to the principle of self­ question I think some good purpose will government. determination, as well as in demonstrat­ be served by the debate in which we are Mr. President, I would point out that ing in practice as in professing that we presently engaged. we have tried to make clear throughout do not believe in denying self-govern­ I am still of the opinion that in view our history that we do not look with ment to people who are ready for it. of the complex problems whfoh face our favor upon a policy of colonialism, be­ As my colleague h~s pointed out, I Government in the present era we can­ cause a policy of colonialism inevitably, know the argument is made that there not continue to maintain the present as history shows, is inclined to lead to is a sparse population in Alaska. Irre­ protections which surround our.policy of taking advantage of the subjects of tlie spective of which population figure is unlimited debate in the Senate. I be­ colony. It is inclined to lead to a pat­ selected, whether it is the lower figure lieve the problems which confront us tern of exploitation of people who are which I have heard mentioned in this will be too critical and time too im- 1950 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16033 portant to permit of absolute unlimited ernment which we in the States enjoy, Now at long last we come to face the debate. their elected representatives would have stark, cold reality that if the all-out war As was pointed out on the floor of the brought to the two Houses of Congress should come as soon as tomorrow, our Senate yesterday afternoon., when we . the evidence and arguments which sacrifices would be tremendous, and far sought to get some action on the railway would have prevented Congress from fig­ in excess of what they needed to be had labor bill, the situation has come to the uratively sticking its head in the sand we not followed what I consider was a point where it is difficult to imagine any while tl-ie great defenses of Alaska were shortsighted policy of inadequate defense issue, certainly in the field of social and permitted to become so weakened.follow­ since the close of World War II. economic legislation, which could come ing World War II that up to a few months Mr. President, I speak not from hind­ before the Senate to which a Senator ago some of them could be described as sight, because as a member of the Armed could not attach an amendment that having been dismantled. Services Committee, along with my col­ would be offensive to a senator who does Mr. President, I wish to say that, in my leagues on that committee, I assert that not share the point of view of the junior opinion, the security and the welfare of committee has been strong for more ade­ Senator from Oregon on the subject of 160,000,000 American citizens have been quate defense throughout the whole civil rights, for example. . jeopardized by the weakening of the de­ period of demobilization and disarma­ I believe that sooner or later-and I fenses of Alaska. What has happened ment. As a member of that committee, I believe it will be sooner than most peo­ in Alaska during the last year has been say that we as a Congress must proceed ple realize-we shall have to frankly face nothing short of miraculous, when at now to do everything that must be done the question of cloture, and shall have long last we became aware of the weak­ in order to strengthen the defenses of to reexamine it, as I believe we should ened condition of the defenses and again this country. In my opinion, we must reexamine all policies of our Govern­ moved in with a program of strengthen­ proceed with an all-out, full-scale mili­ ment, as they relate to both domestic and. ing the defenses of Alaska. tary and economiic mobilization pro­ foreign issues, to the end of trying to I am not privileged, and it would not gram, and we must stop the ghastly mis­ settle the issues upon the facts as we be proper for me, to discuss on the floor takes of vacillation and delay in facing find them to be. of the Senate this afternoon the infor- . the realities of the present situation. · I believe the debate on Alaskan and matior.. which our subcommittee of the . We in the Congress have something to Hawaiian statehood will make clear to Armed Services Committee gathered in answer for, in my opinion, in regard to the American people, as it has been made regard not only to the present status of . this crisis. I think we wasted precious clear heretofore, that the rules of the Alaskan defenses, but as to what has time last July, August, and September in Senate with regard to cloture will have been done in Alaska during the last 10- respect to a great many of the defense to be modified in the next session of or 11-month period in strengthening matters, because I think it was as clear Congress, so that a strong majority view those defenses. I do want to say to the then as it it is now · that the crisis was in the Senate can prevail on any issue. American people here this afternoon. an exceedingly serious one. We must Of course, I am still of the opinion that that I think each one of them should find out now whether or not Russia in­ the type of cloture rule similar to .the offer up a prayer to Almighty God for tends war or peace. majority-vote rule which