DOCSLIB.ORG

The Summer Circulation in the Gulf of Suez and Its Influence in the Red

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Summer Circulation in the Gulf of Suez and Its Influence in the Red AUGUST 2017 S O F I A N O S A N D J O H N S 2047 The Summer Circulation in the Gulf of Suez and Its Influence in the Red Sea Thermohaline Circulation S. SOFIANOS Department of Environmental Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece W. E. JOHNS Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 20 December 2016, in final form 8 June 2017) ABSTRACT The Gulf of Suez is accepted as an important location for Red Sea Deep Water formation, but the circu- lation and exchange with the Red Sea around the year remains elusive. A summer cruise in the area gives the opportunity to investigate features of the summertime hydrological structure and exchange with the Red Sea. An inverse estuarine circulation and exchange with the Red Sea is evident. The topographic patterns of the gulf play an important role in the circulation. Two sills, one in midbasin and a second at the mouth of the gulf, inhibit the bottom flow, topographically trapping waters that were formed in the cold season. Although the water mass characteristics of the outflowing waters during the other seasons are not directly related to the deep waters, they can influence the water column structure of the northern Red Sea. A simple box model shows that their contribution can have a significant influence in the formation of the intermediate layer. A hypersaline (40.6 psu) but relatively warm (238C) water mass, originating in the Gulf of Suez, is detected at intermediate depths (100–150 m), with a strong signal in the western part of the Red Sea. 1. Introduction To the north, the gulf is connected to the Suez Canal. Although there is no significant communication be- The Gulf of Suez is located at the northern part of the tween the Mediterranean and the Red Sea through the Red Sea. It is a long and narrow gulf, without a typical channel, processes taking place in the channel may sill at its entrance (Fig. 1a). Because of its shape it is play a role in the stratification of the northern part of fairly isolated from the Red Sea general circulation the Gulf of Suez. features, exchanging waters through the mouth of the The mean annual air–sea fluxes (net heat flux, evap- gulf. It is also a shallow gulf (maximum depth about oration minus precipitation) over the region are Qnet 5 80 m), so that surface forcing can penetrate rapidly 2 2 58.5 W m 2 (out of the ocean) and E 2 P 5 2.21 m yr 1, through the whole water column, especially in winter. as derived from the closest point of the Comprehensive A topographic map derived from the General Bathy- Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) climatology metric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO; the GEBCO_ (27.58N, 34.58E) and corrected for large-scale biases 2014 Grid, version 20150318, www.gebco.net)at1/1208 over the Red Sea (Sofianos et al. 2002). Maximum heat is presented in Fig. 1b, and two areas in the middle and and freshwater loss take place during the winter. The mouth of the gulf are presented in Figs. 1c and 1d,re- Gulf of Suez is subject to strong evaporation throughout spectively. The topography is rather complicated and the year, and so it is expected to be a concentration two sills can be identified (Figs. 1b–d). One sill is lo- basin, converting relatively fresher surface waters of cated in the middle of the gulf (28.4128N, 33.1638E, Red Sea origin to waters of higher salinity. The ther- with sill depth 56 m) and a second one at the mouth of mohaline circulation of the gulf is characterized as a the gulf (27.6888N, 33.8888E, with sill depth 67 m). two-layered inverse estuarine system, with water en- tering from the Red Sea moving northward—even Corresponding author: S. Sofianos, sofi[email protected] against the prevailing northwesterly winds—and denser DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-16-0282.1 Ó 2017 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses). Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 06:46 PM UTC 2048 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 47 FIG. 1. (a) Map and locations of the station occupied in the Gulf of Suez and the northern Red Sea, (b) Gulf of Suez bathymetry, and the topographic characteristics in the area of the two sills: (c) middle of the gulf and (d) mouth of the gulf. water exiting the gulf (Morcos 1970; Murray and mixing with ambient waters at the mouth of the gulf Babcock 1982; El-Sabh and Beltagy 1983). The Gulf of sink to replenish the deep reservoir of the Red Sea Suez is generally accepted as an important source of (Woelk and Quadfasel 1996; Cember 1988; Maillard dense, hypersaline water to the Red Sea (Woelk and 1974; Wyrtki 1974). It is not known if this process Quadfasel 1996; Cember 1988; Maillard 1974; takes place every year (Woelk and Quadfasel 1996). Wyrtki 1974). The flux of RSDW into the Red Sea derived by direct The deep waters of the Red Sea (deeper than 600 m) observations (Maillard 1974)isO(0.04) Sv (1 Sv [ 2 are renewed