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Journal of Eurasian Studies JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES _____________________________________________________________________________________ Journal of the Gábor Bálint de Szentkatolna Society Founded: 2009. Internet: www.federatio.org/joes.html _____________________________________________________________________________________ Volume V., Issue 4. / October — December 2013 — Supplement ____________________ ISSN 1877-4199 October-December 2013 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume V., Issue 4. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Publisher Foundation 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL', established in The Hague, Holland. Account: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Registered: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Distribution The periodical can be downloaded from the following Internet-address: http://www.federatio.org/joes.html If you wish to subscribe to the email mailing list, you can do it by sending an email to the following address: [email protected] The publisher has no financial sources. It is supported by many in the form of voluntary work and gifts. We kindly appreciate your gifts. Address The Editors and the Publisher can be contacted at the following addresses: Email: [email protected] Postal address: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Holland Individual authors are responsible for facts included and views expressed in their articles. _____________________________________ ISSN 1877-4199 © Mikes International, 2001-2013, All Rights Reserved _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2013 2 October-December 2013 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume V., Issue 4. _____________________________________________________________________________________ EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief FARKAS, Flórián The Hague, Holland Deputy Editor-in-Chief OBRUSÁNSZKY, Borbála Budapest, Hungary Editors ALIMBAY, Nursan Almaty, Kazakhstan ARADI, Éva Budapest, Hungary BÉRCZI, Szaniszló Budapest, Hungary BÍRÓ, András Budapest, Hungary CSORNAI, Katalin Budapest, Hungary CZEGLÉDI, Katalin Pécs, Hungary ERDÉLYI, István Göd, Hungary HORVÁTH, Izabella Hangzhou, China KARATAY, Osman İzmir, Turkey MAHAPATRA, Debidatta Aurobinda Boston, MA, USA MARÁCZ, László Amsterdam, Holland MARCANTONIO, Angela Rome, Italy MURAKEÖZY, Éva Patrícia The Hague, Holland SARBASSOVA, Guldana Amsterdam, Holland SECHENBAATAR Hohhot, China UCHIRALTU Hohhot, China ZOMBORI, Andor Nagoya, Japan _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2013 3 October-December 2013 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume V., Issue 4. _____________________________________________________________________________________ N.Kisamov Türkic Substrate in English Turkism (or Turkizm) is a word in any language that comes from Türkic languages, directly or indirectly. The adjective Turkic/Türkic applies not to an individual language, but to the whole linguistic family. Unlike the structured pairs Celtic - Celt, Turkish - Turk, British - Brit, in English the adjective Turkic/Türkic does not have a standard counterpart noun, since the word “Turk” is already used as a counterpart for “Turkish”. In the following, for clarity, the complementary terms Türkic and Türk are used as collective designations. Language abbreviations Alb. Albanian Fr. French Lett. Lettish Rum. Rumanian Ang. Anglian Fris. Frisian Lith. Lithuanian Rus. Russian Anglo-Sax. Anglo-Saxon Gael. Gaelic Lat. Latin Sax. Saxon Av. Avesta Gaul. Gaulic Luz. Luzian Scand. Scandinavia Az. Azeri Gk. Greek M Middle Serb. Serbian Balt. Baltic Gmc. Germanic MHG Middle High German Skt. Sanskrit Beng. Bengal Grm. German MLG Middle Low German Sl. Slavic Blr. Byelorussian Goth. Gothic MM Middle Mongol Sloven. Slovenian Boh. Bohemian Gujr. Gujrat Mod. modern Slvt. Slovak Bosn. Bosnian Hebr. Hebrew Mong. Mongol Sp. Spanish Bulg. Bulgarian Slavic Hitt. Hittite N North Sum. Sumerian Cat. Catalonian Hu. Hungarian Norw. Norwegian Sw. Swedish Ch. Chinese Icl. Icelandic O Old Tat. Tatar Chuv. Chuvash IE Indo-European OCS Old Church Slavonic Tr. Türkic Cimr. Cimbrian Ir. Irish OE Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Turk. Turkish Croat. Croatian It. Italian OHG Old High German Turkm. Turkmen Dag. Dagur Khak. Khakass OT Old Türkic Tuv. Tuvinian Dan. Danish Khal. Khalka Mongol P Proto- Ukr. Ukrainian Du Dutch Kirg. Kirgiz Pers. Persian V vulgar Eng. English Kor. Korean Phryg. Phrygian W West Est. Estonian L Late Pol. Polish Yak. Sakha Fin. Finnish Latv. Latvian Pruss. Prussian Flem. Flemish Summary Archeological and genetic works demonstrated migrations, amalgamations, and replacement of populations in the Western Europe, where the Germanic