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Kısa Yahudi Tarihi Sevinç Altınçekiç, 1964'da İstanbul'da doğdu. 14 yaşına kadar Almanya'da yaşadı, İstan­ bul Üniversitesi'nde, İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı eğitimi aldı.Almanca ve İngilizceden çeviri yapan Altınçekiç; Margaret Atwood, Bassam Tibi, Mahmood Mamdani, Arthur Koestler, Ursula K. LeGuin, Klaus Peter Mililer, Bruno Bettelheim,Jack London,Juli Zeh gibi ya­ zarların yapıtlarını ve makalelerini Türkçeye kazandırdı. KISA • • • YAHUDi TARiHi MICHAEL BRENNER ÇEVİREN: SEVİNÇ ALTINÇEKİÇ j·i!#·iTAR i H Alfa Ya yınlan 2249 Tarih 5 KISAYA HUDİTARİHİ Michael Brenner Özgün Adı: Kleine]üdische Geschichte Verlag C.H. Beck, 2008 Almanca Aslından Çeviren: Sevinç Altınçekiç 1. Basım : Ekim 2011 lSBN : 978-605-106-390-4 SertifikaNo: 10905 Yayıncı ııe Gene/YayınYönetmeni M. Faruk Bayrak Genel Müdür Vedat Bayrak YayınYönetmeni Rana Alpöz Dizi Editörü Hülya Hatipoğlu Redaksiyon N ejat Ağırnaslı Düzelti Ahmet Öztarhan Kapak Tasanmı Gökhan Burhan Grafik Uygulama Kamuran Ok ©Verlag C.H. Beck oHG, München 2008 · © 2011,ALFA Basım Yayım Dağıtım San. veTic. Ltd. Şti. Kitabın Türkçe yayın haklan Akcalı Ajans araalığıy/aAlfa BasımYayım Dağıtım San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.'ne aittir.Yayınevindeıı yazılı izin alınmadan kısmen ya da tamamen alıntı yapılamaz, hiçbir şekilde kopya edilemez, çoğaltılamaz ve yayımlanamaz. Baskı ve Cilt Melisa Matbaacılık Tel: (212) 674 97 23 Faks: (212) 674 97 29 Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Ticarethane Sokak No: 53 34410 Cağaloğlu İstanbul, Türkiye Tel: (2l2) 511 53 03 - 513 87 51 - 512 30 46 Faks: (212) 519 33 00 www.alfakitap.com info@alfakit>o.com İÇİNDEKİLER İ HAR TALAR vıı ÖNSÖZ 1. UR'DAN KENAN ÜLKESİNE: GÖÇ EDEN BİR HALK 7 2. SÜRGÜNDENVATANA DÖNÜŞ: RAHİPLER VE PEYGAMBERLER 23 3. İBRANİCEDENYUNANCAYA :A ŞAGILAMA VE HAYRANLIK 33 4. MODIIN'DEN KUDÜS'E: BİR YAHUDİ DEVLETİ KURULUYOR, 41 YIKILIYOR 5. KUDÜS'TENYAVNE 'YE: DİASPORA KENDİSİNİ 53 MEŞRULAŞTIRIYOR 6. MEDİNE'DEN BAGDAT 'A : İSLAM EGEMENLİGİ ALTINDA OLMAK 65 7. SURA'DAN KURTUBA'YA: SEFARAD - İBERYA RIMADASI'NDA 77 YA HUDİ KÜLTÜRÜ 8. LUCCA'DAN MAINZ'A:AŞKENAZ - ORTA AVRUPA 87 YAHUDİLİGİNİN KÖKENLERİ 9. LİZBON'DANVENEDİK'E:KOVULMANIN SONUÇLARI 105 10. HAYBER'DEN ROMA'YA : MESİHÇİ VE MİSTİK HAREKETLER 119 11. BATIDAN DOGUYA:POL ONYA'DA YENİ BİR MERKEZ 129 12. DEZZAU 'DAN BERLİN'E:TA ŞRA YAHUDİLERİ, 141 SARAYLI YA HUDİLERVE AYDINLANMACILAR KJSAYAHUDİ TARİHİ vi • 13. GETTODAN SİVİL TOPLUMA: SİYASİ ÖZGÜRLEŞME VE 157 DİNİ REFOrtM 14. POZNAN'DAN NEW OR.LEANS'A: AMERİKA'DA YENİ BİR 173 BAŞLANGIÇ 15. PLcNSK'TAN LOWER EAST SIDE'A: DOCU YAHUDİLERİNİN 183 HAYALLERİ VE AMERİKAN GERÇEGİ 16. BUDAPEŞTE'DEN TEL AVİV'E: SİON'DA ESKİ YENİ ÜLKE 207 17. TETUAN'DAN TAHR.AN'A: İSLAM DÜNYASINDAKİ 221 YAHUDİLERİN AVRUPALILAŞTIRILMASI 18. ÇERNOVİST'DEN CERNAUTİ'YE: SAVAŞLAR AR.ASI 233 DÖNEMDE SİYASİ KRİZ VE KÜLTÜREL GELİŞME 19. HER YERDEN AUSCHWITZ'E: İMHA 259 20. JULIUS STREICHER'İN ÇİFTLİGİNDEN KIBUTZ'A: 283 HOLOKOST'TAN SONRA YAHUDİ DÜNYASI RAKAMLARLAYAHUDİ TARİHİ 314 RESİMLER. 31 6 KAYNAKÇA 31 9 DİZİN 324 HARİTALAR • vİİ Akdeniz OBasor K • G c:::ı Aleksandros İoannaeosKrallığı (103-176) O ZO 30 -40 50km c:::ı Özerk Şehir(176) 10 Makabiler döneminde Filistin viii • KISA YAHUDİ TARİHİ ... Mmlüman dünyasındaki Yatiıın.i11f lilliı., "1 _. MüWman ülkelerden Huiuiyan 7.