through sinking of the deep water 106 m3 s 1) on an annual basis. Another O(0.02) Sv is formed in the gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Plähn et al. contributed by the Gulf of Aqaba (Biton and Gildor 2002; Woelk and Quadfasel 1996; Cember 1988; 2011). During the rest of the year, the heat loss from Maillard 1974; Wyrtki 1974). The time of this forma- the gulf’s surface is relatively weak and the waters tion as well as the amount of Red Sea Deep Water cannot become dense enough to produce RSDW. The (RSDW) produced is not well known. It is generally circulation and stratification in the Gulf of Suez as believed that it is during the peak of the winter sea- well as its interaction with the open Red Sea during son, when intense evaporation and surface cooling the summer season, remain unexplored. In this paper take place, that relatively small amounts of extremely we use summer hydrographic data from the Gulf dense water are produced in the gulf, which after of Suez and the northern Red Sea to investigate Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 06:46 PM UTC AUGUST 2017 S O F I A N O S A N D J O H N S 2049 FIG. 2. The T, S, su, and O2 transects along the main axis of the Gulf of Suez. whether dense waters are also exported from the Gulf 3. Results of Suez in summer and what their fate is in the Red In the summer of 2001, the Gulf of Suez has the typical Sea basin. inverse-estuarine system stratification pattern (Fig. 2), with an overturning cell bringing relatively buoyant water (su 5 2. Data 23 26.5 kg m ,wheresu is the potential density anomaly) During August 2001, a hydrographic survey was car- into the gulf, which, subject to intense evaporation, be- ried out in the Red Sea, including the Gulf of Suez, comes denser and outflows from the mouth, achieving 2 aboard the R/V Maurice Ewing as part of a project by potential density around 27.5–28 kg m 3. The bottom wa- the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine ters at the northern part of the gulf are isolated and of high and Atmospheric Science (Sofianos and Johns 2007). density and low oxygen concentration values. This water The stations collected in the northern Red Sea and the mass must have been trapped in the area probably from Gulf of Suez are shown in Fig. 1a. At all stations, pres- the dense water formation that took place in the winter sure, temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were season, as already observed and suggested by Wyrtki collected using a SeaBird 9plus CTD system. Water (1974). In the middle of the gulf, the very dense waters samples for the calibration of the salinity and dissolved appear trapped due to the presence of the midgulf sill. The oxygen were collected at about one-third of these sta- summer two-layer circulation pattern seems to take place tions. The survey covered stations in the Red Sea and on the top of the layer of very dense water, while the O2 along the main axis of the Gulf of Suez, following its distribution suggests that the water column is well venti- deeper parts (Fig. 1a). The spacing of the station along lateddownto;45 m, and thus the temperature gradient the axis of the gulf varies from about 20 km in northern between 25 and 45 m in the northern Gulf indicates vertical and middle parts of the basin to a few kilometers close to mixing with the remnant winter water. Lower temperature the mouth. and oxygen waters are also found close to the bottom in the Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 06:46 PM UTC 2050 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 47 FIG.3.Au/S diagram of the NODC data (black symbols) with ‘‘x’’ for the winter values (December–April) and ‘‘o’’ for the summer values (June–October) compared with the cruise data (with the color indicating the stations presented in Fig. 2). southern part of the basin. Their presence can be associ- values observed during winter. Waters of density be- 2 ated with the effect of the mouth sill and some leakage tween 28 and 29 kg m 3 are observed in this part of the of the wintertime water trapped in the north Gulf of Suez Gulf of Suez even in the summer season, indicating that that had undergone mixing with surface waters.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Keyword List Contains Indian Ocean Place Names of Coral Reefs, Islands, Bays and Other Geographic Features in a Hierarchical Structure
