Analysis and Classification of Natural Disasters
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University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2017 Analysis and Classification of Natural Disasters Caldera, Hallupathirage Jithamala Caldera, H. J. (2017). Analysis and Classification of Natural Disasters (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/24811 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/3704 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Analysis and Classification of Natural Disasters by Hallupathirage Jithamala Caldera A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN CIVIL ENGINEERING CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2017 © Hallupathirage Jithamala Caldera 2017 Abstract Attaining a sense of the real magnitude of a disaster's severity cannot be easily comprehended, as there is no consistent method to distinguish disaster severity levels. Moreover, no current scale identifies the relationship between severity and impact factors. Consequently, no common system has been developed to help emergency responders measure the impact of natural disasters, to determine the proper allocation of resources, or to expedite mitigation processes. This novel research develops an universal disaster severity classification, applicable to both civilians and responders, to generate a common communication platform comparing the impacts of disasters. This system provides an overall picture of the severity of natural disasters, yields independent estimates of a disaster’s magnitude, helps understand the disaster continuum, and gauges the need for regional, national, and international assistance. This research aligns with the priority of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 as it improves understanding of disaster risk. ii Acknowledgements It is my sincere pleasure to recognize and appreciate everyone who contributed in many ways to make this work possible and to provide an unforgettable experience in my life. First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. S. C. (Chan) Wirasinghe. It was my great privilege to work with you. Thank you for all of your enthusiastic guidance; valuable research input; tireless commitment, support, and understanding; and kindness, throughout my Masters programme at the University of Calgary (U of C). Also, my unending appreciation for providing me with the once-in-a- lifetime opportunity to present at the 3rd United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (3rd UN WCDRR) in Sendai, Japan in March 2015. Personally, this was one of the most rewarding experiences, I will ever have in my life. I am also thankful to you for nominating me for the Larry Pearce Education Award—national award presented by the Canadian Risk and Hazards Network (CRHNet)—to recognize this novel work. I would also like to thank Prof. L. Kattan and Prof. J. P. A. Hettiaratchi for providing references for me for this award. I also express my appreciation to my co-supervisor, Prof. L. Zanzotto. It was also a great privilege to work with you and to have your support, which greatly assisted me in completing my research. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the other members of my examination committee: Prof. L. Kattan and Prof. M. R Dann for your valuable inputs and comments for improving my thesis. Your valuable feedback, helped to most effectively shape my thesis. Next, I would like to recognize Prof. Emeritus of English R. B. Bond. for your invaluable guidance, input, and comments for the qualitative section of my thesis. iii I would like to convey my deepest gratitude to the organizations funding my research. The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Calgary Emergency Management Agency (CEMA) of City of Calgary, the Schulich School of Engineering, the University Research Grants Committee (URGC), the University of Calgary, and the Canadian Risks and Hazards Network (CRHNet). The support they have given greatly helped me in exploration of the field of disaster management and in the implementation of my research. I am also grateful to the members of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED): Prof. D. Guha Sapir (Director), Ms. R. Below (Database Manager), and Ms. P. Wallemacq; members of the U of C Research Services: Prof. J. Reynolds (Director), Ms. L. Very (Acting Director), and Mr. A. denBok; and the Dean of Schulich School of Engineering for their support and co-operation in signing the Letter of Understanding between the U of C and the CRED for obtaining the raw data from the EM- Dat global database for this research. Appreciation also to Mr. S. Breeck (Director IT), Mr. M. Laidlaw, of Applications Development Support Services, Information Technologies U of C and Prof. L. Kattan, for their support in storing and managing the EM-Dat data. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Writing Support team in the Student Success Center at the U of C, especially, Ms. K. McWilliams, Mr. M. Lynch, Mr. C. Fuller, and Mr. A. Ghaffar for their guidance and support to in improving my English writing and in editing to produce a polished piece of academic writing. I also thank Prof. S. C. Wirasinghe, Prof. J. Hunt, Prof. A. de Leon (Department of Mathematics and Statistics), and Prof. G. Chen (Department of Mathematics and iv Statistics), Prof. J. P. A. Hettiaratchi, Prof. G. Achari, Prof. R. Wan, and Prof. R. Wong. All of you greatly enriched my post-graduate learning experience with your outstanding courses. I also appreciate, Prof. S. C. Wirasinghe, Prof. J. P. A. Hettiaratchi, and Prof. A. De Barros for numerous opportunities that were provided to enhance my teaching experience at the U of C. I also extend my gratitude to Prof. J. Ruwanpura for providing numerous connections and occasions to enhance my experience in the Disaster Management field. I would also like to acknowledge and give my regards to the Civil Engineering Department Head, Graduate Study Directors, technical staff, and especially the administrative staff for their support and help throughout my Masters degree. A special thanks to Ms. J. N. Kovacs, Ms. C. Thatcher, Ms. J. McConnell, Ms. K. McGillis and Ms. M. Peters of the administrative staff for their kind support. I also grateful to Ms. J. Allford, and especially, Ms. L. Hassanali, both from U of C Media Relations and Communications services for writing articles for the UToday newsletter and the Schulich School of Engineering website, to spread the news about this novel research to the university community. My gratitude also to Ms. D. Andrei, Ms. S. McGinnis, and R. Brandt for their support for these publications. Also, appreciate Mr. S. Dissanayake’s effort from SBS Radio Australia, for interviewing me about this research and broadcasting the interview of this novel research to the world. I am also beholden to Ms. L. Yumagulova of the CRHNet for publishing this work in the Spring issue of HazNet magazine. I am also beholden to my senior collogues, Dr. S. Walawe Durage, Dr. V. Adikariwattage, and Dr. P. A. Jayasinghe for their much-appreciated guidance and support. v I am indebted to my two colleagues with whom I shared my office room in the Department of Civil Engineering, who helped make my post-graduate studies memorable: to Mr. W. E. Smith – for the interest you showed in my research, editing my papers and giving encouraging comments and suggestions; and to Mr. J. (Evan) Wu – for your positive feedbacks and for always supporting me cheerfully in what I was doing. I am also thankful to all of my peers in the Transportation Engineering Specialization group in the Department of Civil Engineering, especially, Mr. W. Klumpenhouwer, Dr. R. Thilakaratne, Dr. S. Saidi, Mr. M. Rahman, and Mr. S. Mishra; the supportive friends in the Schulich School of Engineering, including Ms. S. Gunasekera and Ms. V. Bandara; and the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, including Ms. H. Zhu and Ms. M. Roy. Just as importantly, I would also like to acknowledge the love and support offered by all my friends in Calgary, Sri Lanka, and around the world for their ongoing of encouragement and support as I worked to achieve my goal. Last, but not least, I would not have been able to reach my goal without the love and support of my family members: to my husband Madubashana – I recognize the sacrifices you made and your everlasting love and patience, and for this, I am eternally grateful; to my daughter Jenuli – you inspired me in your own way; to my mother Thusitha and my father Jayantha – your sacrifices and everlasting love for me will never be forgotten; to my sister Uththaramala and my brother Kasun – without your constant love and support throughout my life, this would not have been possible; and to my in-lows and extended family members, including Attanayake family – thank you for your loving support and understanding. vi Dedication As a token of my love and respect, I dedicate this thesis to my beloved mother, Thusitha Ramachandra, who is the foundation for my success. She is a strong, loving teacher who has continually guided