branch of the Indo-European (IE) languages occupies a prominent place. Linguistic works demonstrated that Germanic branch contains a substantial layer of non-Indo-European substrate. The English language is a prominent member of the Germanic branch. The sources of the Germanic substrate remain debatable, with numerous candidates explored and rejected. With the insights provided by archeology and genetic, and based on their converging contention _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2013 4 October-December 2013 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume V., Issue 4. _____________________________________________________________________________________ that until the middle of the 1st millennium BC, the Türkic (Proto-Türkic) linguistic field dominated the whole Eurasia reaching the Atlantic Ocean on one end and Pacific Ocean on another end, a concept was formulated and substantiated that the non-Indo-European substrate of the Germanic branch was rooted in the Türkic (Proto-Türkic) linguistic field. The groundwork for this linguistic concept has already been established, the concept is a necessary corollary of the positively proved migratory flows. The concept explores the Türkic–English morphological and lexical correspondences, and finds substantial traces of the Türkic substrate in English, potentially exceeding 30% of the English words used in the daily life. Of the English suffixes, 63% descend from the Türkic origin and remain morphologically active in forming English words. The concept touches on the substantial trace of the Türkic–Latin–English correspondences, linguistically corroborating the thesis that the Kurgans' circum-Mediterranean path via the Pyrenees to the Continental Europe brought about the Beaker Culture, ancestral to the Pra-Celts and Pra-Italics. The results of the study corroborate the archeological and genetic conclusions, on the example of the English and Latin languages providing a salient amount of linguistic evidence in their favor. The results introduce solutions for lingering questions, raise questions about adopted dogmas, and open gates for multi-discipline studies of the questions raised. Introduction The observation that Germanic languages have a non-Indo-European substrate did not start with Forrer (1934), who raised it to a scientific discussion. The problem remains a tag-of-war between competing linguistic opinions. An unexpected development came from the genetic studies that confirmed nearly complete wipe-out of the “Old Europe” population by the 3rd mill. BC, and its replacement by the mounted Kurgan nomads, long stipulated by the archeologists. The “Old Europe” populations found a refuge in the Eastern Europe, from where in the 2nd mill. BC their descendants migrated to the South- Central Asia, and in the 1st mill. BC their other descendants bounced back to the Western Europe. The IE migration to the South-Central Asia from the Eastern Europe is reflected in the diminished IE element in comparison with the Germanic languages (Prokosch 1939). The migratory flows, marked by distinct archeological traces, are independently corroborated by the genetics; their corollary defines the linguistic situation in the Eastern and Western Europe in the course of the 5th-1st mill. BC, they laid a substrate for the following migrations preceding to and during the period of the Great Migration of People in the 1st mill. AD. Genetics helped to clarify the phenomenon of the Celtic migration, it corroborated archeological understanding of the Celts coming from Africa to Iberia at about 2800 BC, and traced their migration in a circum-Mediterranean movement to its source in the Eastern Europe of the 6th-5th mill. BC. Some linguistic elements, shared by the Eastern European languages in the 6th-5th mill. BC, survived both the overland and circum-Mediterranean movements of the Kurgans, and along with the later migrations and local vernaculars, they formed the Germanic substrate now found as linguistic vestiges. Among potential Germanic substrate donors were suggested Finnic, Uralic (Wiik, 2002), Semitic (Vennemann, 2003), Tyrsenian (Steinbauer, 1999), but due to the episodic nature of the linguistic parallels, none of them gained an acceptance. Consensus remains with the S.Feist assessment that about one third of the Proto-Germanic lexemes originated from a non-Indo-European substrate, and that the Germanic languages were a result of creolization and pidginization of that substrate with the later adstrate. Based on the combination of the archeological, genetic, and linguistic indicators, a concept was formulated and substantiated that the substrate of the Germanic languages was or were languages of the _____________________________________________________________________________________
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