    CoRIS Place Keyword Thesaurus by Ocean - 8/9/2016 Indian Ocean This keyword list contains Indian Ocean place names of coral reefs, islands, bays and other geographic features in a hierarchical structure. For example, the first name on the list - Bird Islet - is part of the Addu Atoll, which is in the Indian Ocean. The leading label - OCEAN BASIN - indicates this list is organized according to ocean, sea, and geographic names rather than country place names. The list is sorted alphabetically. The same names are available from “Place Keywords by Country/Territory - Indian Ocean” but sorted by country and territory name. Each place name is followed by a unique identifier enclosed in parentheses. The identifier is made up of the latitude and longitude in whole degrees of the place location, followed by a four digit number. The number is used to uniquely identify multiple places that are located at the same latitude and longitude. For example, the first place name “Bird Islet” has a unique identifier of “00S073E0013”. From that we see that Bird Islet is located at 00 degrees south (S) and 073 degrees east (E). It is place number 0013 at that latitude and longitude. (Note: some long lines wrapped, placing the unique identifier on the following line.) This is a reformatted version of a list that was obtained from ReefBase. OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bird Islet (00S073E0013) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bushy Islet (00S073E0014) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Fedu Island (00S073E0008)
    [Show full text]
  • Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
    FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES ISSN 1020-6868 FIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE SHARKS AND RAYS OF THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN PERSGA FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES FIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE SHARKS AND RAYS OF THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN by Ramón Bonfil Marine Program Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx, New York, USA and Mohamed Abdallah Strategic Action Program Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Jeddah, Saudi Arabia FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2004 iii PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT This document was prepared under the coordination of the Species Identification and Data Programme of the Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources and Environment Division, Fisheries Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This field guide is largely based on material prepared for training courses on elasmobranch identification delivered in the region by the first author, and promoted by the Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA), as an activity of PERSGA’s Strategic Action Programme (SAP) towards capacity building and technical assistance in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region. Printing was supported by Japanese Government funds. The increasing recognition of the significance of sharks and batoid fishes as ecosystem health indicators, as well as their particular importance in exploited ecosystems in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, have been key considerations to promote the preparation of this Field Guide. Furthermore, in recent years the reported catches of elasmobranchs in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden showed a marked increase.
    [Show full text]
  • Directional Storm Surge in Enclosed Seas: the Red Sea, the Adriatic, and Venice
    J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2015, 3, 356-367; doi:10.3390/jmse3020356 OPEN ACCESS Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ISSN 2077-1312 www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse Article Directional Storm Surge in Enclosed Seas: The Red Sea, the Adriatic, and Venice Carl Drews Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-303-497-1429; Fax: +1-303-497-1400 Academic Editor: Rick Luettich Received: 30 March 2015 / Accepted: 25 May 2015 / Published: 29 May 2015 Abstract: Storm surge is dependent on wind direction, with maximum surge heights occurring when strong winds blow onshore. It is less obvious what happens when a port city is situated at the end of a long narrow gulf, like Venice at the northwestern end of the Adriatic Sea. Does the narrow marine approach to the port city limit the dangerous wind direction to a span of only a few degrees? This modeling study shows that the response in surge height to wind direction is a sinusoidal curve for port cities at the end of a long inlet, as well as for cities exposed along a straight coastline. Surge height depends on the cosine of the angle between the wind direction and the major axis of the narrow gulf. There is no special protection from storm surge afforded by a narrow ocean-going approach to a port city. Keywords: storm surge; Red Sea; Adriatic Sea; Venice; COAWST; ROMS; wind direction; wind setdown 1. Introduction Wind-driven storm surge can cause great damage and loss of life in coastal regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Foreign Policy (Special Reference After the 25Th of January Revolution)