I. have fought the heroic service that is being rendered Mr. President, our leaders must stop for ever since I have been .a Member of in Alaska right now, this hour, by thou­ keeping some kind of a hood tied over the Senate is the soundest of the solu­ sands of members of our armed services. their eyes through which they see very tions whiCh have been suggested. Cer­ under living and service conditions dimly the realities of the world picture~ tainly some solution ·sounder than the· which not a single Member of this body As a matter of fact we are at war now, present rule will have to be adopted if would be proud of if he had a chance to and have been for months, because Rus- · we are to avoid, as I think we must avoid, observe those conditions. sia's policies for months in the field of· ·the type .of parliamentary barrier which' We are greatly indebted to those men international relations toward the United prevents what I am satisfie~ is a strong. in the armed services in Alaska who States have not been the policies of a majority in the Senate tr9m taking, stand ready at a moment's notice to make friendly nation. She has followed, I action on the merits of an issue such as the great sacrifice which will be theirs think quite openly, a course of action the one presently before the Senate. the moment the Russian air force moves which can receive no other adequate de­ Mr. President, I am satisfied that if off of Siberia toward the United States. scription than as a course of action of · we could get a vote on the merits of the In the same spirit we should off er up a carrying on a form of armed conflict question of statehood for Alaska and fervent prayer tonight to Almighty God against us by backing up various satel­ Ha aii, statehood would be granted to for the great service and heroic sacrifices lite countries which have carried on di­ both Territories, so far as Senate ap­ which thousands upon thousands of rect action against us. Russia herself proval was. concerned, at least, by a sub­ American boys are making this very hour. has been guilty not only of supplying stantial majority of this body. in Korea, sacrifices which in my opinion them with the materials, with the fi­ I believe we weaken democracy, in­ needed not to be as great as they are nances, and the military advice, and jure self-government, and create a great if we, the people of the United States, sometimes leadership, for their course of deal of confusion in the minds of the had, since World War II followed a armed action, but also in the United Na­ American people by preventing majority realistic course in regard to America's tions, both in the Security Council and rule from prevailing in the Senate by defenses, and if we had done the things in the General Assembly, she has fol­ the adoption of parliamentary tactics in the Congress of the United States lowed a course of action which has niade which deny a vote on the merits of a necessary to get this country of ours so very clear time and time again that she question. strong that Stalin would always have un­ has not been a friendly nation toward us, Mr. President, I close by saying that, derstood that he had everything to lose but one really acting in a hostile man­ in my opinion, the over-all and control­ and nothing to gain from conducting the ner. The ugly fact is that Russia has ling reason for statehood for Alaska and type of aggressive foreign policy which been carrying on a type of war against Hawaii is that I believe granting state­ has characterized him since the end of us for many months. hood is vital to ·the security and defense World War II. Likewise the officials in Mr. President, that has been my posi­ of my country. I speak now in my indi-· the executive branch of the Government have failed to adopt a realistic program tion in this matter for months and vidual capacity as a member of the sub­ months, and as a member of the Armed committee of the Committee on Armed with respect to the defense needs of America. Services Committee I have never failed Services which investigated and inspect­ to give support to programs which ed the defenses of Alaska. It is my per­ Oh, how shortsighted we have been. sonal conclusion that the defenses would It was known-no Member of Congress sought to strengthen the security of our never have reached the weakened con­ can deny the fact, no Member of the country. dition into which they were permitted to . administration can deny the fact-that In pleading this afternoon for Alaskan get following World War II if the Ter .. as we proceeded with a program of de .. and Hawaiian statehood I wish to say ritory of Alaska had had voting repre­ mobilization and disarmament, as we that in my judgment statehood for those sentation in the House of Representa­ economized at the expense of the ade ... Territories will strengthen America's de­ tives and in the Senate. I am convinced quate defense of America, Russia was de .. . fenses. They will strengthen America's that if the people of Alaska had been voting her major economy and effort to defenses in a variety of ways. They will given the precious freedom of self-gov- the building up of her armed forces. strengthen America's defenses insofar as 16034 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 1 morale