-10. yiilyı)da Hmıbyaoülkeler içinde -- 11. yülyl)da �emz� Bab Slav ülkeleri içinde .._ 12. yüzyıldaitibuen Rmya'ya� Balbnbr'aya'flbna M ....,. 13. yüzyılda ingilteıe'den � 14. yüzyılda Fnma'dan kovulma __.. 1391 � 1492'dcn sonra ispanya'dan kovulma Ortaçağdaki göçler ve kovulmalar HARİTALAR • İx - - - ..... , . - - ... 1492'deki kovulmanın ardından Sefarcli Diaspora merkezi KISA YAHUDİ TARİHİ x • HUDSON KôR.FEZI KUMPANYASI ? · "�· ... -.-· .._ -· - ·:;;.:;;, .., Göl.<.:u.··· '. , ? ·,,_ Muron Gölü ' \ �1 Mithigan ,......-',·' Gölü r Erkr!.. ,/. "•·-·'Go1ü ''.170 oıxw Chicago Clcvcland il UWAll OCluırleston IJ)U Atlas · -·-·-·-·-·-·-·-, -·-· i Oltyıınusu BATI FLORİDA � ·-·-·-·, ....... O St. Augustinc IJ,\'Tf'/,IJRI(', Meksika Körfezi c::ı y.1775'te yerleşildi c::::::J y. 1800'de yerleşildi •7.13 Yahudi cemaat 13. sömürgenin sının 1783 banş antlaşmasından sonra A.!JD Federal devletlerinin bugünkü sının Kuzey Amerika'ya yerleşme, 17.-19. yüzyıl HARİTALAR • xİ :·· Yahudilere u OKunk . .... Karadeniz o ıoo 200 300km Rusya'daki Yahudi Pale yerleşimi.Yahudilerin sayısı ve bölgelerdeki nüfusa oranla payları 1897 yılma ait. xii • KISA YAHUDİ TARİHİ HARİTALAR • xİİİ ÖNSÖZ 1 7. yüzyılın sonlarından bu yana Yahudilik tarihi daima farklı anlatılır. Yahudilerin Eski Ahit döneminden sonraki tarihini ayrıntılı bir biçim­ de kayda geçiren ilk tarihçi, Hollanda'da sürgünde yaşayan Fransız bir Huguenot'tu*. Jacques Basnage ve onu izleyen başka Hıristiyan yazarlar Yahudilerin hakiki inancı, yani Hıristiyanlığı, tanımamaları nedeniyle ilahi bir cezaya çarptırılarak sürgün edildiklerini göstermek istiyordu. Onların yorumuna göre Yahudi tarihi, Hıristiyanlık kapsamında, ilahi takdirin bir parçasıydı. 19. yüzyılın başlangıcından bu yana, bilimsel yöntemler üzerin­ den Yahudi tarihiyle uğraşan Yahudi tarihçilerse bu tarihi başka sebeplerle yazdı. 19. yüzyılın başlarında birçok Alman Yahudi biliminsanı, yaşadıkları çağda,Yahudilerin özgürleşmeyi hak ettiğini kanıtlamak istedi. Bu nedenle Yahudi tarihini, içinde yaşadığı devlete uyum sağlayarak refahına katkıda bulunan bir dini azınlığın tarihi olarak anlattılar. Sonraki dönemlerin Do­ ğu Avrupalı Yahudi tarihçileriyse Yahudileri, diğer uluslar arasında sayıyor, başlı başına bir ulus olarak resmediyorlardı; ancak bu ulusun kendi top­ rakları yoktu, hatta toprak sahibi olmaya ihtiyaç da duymuyorlardı; siyasi özerklik,Yahudi cemaati kurumu içinde ifadesini buluyordu. Sonunda Si­ yonist tarihçiler İsrail topraklarına odaklandı. Onlar açısından Yahudile­ rin başka halkların içine dağılmaları sadece bir ara aşanıaydı. Onlara göre * Reform döneminde 16. ve 17. yüzyıllarda Fransa'da ortaya çıkan, genellikle Fransız Protestanları olarak tanınan Kalvenci topluluk (ed.n.) 2 • KISAYAHUDİTMÜHİ Yahudiler, nerede yaşarlarsa yaşasınlar, soylarının vatanı İsrail' e dönmeyi beklediler. Yahudi tarihiyle ilgili bunca farkb yorum karşısında sonunda "hakiki" bir Yahudi tarihinin yazıldığını iddia etmek yersiz olur. Bugün artık her tarihçi, 19. yüzyılda Leopold Ranke'nin iddia ettiğinin aksine, "gerçek­ te neler olup bittiğinin" anlatılamayacağını bilir. Tarihçiler de herkes