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PÚBLICO Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES TESIS DOCTORAL Egyptian foreign policy (special reference after The 25th of January Revolution) MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTORA PRESENTADA POR Rania Ahmed Hemaid DIRECTOR Najib Abu-Warda Madrid, 2018 © Rania Ahmed Hemaid, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Políticas Y Socioligía Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales Doctoral Program Political Sciences PHD dissertation Egyptian Foreign Policy (Special Reference after The 25th of January Revolution) POLÍTICA EXTERIOR EGIPCIA (ESPECIAL REFERENCIA DESPUÉS DE LA REVOLUCIÓN DEL 25 DE ENERO) Elaborated by Rania Ahmed Hemaid Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda Professor of International Relations in the Faculty of Information Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, 2017 Ph.D. Dissertation Presented to the Complutense University of Madrid for obtaining the doctoral degree in Political Science by Ms. Rania Ahmed Hemaid, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Information Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid. University: Complutense University of Madrid. Department: International Public Law and International Relations (International Studies). Program: Doctorate in Political Science. Director: Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda. Academic Year: 2017 Madrid, 2017 DEDICATION Dedication To my dearest parents may god rest their souls in peace and to my only family my sister whom without her support and love I would not have conducted this piece of work ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda for the continuous support of my Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal Status of Tiran and Sanafir Islands Rajab, 1438 - April 2017
    22 Dirasat The Legal Status of Tiran and Sanafir Islands Rajab, 1438 - April 2017 Askar H. Enazy The Legal Status of Tiran and Sanafir Islands Askar H. Enazy 4 Dirasat No. 22 Rajab, 1438 - April 2017 © King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2017 King Fahd National Library Cataloging-In-Publication Data Enazy, Askar H. The Legal Status of Tiran and Sanafir Island. / Askar H. Enazy, - Riyadh, 2017 76 p ; 16.5 x 23 cm ISBN: 978-603-8206-26-3 1 - Islands - Saudi Arabia - History 2- Tiran, Strait of - Inter- national status I - Title 341.44 dc 1438/8202 L.D. no. 1438/8202 ISBN: 978-603-8206-26-3 Table of Content Introduction 7 Legal History of the Tiran-Sanafir Islands Dispute 11 1928 Tiran-Sanafir Incident 14 The 1950 Saudi-Egyptian Accord on Egyptian Occupation of Tiran and Sanafir 17 The 1954 Egyptian Claim to Tiran and Sanafir Islands 24 Aftermath of the 1956 Suez Crisis: Egyptian Abandonment of the Claim to the Islands and Saudi Assertion of Its Sovereignty over Them 26 March–April 1957: Saudi Press Statement and Diplomatic Note Reasserting Saudi Sovereignty over Tiran and Sanafir 29 The April 1957 Memorandum on Saudi Arabia’s “Legal and Historical Rights in the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba” 30 The June 1967 War and Israeli Reoccupation of Tiran and Sanafir Islands 33 The Status of Tiran and Sanafir Islands in the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty of 1979 39 The 1988–1990 Egyptian-Saudi Exchange of Letters, the 1990 Egyptian Decree 27 Establishing the Egyptian Territorial Sea, and 2016 Statements by the Egyptian President
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Gulf of Aqaba Coastal Water, Jordan
    water Article Evaluation of the Gulf of Aqaba Coastal Water, Jordan Ahmed A. Al-Taani 1,2,* , Maen Rashdan 2 , Yousef Nazzal 1, Fares Howari 1, Jibran Iqbal 1 , Abdulla Al-Rawabdeh 2 , Abeer Al Bsoul 3 and Safaa Khashashneh 2 1 College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, UAE; [email protected] (Y.N.); [email protected] (F.H.); [email protected] (J.I.) 2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (A.A.-R.); [email protected] (S.K.) 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Balqa Applied University, As-Salt 19117, Jordan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 July 2020; Accepted: 21 July 2020; Published: 27 July 2020 Abstract: (1) Background: The Gulf of Aqaba (GoA) supports unique and diverse marine ecosystems. It is one of the highest anthropogenically impacted coasts in the Middle East region, where rapid human activities are likely to degrade these naturally diverse but stressed ecosystems. (2) Methods: Various water quality parameters were measured to assess the current status and conditions of 2 GoA seawater including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), Cl−, NO3−, SO4 −, 3 + 2+ 2+ + + PO4 −, NH4 , Ca , Mg , Na ,K , Sr, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn. (3) Results: The pH values indicated basic coastal waters. The elevated levels of TDS with an average of about 42 g/L indicated highly saline conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coral Reefs of Eilat – Past, Present and Future: Three Decades of Coral Community Structure Studies