in those two Territories is con­ Mr. President, I talked to a great many the bill brought before the Senate, at cerned. They will strengthen the de­ GI's who had been in Alaska during least so a vote could be had on it, in fenses in that the strength that will flow World War II, and who had returned order to let the people of Alaska see the from statehood will result in some very there, bringing their brides with them, real picture. valuable cooperative action on the part and were attempting to make a home Mr. President, when I was in Alaska of those two Territories in the whole there and provide for themselves a live­ 3 years ago I told the people there that matter of civilian defense, as well as lihood. Many of them told me, how­ I honestly thought statehood legislation military defense itself. ever, "We do not expect to stay here all could be put through the. Congress of Mr. President, I think they will our lives." I asked, "Why?" They said, the United States. They wanted to strengthen the security of America be­ "This is a Territory. We simply do not know why. I said, "Because in my cause their recognition as States will like to raise our children to maturity in a opinion you occupy the most strategic again demonstrate to the world that we Territory. It is all right for them to stay place on the face of the globe. From a intend to put into practice the principles here for a while, but after a bit they will military standpoint all eyes are going to of the United Nations Charter, which want to ·go to school, and we will have to be turned on Alaska in the next few we solemnly adopted in this body by make arrangements to go back to the . years. I .think we are going to recognize ratification in 1945. States. Now, if you Members of Con­ your strategic position and realize that So, Mr. President, I look upon the bills gress would give us statehood we think we can do a better job if Alaska is a for statehood for Alaska and Hawaii as we would be willing to stay here and State of the Union, rather than merely a great symbols of the intention of the make it our home for the future. We Territory." Congress of the United States to meet, can develop this country just as those in Mr. President, I merely wish to say without any reservations whatsoever, the West have developed their States, this evening that I honestly believe that what I consider to be our solemn obliga­ which at the time of statehood were Alaska is the key to the proper defense tion in this hour of crisis to do every­ sparsely settled." A great many of of the North American continent, that thing that is necessary to help strength­ them felt that it would mean much to it ·is the key spot on the map where en· the security of all the people of the them and to their children if they could will be determined in the future whether United States. say they were citizens of the State of we shall have world peace or not. . For these main reasons I am pleased to Alaska rather than of the Territory of Mr. President, now all our eyes are place myself on public record here this Alaska. That made a deep impression turned on Korea. That is all very well. afternoon in support of statehood for upon us. Korea, however, is not the key to Asia. Alaska and Hawaii, and as pleading for Mr. President, I met in Alaska the fin­ Korea is not the key to the peace of the an early vote on the merits of the issue. est kind of people I have met anywhere world. I say in all sincerity and hon­ Mr. ECTON. Mr. · President, I realize in the world. They are friendly, they esty that I believe Alaska, our own Ter­ it is impossible for me to add anything are generous, they are hard-working, ritory, which belongs to the United to the "forceful and impressive arguments and they .are most forward-looking. States, is the key. I agree with the Sen­ which have already been made in behalf I do not believe we need to worry ator from Oregon that we had better be of statehood for Alaska. I believe that about whether the resources of Alaska spending our time and our money in about everything that has been said in are sufficient to support statehood. In making plans for any eventuality, be­ the arguments advanced against the 'ad­ my opinion, Alaska has practically cause in my opinion Alaska is the pin­ mission of Alaska was said against the everything that any other State of the nacle of the world. admission of Montana into the Union. Union has except agriculture, and Alaska Senators may say, as I have heard it · Montana was admitted to the Union on is developing agriculturally. Under said here, "Well,·what if it is? We will November 8, 1889. I know that many modern methods of using various kinds defend Alaska." Of course, we are go­ people at that time thought that about. of soils under differing climatic condi­ ing to defend Alaska whether it is a all Montana had was a· great many In­ tions, I believe eventually Alaska will Territory or a State. It belongs to us. dians and snow-covered mountains. We have a pretty good agriculture, and will The people of Alaska are a part of us, did have many Indians and. we did have develop agriculturally as well as in other even though they live in a Territory, and snow covered mountains. But we had a ways. even though they cannot vote for na­ few people wh·o had