gibi yaşadıkları dönernin, kökenlerinin, öğretmenlerinin, çevrelerinin ve siyasi görüşlerinin etkisi altındadır. Bir kaynağı, diğerinden daha güvenilir kabul edebilirler. Önemli olan, önceki kuşakların sordukları soruların farkına varmaları, kendi yorumlarında aykırı kaynakları dikkate almaları ve tarih­ le ilgili görüşlerinin siyasi veya dini çıkarlara hizmet etme riskine girdiği noktayı görerek kendilerine eleştirel bakınalarıdır. Yahudilerin tarihini anlatmak kolay değildir, çünkü dünyanın nere­ deyse her yerinde insanlar,Yahudilerle ilgili bir şeyler duymakla kalmanuş, onlara dair kendi düşüncelerini de geliştirmişlerdir. Hiçbir zaman dünya nüfusunun %1 'inden fazlasını oluşturmanuş bir grup için böylesi bir şerefe sahip olmak azımsanamaz. Ama Yahudilerden, "Tanrı'nın halkı" veya "Tan­ rı katilleri" olarak söz edildiğinde, "Yahudi akb"na başvurulduğunda veya "ulusal finansYahudiliği" teşhir edildiğinde, barbarlığın hüküm sürdüğü bir dünyada İsrail "uygarlığın kalesi" olarak övüldüğünde veya barışsever bir dünyanın ortasında gaddar bir rejim olarak lanetlendiğinde, tarihçinin gereken mesafeyi koruması zorlaşır. Birçok Yahudi, Hıristiyan ve Müslüman için Eski Ahit -dolayısıyla Ya­ hudilerin kökeni- kuşku götürmez bir ilahi emirdir. Yahudi, Hıristiyan veya Müslüman dünyasında yetişen dinden uzak kişiler de -çoğu zaman sekülerleştirilmiş ve özgün dini içeriğinden kopuk halleriyle- Eski Ahit hikayelerini ve sözlerini bilir, böyleceYahudilerin eski tarihiyle ilgili onla­ rın da kafasında belli şeyler canlanır.Yahudilerin sonraki tarihiyse, özellikle de Holokost'tan· sonra, sık sık kurbanı oldukları bir zulümler dizisi olarak algılanır. Böylece 20. yüzyıldaki Yahudi soykırımı, onu önceleyen antise­ mitizmin [Yahudi düşmanlığı] mantıkb bir sonucuymuş gibi görünür. Ni­ hayetinde günümüzde İsrail'1e ilgili medyadaki haberler, Yahudilerle ilgili her tür uğraşı gölgeler. Sık sık Yakındoğu çatışması perspektifi üzerinden ele alınır ve bu yüzden de tarihleri söz konusu çatışmanın tırmanmasının nedeni olarak kabul edilir. * Sadece il. Dünya Savaşı'ndakiYahudi Soykmmı için kullanılan bir terimdir (ed.n) ÖNSÖZ • 3 BirYahudi tarihi, ufkunu bu tür konuların ötesine taşımalıdır. Bu kita­ bın mevcut çerçevesi dahilinde 3000 yıllık bu tarihin bazı bölümlerine sa­ dece ihtiyatla değinilebilirken başka bölümlerinden hiç söz edilemez. Bazı konulara ise, aksine emsal teşkil edecek şekilde daha ayrıntılı bakılabilir. Bu kitabın omurgası göç üzerine kuruludur.Yahudiler her zaman göç etmedi; ama göç,Yahudi tarihini bütün çağlar ve kıtalar boyunca belirledi. Bu yüz­ den de her bölüm bir göç hikayesiyle başlar. Her bölümün başında Pesah Haggadası'ndan bir illüstrasyon bulunur. Çoğunlukla bol resimli verilen kutsal metinler, efsaneler ve dualardan oluşan bu derleme, Pesah (Hamur­ suz) bayramının başlangıcını temsil eden ve Exodus'u [Mısır'dan Çıkış'ı] hatırlatan Seder akşamında aile içinde okunur. Her çağ ve her mekan bu­ rada kendi ifadesini bulur ve bulmaya devam etmektedir. Bu kitap için se­ çilen çizimler,Yahudi tarihinin çok yönlülüğünü temsilen tercih edilmiştir. Literatürün bolluğuna bakılacak olursa, bugün hiçbir tarihçi Yahudi ta­ rihinin bütün çağları ve coğrafi bölgeleri
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