    The Coral Reefs of Eilat – 1 Past, Present and Future: Three Decades of Coral Community Structure Studies Yossi Loya 1.1 Introduction Here, I shall present a brief review of ca. 35 years of our studies on changes in the coral species diversity and community structure at Eilat, Red Sea, at several scales in space and time. In the following, I shall: (1) summarize the geograph- ical setting and the geological,physical and biological characteristics of the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba, then point out the uniqueness of the coral reefs of Eilat, which are situated at the most northerly boundary of coral reef distribution,yet exhibit extraordinarily high within-habitat coral species diversity; (2) present the changes that took place in coral species diversity and community structure on the reef flats in the northern Gulf of Aqaba/Eilat (during the 1969–1980), due to natural disturbances (extreme midday low tides) and man-made perturbations (chronic oil spills); (3) discuss possible mechanisms that generate and maintain the high within-habitat coral diversity typifying pristine reefs in the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba;(4)discusstheoppositemechanismsthatcausedadramaticde- crease in coral abundance and living cover at the Eilat Coral Nature Reserve (ECNR) during 1986–2000.I will also point out two major anthropogenic distur- bances: first, eutrophication caused by Eilat’s sewage discharge to the sea until 1995; and second, further eutrophication originating from intensive net pen mariculture off the northern coast of Eilat,which exponentially expanded activ- ity from 1994–1995 to present times.The grave implications for the coral reefs of Eilat caused by this chronic eutrophication will be presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Six Day War: an Analysis of Counterfactual Explanations Limor Bordoley
    Limor Bordoley Rethinking the Six Day War: An Analysis of Counterfactual Explanations Limor Bordoley Abstract The Six Day War of June 1967 transformed the political and physical landscape of the Middle East. The war established Israel as a major regional power in the region, while the Israeli territorial acquisitions resulting from the war have permanently marred Israel’s relationship with its Arab neighbors. The May crisis that preceded the war quickly spiraled out of control, leading many to believe that the war was unavoidable. In this paper, I construct three counterfactuals that consider how May and June 1967 might have unfolded differently if a particular event or person in the May crisis had been different. Ultimately, the counterfactuals show that war could have been avoided in three different ways, demonstrating that the Six Day War was certainly avoidable. In the latter half of the paper, I construct a framework to compare the effectiveness of multiple counterfactual. Thus, the objective of this paper is twofold: first, to determine whether war was unavoidable given the political climate and set of relations present in May and June 1967 and second, to create a framework with which one can compare the relative persuasiveness of multiple counterfactuals. Introduction The Six Day War of June 1967 transformed the political and physical landscape of the Middle East. The war established Israel as a major regional power, expanding its territorial boundaries and affirming its military supremacy in the region. The Israeli territorial acquisitions resulting from the war have been a major source of contention in peace talks with the Palestinians, and has permanently marred Israel’s relationship with its Arab neighbors.
    [Show full text]
  • Cetaceans of the Red Sea - CMS Technical Series Publication No
    UNEP / CMS Secretariat UN Campus Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1 D-53113 Bonn Germany Tel: (+49) 228 815 24 01 / 02 Fax: (+49) 228 815 24 49 E-mail: [email protected] www.cms.int CETACEANS OF THE RED SEA Cetaceans of the Red Sea - CMS Technical Series Publication No. 33 No. Publication Series Technical Sea - CMS Cetaceans of the Red CMS Technical Series Publication No. 33 UNEP promotes N environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This publication is printed on FSC paper, that is W produced using environmentally friendly practices and is FSC certified. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP‘s carbon footprint. E | Cetaceans of the Red Sea - CMS Technical Series No. 33 MF Cetaceans of the Red Sea - CMS Technical Series No. 33 | 1 Published by the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals Recommended citation: Notarbartolo di Sciara G., Kerem D., Smeenk C., Rudolph P., Cesario A., Costa M., Elasar M., Feingold D., Fumagalli M., Goffman O., Hadar N., Mebrathu Y.T., Scheinin A. 2017. Cetaceans of the Red Sea. CMS Technical Series 33, 86 p. Prepared by: UNEP/CMS Secretariat Editors: Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara*, Dan Kerem, Peter Rudolph & Chris Smeenk Authors: Amina Cesario1, Marina Costa1, Mia Elasar2, Daphna Feingold2, Maddalena Fumagalli1, 3 Oz Goffman2, 4, Nir Hadar2, Dan Kerem2, 4, Yohannes T. Mebrahtu5, Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara1, Peter Rudolph6, Aviad Scheinin2, 7, Chris Smeenk8 1 Tethys Research Institute, Viale G.B. Gadio 2, 20121 Milano, Italy 2 Israel Marine Mammal Research and Assistance Center (IMMRAC), Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Status of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Strait of Tiran: from Customary International Law to the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty Ann Ellen Danseyar