migrated into that I believe Alaska has more resources tional officers, and even though they do Territory, who had built their homes than most of the other States of the not have representation in Congress, ex­ there, were rearing families, and in­ Union have at the present time. The cept through one delegate, whom they tended to proceed to develop the coun­ Senator from Oregon mentioned the elect, but who has no vote in Congress. try for their children and children's natural resources of Alaska. Natural children. resources abound in Alaska. Nearly It is no secret that Russia is putting Three years ago I was one of several every kind of mineral that can . be forth propaganda that the United States members of the Committee on Interior imagined is hidden away in the moun­ bought Alaska years ago too cheaply, and Insular Affairs who visited Alaska. tains and the hills and the valleys of and that rightfully and justly Alaska I then discovered that Alaska had snow­ Alaska. should belong to Russia. Mr. President, covered mountains and also had many Mr. President, I am happy that years the good people of Alaska hear those · Indians, and Eskimos as well,. We do . ago someone had the foresight to se­ stories and are worried by them. Inas­ not happen to have Eskimos in Montana. cure Alaska as a Territory for the much as Alaska now is merely a Terri­ We found likewise a people in Alaska United States. In the face of the world tory, some of her people wonder whether who had migrated there, people with situation as it is, and knowing of all the· perhaps if the going became tough, the cour::tge, with ambition, with vision, who strategic materials we need to protect United States would move out and would were building homes, and rearing fami­ ourselves in this modern age, I am glad let them go, rather than put up a fierce lies, and who intended to stay in Alaska that we have the Territory of Alaska battle and possibly involve the entire if possible. under our control. world. We found that many people from my In view of the fact that the people of Mr. President, I say to you that we own State had gone to Alaska. I sup­ that 'I'erritory have been promised state­ need to do everything we possibly can pose life in Montana had become too easy hood for so many years, and have been to ·build up the morale of the good citi­ for them, so they wanted to go to Alaska on trial for so many years, since at least zens who live in Alaska. We should to satisfy the old pioneering spirit. They a majority of them have worked make them understand that they are were doing good work there. But back earnestly ·and continuously for advance­ full-fledged American citizens, with all in their minds they hoped for the time ment to statehood, and in view of the the rights, privileges, and protections of y.rhen eventually Alaska would become a fact that the Alaska statehood bill has American citizens, and that they are State. That has been in the minds of already been passed by the House twice, supported by the determination of a the people there for years and years and that we have for 2 years held long and great Government to see that they are years. I was surprised to meet as many tedious public hearings on the subject, protected. That will help their morale; persons as I did who thought it was and that the Senate committee has seen it wm give them : additional courage; essential that Alaska be admitted to the fit to advance it to the floor of the Sen­ and they, in turn, will give greater morale Union, with all the rights of statehood. ate, I had hoped that we could have to the thousands of our citizens who, as 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 16035

members of tbe Armed Forces, have to be RECESS TO MONDAY IN THE NAVY st.ationed in Alaska. Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, I Vice Adm. Edwin D. Foster, Supply Corps, Mr. Presiqent, the towns in Alaska and am about to move a recess, but before United States Navy, when retired, to be placed the homes in Alaska remind me a great doing so, I desire to express my apprecia­ on the retired list with the rank of vice deal of towns and cities and homes in tion of the notable contributions which admiral. my own State of Montana. Naturally, have been made this afternoon to the the houses in Alaska have to be built arguments in support of the statehood well in order to withstand the cold, but bills by the senior Senator from Oregon HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES they look very much like houses in any [Mr. CORDON]; his colleague, the junior other modern city or town. Alaska in Senator from Oregon [Mr. MoRsEJ; the FRIDAY, DECEMBER 1, 1950 the total respect is not the wilderness senior Senator from Minnesota [Mr. it is sometimes portrayed to be. -THYEJ; and the junior Senator from The House met at 12 o'clock noon, and Alaska possesses some of the most Montana [Mr. ECTON], who has just was called to order by the Speaker pro. beautiful scenery in the world. If we taken his seat. tempore, Mr. COOPER. admit Alaska to the Union as a full­ The senior Senator from Oregon spoke DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO TEMPORE fledged State I think that eventually knowingly and feelingly of taxation The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be­ there will be a paved highway between withoQ.t representation as it applies to fore the House the following communi­ this country, across Canada, to Alaska; the people of these Territories. There cation from the Speaker: and every summer many of our citizens has just come to my knowledge an inci­ will wish to travel there, instead of going dent which shows that it is far more DECEMBER 1, 1950. to Europe, South America, or some other I hereby designate Hon. JERE CooPER to than taxation without represe:itation; it act as Sp~aker pro tempore today. foreign land. I do not see how anyone is military service, it is conscription, SAM RAYBURN, could find in Switzerland or in any other without representation. Speaker. foreign country any sights more beauti­ · Early this week there appeared at the ful than those which can be found in office of the Committee on Interior and PRAYER Alaska. Insular Affairs a delegation of 28 citizens The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Bras­ Mr. President, a large delegation of of Hawaii, who came to the continental kamp, D. D., offered the following Alaskans came to Washington and ap­ United States and to the Capitol of the prayer: peared before the Committee on Interior Nation in the fond hope ~hat before this Most merciful and gracious God, who and Insular Affairs, and we went into session had adjourned, they would be hast been our strength in ages past and every detail in regard to what will be able to witness the passage by the Sen­ art our only hope for years to come, we involved if Alaska is granted statehood. ate of the bill extending statehood to are again lifting our hearts in unison I know that there are arguments in the Territory· of Hawaii. Among that beseeching Thee for wisdom and guid­ opposition; but the splendid group of group was a native Hawaiian, Col. Peter ance as we face difficult tasks and re­ people who came here last winter and Pakele, who served as a second lieuten­ sponsibilitiP,s in this needy and war-torn who were honest and sincere had given ant in ; who was lieutenant world. the Problem much serious consideration. colonel of the Hawaii National Guard at We pray that Thou wilt bless all coun­ They are united in believing that Alaska, the outbreak of World War II; who be­ cils and assemblies and conferences if admitted to the Union as a State, came Provost Marshal of Hawaii on De- which are seeking to promote the spirit will be able to finance herself and will . cember 7, 1941, the day of the attack on of amity and concord among the nations be able to overcome all obstacles. They Pearl Harbor; and who thereafter be­ of the earth. May the deliberations and recognize that there are certain ob­ .came commanding officer of the Ha­ decisions of the leaders and representa­ stacles to be overcome if Alaska is waiian· Home Guard. Colonel Pakele is tives of our own beloved country help granted statehood; but they wish to try, leaving Washington tomorrow, to go to to establish a commonwealth of free­ they wish to go forward, they wish to Santa Clara University, in California, to men, strong and great in the fear of God, . accept the challenge and the responsi­ see his son, also a native Hawaiian, be­ loving righteousness and walking in the bility. They are certain they can man­ fore the latter is inducted under the ways of peace. age it. I believe they can; and I be­ law of the United States to serve Inspire rulers and people everywhere lieve they will if they are granted the in the Army of the United States, pos­ with a longing to solve the problems of opportunity to do so. sibly on the Korean peninsula. The fa- human relationship upon the high level Mr. President, I am sorry that cer­ . ther, who has served his country, and ·or a hallowed respect for the sanctity of tain aspects of the matter have de­ the son, who is about to serve his country human rights and liberties and a Christ­ veloped in the course of the argument also in the military service, stand in like reverence for the worth and dignity and the effort to bring this bill before grave danger of not receiving news from of the soul of man created in Thine own the Senate for consideration. In that Washington that statehood will be ex­ image and destined for immortal life. connection I am not blaming anyone. tended to the Territory in which they To Thy name we ascribe all the praise. · I know how certain Senators feel about live, but of learning that they will con­ Amen. the balance of power and other ques­ tinue to have no voice in the action of Congress in levying taxes upon their in­ The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ tions. However, I do not think we need terday was read and approved. worry about that; I think all those mat­ comes and upon their property and in ters can be taken care of. I believe levying the draft upon their sons. INFLATION that any Senators or Members of the Mr. President, I now move that the · Mr. BOYKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask House of Representatives who might be Senate stand in recess until 12 o'clock unanimous consent to addre3s the House noon on Monday next. elected from Alaska and sent~ to the for 1 minute and revise and extend my United States Congress would be fair The motion was agreed to; and