    Boston College International and Comparative Law Review Volume 5 | Issue 1 Article 5 12-1-1982 Legal Status of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Strait of Tiran: From Customary International Law to the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty Ann Ellen Danseyar Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Ann E. Danseyar, Legal Status of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Strait of Tiran: From Customary International Law to the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, 5 B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 127 (1982), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol5/iss1/5 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTES AND COMMENTS Legal Status of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Strait of Tiran: From Customary International Law to the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty 1. INTRODUCTION The juridical status of the Gulf of Aqaba (the Gulf) and the Strait of Tiran (the Strait) has been a subject of heated controversy between the Arab nations and Israel since the establishment of Israel as a state in 1948. 1 The only means by which ships may reach the Israeli port ofElath, located on the northern tip of the Gulf, is through the Gulf. Therefore, Israel needs navigational rights through the Gulf and the Strait for access to its port as well as to the Red Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Coral Reefs 2002
    Status of Coral Reefs in the Red Sea-Gulf of Aden Item Type Book Section Authors Hassan, M.; Kotb, M.M.A.; Al-Sofyani, A.A. Citation Clive Wilkinson (Ed.) Status of Coral Reefs of the World. p. 45-52 Publisher Australian Institute of Marine Science Download date 02/10/2021 06:09:54 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/389 2. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE RED SEA-GULF OF ADEN MOSHIRA HASSAN, MOHAMMED M. A. KOTB AND ABDULMOHSIN A. AL-SOFYANI ABSTRACT The status of coral reefs bordering the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden is generally good, with live hard coral cover averaging 20-50%. There are predominantly fringing reefs bordering the coasts of Djibouti, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen. Atolls and pinnacle reefs occur mainly in the Central and Southern Red Sea. However, technical reports, personal observations and comparative data show recent decreases in live coral cover. Fish populations are also declining and there have been several small outbreaks of the crown- of-thorns starfish (COTS), some local bleaching events and an increase in bioeroding organisms such as the urchin Diadema setosum and the coral eating gastropods Drupella and Coralliophila. Threats to coral reefs differ within the region, and are continuously increasing with the increasing rate of coastal development. The major threats are land filling, dredging, sedimentation, sewage discharge and effluents from desalination plants. In major tourism areas, there is physical damage by tourists and boat anchors. Fishing pressure is constantly increasing throughout the region to satisfy demands of growing and more affluent populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Meteorology and Oceanography of the Middle East
    LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES DIVISION Current References (91-3) METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE EAST U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Nationa~ Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nationa~ Environmenta~ Sate~~ite, Data, and Information Service Nationa~ Oceanographic Data Center MARCH 1991 METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE EAST March 1991 With the outbreak of hostilities in the Arabian Gulf, there has been heightened interest in atmospheric and oceanographic data and information about the Middle East. This bibliography has been prepared to answer a wide range of questions related to this area. The bibliography is divided into five sections: I. Atmospheric Circulation page 1 II. Desalination page 7 Ill. Oceanic Circulation page 45 IV. Oil and Marine Pollution page 69 v. Data Distribution Plots page 171 The majority of the information provided in the first four parts is the result of searching the following databases: Chemical Abstracts Search Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts Oceanic Abstracts Pollution Abstracts National Technical Information Service GeoRef Waternet Biosis Enviroline Environmental Bibliography Pascal Magazine Index New Search Newswire DOE Energy Water Resources Abstracts The citations go back as far as 1967 so as to provide a good overview of the literature and data available. Recent news ·articles have been included on the massive oil spills due to Operation Desert Storm. Data sets with information pertinent to the various subject areas (ie. Atmospheric Circulation) have been retrieved from the National Oceanographic Data Center's NEDRES database and incorporated. Questions about materials cited in the first four sections may be addressed to: NOAA Central Library Reference Desk, E/OC4 6009 Executive Boulevard Rockville, Maryland, 20852 Phone enquiries may be made to (301) 443-8330.
    [Show full text]